† richen.

Forms:

α. early Old English riice, Old English ric (chiefly Northumbrian), Old English ryce (rare), Old English–early Middle English rice, late Old English–Middle English riche, Middle English rich, Middle English ryche.

β. Old English rika (genitive plural), Middle English rik (northern), Middle English rike (chiefly northern), Middle English ryke (northern); Scottish pre-1700 rik, pre-1700 ryk, pre-1700 ryke.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian rīke , rīk (West Frisian ryk ), Old Dutch rīki (Middle Dutch rīke , rijc , Dutch rijk ), Old Saxon rīki (Middle Low German rīke , rīk ), Old High German rīhhi (Middle High German rīche , rīch , German Reich ), Old Icelandic ríki , Old Swedish riki , rike (Swedish rike ), Old Danish riki , righæ (Danish rige ), Gothic reiki , all in senses ‘authority’ and ‘area of authority, realm’; related to rich adj.: see discussion of further etymology at that entry.Forms in -ch- reflect palatalization and assibilation of the original velar plosive /k/ in Old English (almost certainly already present in the Old English α. forms but not distinguished in spelling until the Middle English period); the β. forms (which clearly show a velar /k/ rather than palato-alveolar affricate /tʃ/) may result partly from analogical levelling within the paradigm from forms where assibilation may not have taken place before a back vowel (compare the isolated Old English example in quot. OE at sense 1β. ) and partly from the influence of the Scandinavian cognates (see further K. Luick Hist. Gram. der englischen Sprache (1940) I. ii. §§690.4, 701, A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §438, R. M. Hogg Gram. Old Eng. (1992) I. §7.42). In Old English usually a strong neuter; however, a strong masculine by-form is occasionally attested, and a strong feminine is found once in an isolated attestation. The form ric (chiefly Northumbrian) appears to show attraction to the a-stem declension.

Obsolete.

1. Royal power, sovereignty; (more generally) rule, dominion, authority. Also: a kingdom, realm, or royal domain; any area subject to the relevant authority, as an earldom, a diocese, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > [noun] > royal or princely authority

richeeOE

kingdomOE

richdomOE

crownc1175

principalityc1350

realtya1375

regala1375

majestyc1375

thronea1382

sceptre1382

principatec1384

sovereignty1387

regalya1393

diadema1400

regalty?a1400

rialtyc1400

royaltya1425

rialc1425

regalityc1450

rialnessc1450

sovereignityc1560

throneship1599

principatie1677

thronedom?1790

sceptredom1878

society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > jurisdiction or territory of specific rulers or nobles > [noun] > of king or royal ruler

richeeOE

worldricheeOE

kindomeOE

kinrikeOE

kingriklOE

kine-erdc1275

kine-landc1275

kine-thedec1275

reigna1300

kine-earthc1300

realmc1300

kingdoma1325

kinglanda1325

regionc1330

ligeancec1380

regneec1380

realtya1387

royalme1389

kingheada1393

regalty?a1400

rialmec1400

monarchy?a1425

rialtya1425

regaly?a1439

regality1486

richdom?1505

state1539

kingdomshipa1549

sceptre-rule1611

royalty1638

kingship1700

raj1781

society > faith > church government > member of the clergy > clerical superior > bishop > [noun] > see of

bishopricc890

shirec893

richeOE

bishopstoolc1065

siege1297

bishop-see1330

diocesec1330

seata1387

see?a1400

eveschiec1475

bishopwick1570

chair1615

parish1709

episcopate1807

α.

eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) l. 391 He him sealde ricu oðerra kynrena, & manigra folca gestreones hie wieoldon.

OE Beowulf (2008) 1390 Aris, rices weard, uton hraþe feran.

OE Blickling Homilies 187 Ure bisceopas geond eal Romana rice.

