rigidityn.

Brit.

/rᵻˈdʒɪdᵻti/, U.S.

/rəˈdʒɪdᵻdi/

Forms: 1600s rigiditie, 1600s– rigidity.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin rigiditās.

Etymology: < classical Latin rigiditās quality of not bending (Vitruvius), in post-classical Latin also severity (a1100, a1400 in British sources) < rigidus rigid adj. + -tās (see -ty suffix¹; compare -ity suffix). Compare French rigidité severity, intransigence (1641), stiffness, resistance to bending (2nd half of 18th cent.), Catalan rigiditat (15th cent.), Italian rigidità , †rigiditate (14th cent.). Compare rigidness n.

a. The quality, state, or condition of being rigid; stiffness, hardness.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > types of hardness > [noun] > stiffness or rigidity

stefhede1340

stiffnessa1398

stefnes?1527

rigour1578

unpliableness1595

rigidity1607

inflexibility1611

unpliancy1657

anchylosis1852

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 218 When they are in copulation the female..continually cryeth like a Cat..because of the rigidity of his genitall.

1674 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 9 105 The Rigidity of the Ramous parts of the Air proceeds from the Nitro-aerial corpuscles therein infixed.

1700 J. Jones Myst. Opium Reveal'd 35 It Relaxes; yet causes Rigidity, Tension, and Erection of the Penis.

1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. III. xxix. 217 The rigidity of the cooled oil.

1859 J. Lang Wanderings in India 134 They were lying dead, but still warm, and their limbs, as yet, devoid of rigidity.

1926 Amer. Mercury July (back cover) The frame is of unequaled strength and rigidity, with steel running boards.

1971 ‘A. Burgess’ Inn of Sixth Happiness x. 103 In the angular, disinterested rigidity of death, the bodies clogged the city.

2003 Sci. Amer. Dec. 86/1 To maintain structural integrity, the ski must be built with more rigidity.

b. Medicine. Originally: sustained contraction of a muscle or muscles; tetanic spasm. In later use: abnormal resistance to active or passive movement in the body, typically resulting from increased muscle tone in certain neurological disorders.decebrate rigidty: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > disorders affecting muscles > [noun] > prolonged contraction

rigidity1708

tetanus1847

1708 C. J. Sprengell Aphorisms of Hippocrates Index at Convulsion Tetanus, a Rigidity, Cramp and contraction of the nervous Parts, caus'd by Cold.

1764 Philos. Trans. 1763 (Royal Soc.) 53 11 The disease not only continued, but the rigidity communicated itself to the muscles of her neck, so that she could not move her head in the least.

1825 Lancet 16 July 61/1 The tension of the abdominal muscles continues, but there is not much rigidity of the muscles of the neck.

1891 Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. 141 Anæsthesia complete, but muscular spasm and rigidity were present.

1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) xxxviii. 1104 The symptoms consist of muscular rigidity, resulting in an attitude of flexion; and of tremor.

2003 New Yorker 15 Sept. 52/3 The spinal column's pyramidal tract cells also suffered from the jake, which gradually led to spasms and rigidity.

a. Originally: strictness; stringency, severity; (later also of a system, etc.) the quality of being impervious to change; inflexibility, fixity. Also: an instance of these.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > adaptability to circumstances > [noun] > not

rigidity1620

rigidness1620

barrack-square1932

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > inflexibility

unbowingnessa1300

impersuasibility?1549

unpliableness1595

unyieldingness1613

unpersuadableness1615

inflexiblenessa1617

rigidity1620

rigidness1620

unpersuasibleness1649

incompliancy1658

impersuasibleness1659

unpersuasiona1684

impersuadableness1715

inflexibility1742

unadvisableness1771

unadaptability1829

unpliancy1831

unyielding1847

uncompromisedness1851

anchylosis1852

uncompromisingness1865

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [noun] > rigid or relentless

implacability1531

steeliness1571

inexorability1606

rigidity1620

rigidness1620

inexorableness1622

implacableness1631

hardball1949

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > inflexibility > instance of

rigidity1620

1620 N. Brent tr. P. Sarpi Hist. Councel of Trent i. 71 Though they admired his vertues, which were a naturall grauitie, exemplary parsimony, and dissimulation, yet they hated more his auarice, rigiditie, and crueltie.

a1653 H. Binning Serm. (1845) 572 Will rigidity, severity,..and such like, ever conciliate the hearts of Men?

1699 Bp. G. Burnet Expos. Thirty-nine Articles Pref. 8 Till the Lutherans abate of their Rigidity.

1754 D. Hume Hist. Great Brit. I. 241 This assertion..displeased the house, by shewing a stiffness and rigidity in the king.

