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单词 rigid
释义

rigidadj.n.

Brit. /ˈrɪdʒɪd/, U.S. /ˈrɪdʒᵻd/
Forms: late Middle English 1600s rigide, 1600s ridgid, 1600s riged, 1600s–1700s ridged, 1600s– rigid.
Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin rigidus.
Etymology: < classical Latin rigidus stiff, unbending, solidified, set, frozen, numb, stiffly erect, rugged, primitive, stern, strict, inflexible < rigēre to be stiff (see rigent adj.) + -idus -id suffix1. Compare Middle French, French rigide fixed in one's opinions or attitudes, stiff, unbendingly severe (a1444), (of a thing) not bendable, stiff, hard (1523), intransigent (1680), Spanish rigido (mid 15th cent.), Portuguese rígido (1572), Italian rigido (1308).For the popularly developed French reflex of classical Latin rigidus see roid adj.
A. adj.
I. Stiff, firm, unbending.
1. Of a person or part of the body.
a. Stiff, unbending; tense. Also, of a posture or physical response: characterized by stiffness or muscular tension.With quot. ?a1425: cf. rigor n.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > excitement > nervous excitement > tension > [adjective]
tautc1275
rigid?a1425
high-strung1653
wound-up1788
stretched1799
high-toned1804
overstrung1810
intense1817
tense1821
high-tuned1827
screwed-up1829
twittery1840
high-keyed1848
strung-up1853
strained1863
tensioned1872
twitchy1874
keyed-up1885
tensed1911
uptight1934
wired1970
?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 68v (MED) He is alle caste doune and astouned; he haþ þe feberez; he is rigide [L. riget], i. starke; he slepeþ yuel.
1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια viii. 210 The other part of the yard..hangeth downe without the body from the vpper part of the share-bone if it be flaccid, or if it grow strong and rigid, it is raised vpward.
1738 J. Burton Treat. Non-naturals iii. 214 The Signs of a rigid State of Fibres are a hard, dry, scraggy, hairy, warm Body, with firm and rigid Muscles.
a1797 M. Wollstonecraft Posthumous Wks. (1798) IV. 121 Death could not alter the rigid hang of her limbs.
1822 J. M. Good Study Med. III. 574 The muscles are thrown into a rigid and permanent spasm, not incurvating the body as in..tetanus.
1859 Harper's Mag. May 768/1 It was the rigid, nearly upright corpse of Madam Davenant..dressed in dishabille costume such as she wore usually in her chamber.
1908 Practitioner Dec. 823 In these cases [of cholecystitis] a rigid rectus muscle on the right side..and Murphy's sign are generally present.
1962 S. Wynter Hills of Hebron xiii. 165 The waiter, his enormous body rigid in his white monkey jacket and black jacket, served tea.
1986 J. F. Gracey Meat Hygiene (ed. 8) vii. 133/1 The typical signs of effective stunning by electricity are immediate collapse of the animal with flexion of the limbs, followed by rigid extension of the legs.
2008 Daily Tel. 5 Nov. 11/2 A loud bang makes his body go rigid.
b. With with. In response to an overpowering emotion, sensation, etc.: stiffly immobile, paralysed; clenched hard, frozen.
ΚΠ
a1785 R. Glover Athenaid (1787) I. i. 23 Rigid with amaze At this majestic muse.
1823 M. W. Shelley Valperga I. v. 106 The man looked at him with..what might have been construed into contempt, had his muscles, made rigid with cold and fear, yielded to the feeling of his mind.
1864 M. S. Cummins Haunted Hearts xxvi. 423 The jaws,..rigid with suppressed passion, parted at this.
1868 W. Morris Earthly Paradise 269 She, all rigid with her first surprise,..Stared at him, dumb with fear and misery.
1925 Woman's World (Chicago) Apr. 14/1 Lynn lay rigid with fear.
1943 M. Millar Wall of Eyes ii. 22 She waited, rigid with distaste and dread.
1984 B. MacLaverty Cal (new ed.) 7 He stood at the back gateway of the abattoir..his stomach rigid with the ache of want.