OE Ælfric Old Test. Summary: Kings (Julius) in W. W. Skeat Ælfric's Lives of Saints (1881) I. 384 Þa forseah se ælmihtiga God þone Saul.., and hine of his rice awearp.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1006 Brihtwold biscop feng to þam rice [lOE Domitian A.viii to ðan biscopstole] on Wiltunscire.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1102 Se eorl Rotbert..hæfde þone eorldom..& micel rice þærto.

?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1140 His sune Henri toc to þe rice.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7011 Himm [sc. Herod] ȝifenn wass þatt riche.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) 4 (MED) He set a kineseotle i þe moder-burh of Alixandres riche.

a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) 423 Elpes arn in Inde riche, On bodi borlic, berȝes ili[ch]e.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) i. 2278 (MED) To sechen al the worldes riche, Ther was no womman forto love.

c1400 (?c1380) Pearl 919 (MED) Þou tellez me of Jerusalem, þe ryche ryalle.

c1600 (c1350) Alisaunder (Greaves) (1929) 58 Ryght was þat þis renk reigned hym after, To bee crouned a king in his right riche As maister of Macedoine.

β. OE Glosses to Boethius (Corpus Cambr. 214) in W. C. Hale Edition & Codicol. Study CCCC MS 214 (Ph.D. diss., Univ. Pennsylvania) (1978) 288 Haec regnorum potestas beatitudinis auctor est : þes rika anweald eaddinysse ealdor ys.c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 290 (MED) Sho was þe rithe eyr Of engelond, of al þe rike.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 24821 Til erls and baruns o þat rike [Coll. Phys. rik, Fairf. cuntree], þan gaf he serekin giftes.a1450 Rule St. Benet (Vesp.) (1902) 2238 (MED) Þen sal þe bisschop of þat rike Swilk a priores sone depose.1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) ii. l. 359 Bot Wallace..In Ingland fer socht battaill on that rik.a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 103 (MED) Is none in this ryke a shepard farys wars.

2. spec. God's sovereignty or rule; the kingdom of God or of heaven (also in plural).

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > deity > heaven > [noun] > kingdom of

heavenricheOE

richeOE

reigna1325

realmc1384

kingdom come1752

α.

OE Crist III 1527 Bið þonne rices weard reþe ond meahtig, yrre ond egesful.

OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Julius) 7 Mar. (2013) 62 Ða forlet he þa eorðlican lima ond gesohte þa heofonlico rico.

OE Ælfric Homily (Cambr. Ii.4.6) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1967) I. 482 Nan mann ne gesihþ Godes rice æfre, buton he beo eft acenned.

a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 59 (MED) His riche is al þis middeleard, Eorðe and heofene.

c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 357 (MED) Eurich mureȝþe maiagon..Bute..godes riche Þat eure is svete & eure iliche.

a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) 532 Hise loðe men sulen to helle faren, hise leue to his riche.

c1330 St. Katherine (Auch.) 1 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 242/1 (MED) He þat made heuen & erþe..Bring ous into his riche & scheld ous fram helle pine.

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xiv. 179 (MED) Conforte þi careful, cryst, in þi ryche.

a1425 in R. H. Bowers Three Middle Eng. Relig. Poems (1963) 31 (MED) Wyt Hys blode He gyf us grace In Hys ryche to se Hys face.

a1475 Sidrak & Bokkus (Lansd.) (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Washington) (1965) 12127 (MED) Goddes sone shal hise take..And lede hem to his fader riche, Þere euere is ioye.