1829 I. Taylor Nat. Hist. Enthusiasm x. 262 Disqualified from free and energetic action by rigidities and scruples and divisions.

1845 G. H. Lewes Biogr. Hist. Philos. II. 142 The spasmodic rigidity and unnatural exaggeration of the Stoics.

1884 W. J. Courthope Addison 10 Though many of them were connected with the Presbyterian system, their common sense made them revolt from its rigidity.

1929 R. S. Lynd & H. M. Lynd Middletown 281 The growing rigidity of the social system today.

1936 E. von Arnim All the Dogs of my Life i. 71 It seemed incredible, the suddenness with which an entire ordered, regular existence could be swept away, and all its etiquettes and rigidities.

1983 P. Fussell Class vi. 134 The effect of the whole system is to stabilize class rigidity under the color of opening up genuine higher learning to everyone.

2002 T. Nairn Pariah 155 Apparatchiks became entrepreneurs overnight, often embracing the credo of Friedrich Von Hayek with the zealous rigidity and passion they had once reserved for that of Lenin.

b. Economics. The tendency (of wages, prices, etc.) to remain static despite changing economic conditions; an instance of this. Cf. wage-rigidity n. at wage n. Compounds 1a.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for labour or service > wage structures and scales > [noun] > wage policy > no increase

rigidity1896

wage-fixing1928

wage-rigidity1930

wage freeze1942

nil norm1966

zero norm1966

1896 F. W. Taussig Wages & Capital xv. 324 Longe and Thornton began to ask whether the funds which employers could turn over to laborers were predetermined, and so were led to deny the rigidity of the wages fund.

1910 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 24 660 (heading) Rigidity of wages, and the inefficient employer.

1939 Fortune Oct. 100/1 In no country today does perfect competition exist. It is hindered by numerous ‘rigidities’, which tend to fix costs and impair the mobility of both capital and labor.

1992 J. E. Stiglitz in A. Vercelli & N. Dimitri Macroeconomics iii. 48 The recent spread of computers to the restaurant industry..should—if the theory is correct—have eliminated price rigidities in the restaurant industry.

2002 G. Macesich Money & Monetary Regimes vi. 95 The monetary authority could overcome the strong institutional forces making for rigidity in the pricing system only at the expense of a possible serious depression.

c. Psychology. Inability to change in response to external conditions or stimuli; unadaptability. Later also in weakened sense: resistance to change; conservatism.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > adaptability to circumstances > [noun] > not > specifically in psychology

rigidity1925

the mind > mental capacity > psychology > theory of psychoanalysis > libido > [noun] > inflexibility of response

rigidity1925

1925 J. T. Maccurdy Psychol. of Emotion xxxv. 361 The individuals who habitually have this tendency, must suffer from a mental rigidity or inelasticity, which prevents unconscious reformulation of unpleasant ideas.

1949 Jrnl. Personality 17 321 We hope to demonstrate experimentally what principal forms of rigidity exist.

1960 M. Rokeach Open & Closed Mind ix. 184 High rigidity should lead to difficulties in the analytic phase of thinking.

1972 Science 16 June 1209/2 Much conventional scientific training..tends to produce rigidity and avoidance of personal involvement with subject matter, rather than open-mindedness and flexibility.

1973 D. L. Schaeffer tr. R. Cohen Patterns of Personality Judgment iv. 277 These findings would lead us to anticipate positive correlations between judgmental variance and both the neuroticism and the rigidity scores on the personality questionnaire.

2004 New Yorker 13 Sept. 40/3 Bush..boasts tirelessly of his resolve and steadfastness, making a virtue of rigidity.

2006 A. R. Getzfeld Essent. of Abnormal Psychol. viii. 209 One feature to look out for when making a diagnosis is whether the patient displays extreme rigidity in relating to other people.

Compounds

rigidity modulus n. Physics and Engineering = shear modulus n. at shear n.² Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > stress or force exerted and tending to deform > [noun] > modulus of rigidity

modulus of rigidity1877

rigidity modulus1883

shear modulus1937

1883 W. Thomson & P. G. Tait Treat. Nat. Philos. (new ed.) I: Pt. ii. 430 n is the rigidity modulus.

1930 Engineering 11 Apr. 465/2 In this problem, accurate values of the bulk modulus..and the rigidity modulus..were required.