2005 R. Horsfall Dancing on Thorns xxvi. 410 Ivor was sweating copiously, rigid with pre-performance nerves.
c. colloquial to bore (also scare, shake, etc.) a person rigid: to bore (scare, shake, etc.) a person excessively, or to an intolerable degree. Cf. to bore (scare, etc.) stiff at stiff adj. 11b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > [adverb] > extremely or exceedingly > to an extreme degree
to bore rigid1900
1900 Harper's Mag. Jan. 270/2 The three young men were scared rigid.
1943 C. H. Ward-Jackson It's a Piece of Cake 13 Binds you rigid, binds you stiff, bores you completely.
1952 M. Tripp Faith is Windsock xiii. 200 Dick's bloody unruffled ways and his bloody reasonable talk bind me rigid.
1972 K. Campbell Thunder on Sunday 58 It's no tourist place, I assure you... You'd be bored rigid.
1984 A. Perry Rutland Place 175 It would have shocked Caroline rigid, but now Charlotte was singing as loudly as the rest.
1999 in A. Devlin & B. Turney Going Straight 77 It shook me rigid to find out how insecure he is, and how cruel a long-term prison sentence is.
2002 C. Newland Snakeskin xviii. 238 All of a sudden, Carmen was piping up beside me, her mouth going a mile a minute, stunning everybody rigid.
2.
a. Not subject to or admitting of change; fixed, set, determined; (later esp. in negative sense) overly determined, inflexible; ossified.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > absence of change, changelessness > stability, fixity > [adjective]
truea1225
certain1297
standing1457
surec1475
stable1481
finite1493
resident1525
determinate1526
staid?1541
constantc1550
undiscomfitablea1555
inveterate1563
sound1565
unwanderinga1569
fixed1574
undisturbable1577
wishly1578
unremovable1579
inveterated1597
immoved1599
rigid1610
staple1621
consistent1648
irradicable1728
incoercible1756
hard and fast1822
unstrangulable1824
lockstep1831
statical1853
static1856
flatline1946
1610 J. Healey tr. J. L. Vives in tr. St. Augustine Citie of God xiv. ix. 510 This continuall fixation of minde some-times turneth into a rigid sowrenesse of nature, abolishing all affects from the soule.
1725 J. Glanvill Poems 121 Thy Nymph..Shares all thy Cares, and pities all thy Pain. In vain; for all moves not her rigid Will; The Wish may be to save, but the Resolve's to kill.
1790 M. O. Warren Ladies of Castile iv. iii. 151 Think not to melt my rigid purpose down; Forbear to practise hackney'd female arts, Thy sex's tears have ruin'd half mankind.
1838 E. Bulwer-Lytton Leila i. ii. 15 An eye and lip of rigid composure.
1874 J. S. Blackie On Self-culture 67 A man..should not circumscribe his activity by any inflexible fence of rigid rules.
1888 J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. I. xxxi. 477 I propose to call it a Rigid Constitution, i.e. one which cannot be bent or twisted by the action of the legislature.
1897 F. Thompson New Poems 144 Thou dost rebate thy rigid purposes.
1904 L. Hearn Japan: Attempt at Interpr. xii. 260 Caste would not seem to have developed any very rigid structure in Japan.
1958 Economist 29 Nov. 764/1 Nothing is more important than a British breakout from the rigid positions of the cold war.
1991 P. Slater Dream Deferred ii. viii. 102 The old mental apartheid—the rigid categories and uncrossable boundaries—are being abandoned in science.
b. Psychology. Of a personality, mental process, etc.: characterized by an inability to change in response to external conditions or stimuli; unadaptable; (of an instinct, conviction, etc.) fixed; unalterable. Later also in weakened sense: immovable, obstinate. Cf. rigidity n. 2c.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > adaptability to circumstances > [adjective] > not
unpliant1716
unpliable1769
rigid1919
1919 W. S. Hunter Gen. Psychol. ii. i. 119 As the individual organism ages..customs become as rigid as instincts and as inflexible almost as the receptors themselves in giving novel stimuli access to the effectors. Here one has the almost rigid personality, where no new ideas enter.