β. c1350 in Anglia (1906) 29 402 Son of heighest be kald sal he..And of his rike no ende sal be.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 25231 (MED) Þou do us haf þi riche rike þat in þis wreche werld we wike..regn nu wit grace.c1480 (a1400) St. Paul 209 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 35 Þane paule þam prechit..of criste,..of his gret Ioy, and of his ryk.a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) xvii. 31 My myrknes, that i suffire here, light thaim, takand me out of this lif in til thi rike, whare ay is light.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	riche
释义	† richen. Forms: α. early Old English riice, Old English ric (chiefly Northumbrian), Old English ryce (rare), Old English–early Middle English rice, late Old English–Middle English riche, Middle English rich, Middle English ryche. β. Old English rika (genitive plural), Middle English rik (northern), Middle English rike (chiefly northern), Middle English ryke (northern); Scottish pre-1700 rik, pre-1700 ryk, pre-1700 ryke. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian rīke , rīk (West Frisian ryk ), Old Dutch rīki (Middle Dutch rīke , rijc , Dutch rijk ), Old Saxon rīki (Middle Low German rīke , rīk ), Old High German rīhhi (Middle High German rīche , rīch , German Reich ), Old Icelandic ríki , Old Swedish riki , rike (Swedish rike ), Old Danish riki , righæ (Danish rige ), Gothic reiki , all in senses ‘authority’ and ‘area of authority, realm’; related to rich adj.: see discussion of further etymology at that entry.Forms in -ch- reflect palatalization and assibilation of the original velar plosive /k/ in Old English (almost certainly already present in the Old English α. forms but not distinguished in spelling until the Middle English period); the β. forms (which clearly show a velar /k/ rather than palato-alveolar affricate /tʃ/) may result partly from analogical levelling within the paradigm from forms where assibilation may not have taken place before a back vowel (compare the isolated Old English example in quot. OE at sense 1β. ) and partly from the influence of the Scandinavian cognates (see further K. Luick Hist. Gram. der englischen Sprache (1940) I. ii. §§690.4, 701, A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §438, R. M. Hogg Gram. Old Eng. (1992) I. §7.42). In Old English usually a strong neuter; however, a strong masculine by-form is occasionally attested, and a strong feminine is found once in an isolated attestation. The form ric (chiefly Northumbrian) appears to show attraction to the a-stem declension. Obsolete. 1. Royal power, sovereignty; (more generally) rule, dominion, authority. Also: a kingdom, realm, or royal domain; any area subject to the relevant authority, as an earldom, a diocese, etc. ΘΚΠ society > authority > [noun] > royal or princely authority richeeOE kingdomOE richdomOE crownc1175 principalityc1350 realtya1375 regala1375 majestyc1375 thronea1382 sceptre1382 principatec1384 sovereignty1387 regalya1393 diadema1400 regalty?a1400 rialtyc1400 royaltya1425 rialc1425 regalityc1450 rialnessc1450 sovereignityc1560 throneship1599 principatie1677 thronedom?1790 sceptredom1878 society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > jurisdiction or territory of specific rulers or nobles > [noun] > of king or royal ruler richeeOE worldricheeOE kindomeOE kinrikeOE kingriklOE kine-erdc1275 kine-landc1275 kine-thedec1275 reigna1300 kine-earthc1300 realmc1300 kingdoma1325 kinglanda1325 regionc1330 ligeancec1380 regneec1380 realtya1387 royalme1389 kingheada1393 regalty?a1400 rialmec1400 monarchy?a1425 rialtya1425 regaly?a1439 regality1486 richdom?1505 state1539 kingdomshipa1549 sceptre-rule1611 royalty1638 kingship1700 raj1781 society > faith > church government > member of the clergy > clerical superior > bishop > [noun] > see of bishopricc890 shirec893 richeOE bishopstoolc1065 siege1297 bishop-see1330 diocesec1330 seata1387 see?a1400 eveschiec1475 bishopwick1570 chair1615 parish1709 episcopate1807 α. eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) l. 391 He him sealde ricu oðerra kynrena, & manigra folca gestreones hie wieoldon. OE Beowulf (2008) 1390 Aris, rices weard, uton hraþe feran. OE Blickling Homilies 187 Ure bisceopas geond eal Romana rice. OE Ælfric Old Test. Summary: Kings (Julius) in W. W. Skeat Ælfric's Lives of Saints (1881) I. 384 Þa forseah se ælmihtiga God þone Saul.., and hine of his rice awearp. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1006 Brihtwold biscop feng to þam rice [lOE Domitian A.viii to ðan biscopstole] on Wiltunscire. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1102 Se eorl Rotbert..hæfde þone eorldom..& micel rice þærto. ?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1140 His sune Henri toc to þe rice. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7011 Himm [sc. Herod] ȝifenn wass þatt riche. c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) 4 (MED) He set a kineseotle i þe moder-burh of Alixandres riche. a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) 423 Elpes arn in Inde riche, On bodi borlic, berȝes ili[ch]e. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) i. 2278 (MED) To sechen al the worldes riche, Ther was no womman forto love. c1400 (?c1380) Pearl 919 (MED) Þou tellez me of Jerusalem, þe ryche ryalle. c1600 (c1350) Alisaunder (Greaves) (1929) 58 Ryght was þat þis renk reigned hym after, To bee crouned a king in his right riche As maister of Macedoine. β. OE Glosses to Boethius (Corpus Cambr. 214) in W. C. Hale Edition & Codicol. Study CCCC MS 214 (Ph.D. diss., Univ. Pennsylvania) (1978) 288 Haec regnorum potestas beatitudinis auctor est : þes rika anweald eaddinysse ealdor ys.c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 290 (MED) Sho was þe rithe eyr Of engelond, of al þe rike.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 24821 Til erls and baruns o þat rike [Coll. Phys. rik, Fairf. cuntree], þan gaf he serekin giftes.a1450 Rule St. Benet (Vesp.) (1902) 2238 (MED) Þen sal þe bisschop of þat rike Swilk a priores sone depose.1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) ii. l. 359 Bot Wallace..In Ingland fer socht battaill on that rik.a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 103 (MED) Is none in this ryke a shepard farys wars. 2. spec. God's sovereignty or rule; the kingdom of God or of heaven (also in plural). ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > deity > heaven > [noun] > kingdom of heavenricheOE richeOE reigna1325 realmc1384 kingdom come1752 α. OE Crist III 1527 Bið þonne rices weard reþe ond meahtig, yrre ond egesful. OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Julius) 7 Mar. (2013) 62 Ða forlet he þa eorðlican lima ond gesohte þa heofonlico rico. OE Ælfric Homily (Cambr. Ii.4.6) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1967) I. 482 Nan mann ne gesihþ Godes rice æfre, buton he beo eft acenned. a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 59 (MED) His riche is al þis middeleard, Eorðe and heofene. c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 357 (MED) Eurich mureȝþe maiagon..Bute..godes riche Þat eure is svete & eure iliche. a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) 532 Hise loðe men sulen to helle faren, hise leue to his riche. c1330 St. Katherine (Auch.) 1 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 242/1 (MED) He þat made heuen & erþe..Bring ous into his riche & scheld ous fram helle pine. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xiv. 179 (MED) Conforte þi careful, cryst, in þi ryche. a1425 in R. H. Bowers Three Middle Eng. Relig. Poems (1963) 31 (MED) Wyt Hys blode He gyf us grace In Hys ryche to se Hys face. a1475 Sidrak & Bokkus (Lansd.) (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Washington) (1965) 12127 (MED) Goddes sone shal hise take..And lede hem to his fader riche, Þere euere is ioye. β. c1350 in Anglia (1906) 29 402 Son of heighest be kald sal he..And of his rike no ende sal be.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 25231 (MED) Þou do us haf þi riche rike þat in þis wreche werld we wike..regn nu wit grace.c1480 (a1400) St. Paul 209 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 35 Þane paule þam prechit..of criste,..of his gret Ioy, and of his ryk.a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) xvii. 31 My myrknes, that i suffire here, light thaim, takand me out of this lif in til thi rike, whare ay is light. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.eOE
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