2005 R. E. Newnham Properties of Materials xiii. 109 The elastic properties of isotropic materials are usually described by Young's Modulus E, Poisson's Ratio ν, and the Rigidity Modulus G.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	rigidity
释义	rigidityn. Brit. /rᵻˈdʒɪdᵻti/, U.S. /rəˈdʒɪdᵻdi/ Forms: 1600s rigiditie, 1600s– rigidity. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin rigiditās. Etymology: < classical Latin rigiditās quality of not bending (Vitruvius), in post-classical Latin also severity (a1100, a1400 in British sources) < rigidus rigid adj. + -tās (see -ty suffix¹; compare -ity suffix). Compare French rigidité severity, intransigence (1641), stiffness, resistance to bending (2nd half of 18th cent.), Catalan rigiditat (15th cent.), Italian rigidità , †rigiditate (14th cent.). Compare rigidness n. 1. a. The quality, state, or condition of being rigid; stiffness, hardness. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > types of hardness > [noun] > stiffness or rigidity stefhede1340 stiffnessa1398 stefnes?1527 rigour1578 unpliableness1595 rigidity1607 inflexibility1611 unpliancy1657 anchylosis1852 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 218 When they are in copulation the female..continually cryeth like a Cat..because of the rigidity of his genitall. 1674 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 9 105 The Rigidity of the Ramous parts of the Air proceeds from the Nitro-aerial corpuscles therein infixed. 1700 J. Jones Myst. Opium Reveal'd 35 It Relaxes; yet causes Rigidity, Tension, and Erection of the Penis. 1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. III. xxix. 217 The rigidity of the cooled oil. 1859 J. Lang Wanderings in India 134 They were lying dead, but still warm, and their limbs, as yet, devoid of rigidity. 1926 Amer. Mercury July (back cover) The frame is of unequaled strength and rigidity, with steel running boards. 1971 ‘A. Burgess’ Inn of Sixth Happiness x. 103 In the angular, disinterested rigidity of death, the bodies clogged the city. 2003 Sci. Amer. Dec. 86/1 To maintain structural integrity, the ski must be built with more rigidity. b. Medicine. Originally: sustained contraction of a muscle or muscles; tetanic spasm. In later use: abnormal resistance to active or passive movement in the body, typically resulting from increased muscle tone in certain neurological disorders.decebrate rigidty: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > disorders affecting muscles > [noun] > prolonged contraction rigidity1708 tetanus1847 1708 C. J. Sprengell Aphorisms of Hippocrates Index at Convulsion Tetanus, a Rigidity, Cramp and contraction of the nervous Parts, caus'd by Cold. 1764 Philos. Trans. 1763 (Royal Soc.) 53 11 The disease not only continued, but the rigidity communicated itself to the muscles of her neck, so that she could not move her head in the least. 1825 Lancet 16 July 61/1 The tension of the abdominal muscles continues, but there is not much rigidity of the muscles of the neck. 1891 Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. 141 Anæsthesia complete, but muscular spasm and rigidity were present. 1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) xxxviii. 1104 The symptoms consist of muscular rigidity, resulting in an attitude of flexion; and of tremor. 2003 New Yorker 15 Sept. 52/3 The spinal column's pyramidal tract cells also suffered from the jake, which gradually led to spasms and rigidity. 2. a. Originally: strictness; stringency, severity; (later also of a system, etc.) the quality of being impervious to change; inflexibility, fixity. Also: an instance of these. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > adaptability to circumstances > [noun] > not rigidity1620 rigidness1620 barrack-square1932 the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > inflexibility unbowingnessa1300 impersuasibility?1549 unpliableness1595 unyieldingness1613 unpersuadableness1615 inflexiblenessa1617 rigidity1620 rigidness1620 unpersuasibleness1649 incompliancy1658 impersuasibleness1659 unpersuasiona1684 impersuadableness1715 inflexibility1742 unadvisableness1771 unadaptability1829 unpliancy1831 unyielding1847 uncompromisedness1851 anchylosis1852 uncompromisingness1865 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [noun] > rigid or relentless implacability1531 steeliness1571 inexorability1606 rigidity1620 rigidness1620 inexorableness1622 implacableness1631 hardball1949 the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > inflexibility > instance of rigidity1620 1620 N. Brent tr. P. Sarpi Hist. Councel of Trent i. 71 Though they admired his vertues, which were a naturall grauitie, exemplary parsimony, and dissimulation, yet they hated more his auarice, rigiditie, and crueltie. a1653 H. Binning Serm. (1845) 572 Will rigidity, severity,..and such like, ever conciliate the hearts of Men? 1699 Bp. G. Burnet Expos. Thirty-nine Articles Pref. 8 Till the Lutherans abate of their Rigidity. 1754 D. Hume Hist. Great Brit. I. 241 This assertion..displeased the house, by shewing a stiffness and rigidity in the king. 1829 I. Taylor Nat. Hist. Enthusiasm x. 262 Disqualified from free and energetic action by rigidities and scruples and divisions. 1845 G. H. Lewes Biogr. Hist. Philos. II. 142 The spasmodic rigidity and unnatural exaggeration of the Stoics. 1884 W. J. Courthope Addison 10 Though many of them were connected with the Presbyterian system, their common sense made them revolt from its rigidity. 1929 R. S. Lynd & H. M. Lynd Middletown 281 The growing rigidity of the social system today. 1936 E. von Arnim All the Dogs of my Life i. 71 It seemed incredible, the suddenness with which an entire ordered, regular existence could be swept away, and all its etiquettes and rigidities. 1983 P. Fussell Class vi. 134 The effect of the whole system is to stabilize class rigidity under the color of opening up genuine higher learning to everyone. 2002 T. Nairn Pariah 155 Apparatchiks became entrepreneurs overnight, often embracing the credo of Friedrich Von Hayek with the zealous rigidity and passion they had once reserved for that of Lenin. b. Economics. The tendency (of wages, prices, etc.) to remain static despite changing economic conditions; an instance of this. Cf. wage-rigidity n. at wage n. Compounds 1a. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for labour or service > wage structures and scales > [noun] > wage policy > no increase rigidity1896 wage-fixing1928 wage-rigidity1930 wage freeze1942 nil norm1966 zero norm1966 1896 F. W. Taussig Wages & Capital xv. 324 Longe and Thornton began to ask whether the funds which employers could turn over to laborers were predetermined, and so were led to deny the rigidity of the wages fund. 1910 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 24 660 (heading) Rigidity of wages, and the inefficient employer. 1939 Fortune Oct. 100/1 In no country today does perfect competition exist. It is hindered by numerous ‘rigidities’, which tend to fix costs and impair the mobility of both capital and labor. 1992 J. E. Stiglitz in A. Vercelli & N. Dimitri Macroeconomics iii. 48 The recent spread of computers to the restaurant industry..should—if the theory is correct—have eliminated price rigidities in the restaurant industry. 2002 G. Macesich Money & Monetary Regimes vi. 95 The monetary authority could overcome the strong institutional forces making for rigidity in the pricing system only at the expense of a possible serious depression. c. Psychology. Inability to change in response to external conditions or stimuli; unadaptability. Later also in weakened sense: resistance to change; conservatism. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > adaptability to circumstances > [noun] > not > specifically in psychology rigidity1925 the mind > mental capacity > psychology > theory of psychoanalysis > libido > [noun] > inflexibility of response rigidity1925 1925 J. T. Maccurdy Psychol. of Emotion xxxv. 361 The individuals who habitually have this tendency, must suffer from a mental rigidity or inelasticity, which prevents unconscious reformulation of unpleasant ideas. 1949 Jrnl. Personality 17 321 We hope to demonstrate experimentally what principal forms of rigidity exist. 1960 M. Rokeach Open & Closed Mind ix. 184 High rigidity should lead to difficulties in the analytic phase of thinking. 1972 Science 16 June 1209/2 Much conventional scientific training..tends to produce rigidity and avoidance of personal involvement with subject matter, rather than open-mindedness and flexibility. 1973 D. L. Schaeffer tr. R. Cohen Patterns of Personality Judgment iv. 277 These findings would lead us to anticipate positive correlations between judgmental variance and both the neuroticism and the rigidity scores on the personality questionnaire. 2004 New Yorker 13 Sept. 40/3 Bush..boasts tirelessly of his resolve and steadfastness, making a virtue of rigidity. 2006 A. R. Getzfeld Essent. of Abnormal Psychol. viii. 209 One feature to look out for when making a diagnosis is whether the patient displays extreme rigidity in relating to other people. Compounds rigidity modulus n. Physics and Engineering = shear modulus n. at shear n.² Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > stress or force exerted and tending to deform > [noun] > modulus of rigidity modulus of rigidity1877 rigidity modulus1883 shear modulus1937 1883 W. Thomson & P. G. Tait Treat. Nat. Philos. (new ed.) I: Pt. ii. 430 n is the rigidity modulus. 1930 Engineering 11 Apr. 465/2 In this problem, accurate values of the bulk modulus..and the rigidity modulus..were required. 2005 R. E. Newnham Properties of Materials xiii. 109 The elastic properties of isotropic materials are usually described by Young's Modulus E, Poisson's Ratio ν, and the Rigidity Modulus G. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1607
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