1949 Jrnl. Personality 17 322 A man with rigid delusions may readily bring his delusions in and out of conscious processes.
1960 M. Rokeach Open & Closed Mind ix. 183 Rigid thinking should be expected to lead to difficulties in thinking analytically.
1972 A. Storr Dynamics of Creation viii. 92 The obsessional [personality] is controlled, inhibited, and rigid in his ideas.
1986 R. Pollack Teach yourself Fortune Telling i. 30 A highly placed thumb may indicate lack of adaptability, a closed mind, or a selfish quality. The person may take a rigid stance and believe him or herself to be infallible.
1991 Polit. Psychol. 12 50 Adorno's team sought to develop several scales for identifying the type of rigid personality they associated with both right-wing authoritarianism and anti-Semitism.
2004 Daily Tel. 20 May 25/1 Dunbyone..maintained his rigid conviction that the representative peers sat on behalf of the peerage of Ireland.
3.
a. Of an object, material, etc.: stiff; not pliant or flexible; firm; hard.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > types of hardness > [adjective] > stiff or rigid
stithc897
stiff1000
starkOE
inflexiblec1400
rigent?1440
unbowable1537
staffish1545
steya1586
unpliablea1618
rigid1618
unsupple1621
unpliant1624
immercurial1637
steeve1637
starky1657
impliablea1734
tharf1747
stiff as a poker1798
unbending1802
unbowsome1818
crisp1851
unbendable1884
poker-stiff1894
unfluxile1925
1618 Owles Almanacke (new ed.) 23 Like the English font that saxifies wood, and turnes it into rigid stone.
1631 J. Vicars Eng. Hallelu-jah Ps. cv. sig. E7v And then the rigid Rockes he rent, From whence did Floods of Water flow.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 83 With upright beams innumerable Of rigid Spears. View more context for this quotation
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Marble Rigid Marble, [is] that which, being too hard, works with difficulty, and is liable to splinter.
1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) I. 177 The cup becoming more rigid, contains the seeds.
1832 C. Babbage Econ. Machinery & Manuf. xxv. 209 Metals are not perfectly rigid but elastic.
1862 C. Darwin On Var. Contrivances Orchids Fertilised iii. 116 It is nearly rigid and appears fibrous.
1873 J. Richards Operator's Handbk. 115 The saws have to be at least one-third thicker in order to be rigid enough for their work.
1919 L. H. Morrison Oil Engines ii. 19 This gives the engine a low center of gravity, making it rigid and fairly free from vibration while in operation.
2004 P. Hymers New Home Builder xi. 232 Ply sheets screwed down are rigid and strong.
b. Botany. Designating plants which have short stiff stems, or are in some other respect inflexible. [Usually rendering scientific Latin rigidus, rigida, or rigidum (from 1753 as a specific epithet).]
ΚΠ
1809 J. E. Smith Eng. Bot. XXIX. 2047 (heading) Carex rigida. Rigid Carex.
1859 A. Pratt Brit. Grasses & Sedges VI. 33 Rigid Sedge.
1877 F. G. Heath Fern World 359 The Rigid Buckler Fern, Lastrea rigida.
1901 C. T. Mohr Plant Life Alabama 694 Verbena rigida... Rigid Verbena... Introduced from Brazil and escaped from cultivation.
1970 Ames (Iowa) Daily Tribune 4 Sept. 8/3 Blazing Star, rigid golden rod, and big bluestem grass and Indian grass are among the native prairie species blooming now.
2008 K. A. Robson et al. Encycl. Northwest & Native Plants 336 Stachys rigida (rigid or rough hedge-nettle) has smaller flowers.
c. Of a vehicle (now esp. a lorry or truck): consisting of a single section. Opposed to articulated adj. 1b.
ΚΠ
1852 Sci. Amer. 13 Nov. 68/3 There is less danger of any part breaking, than there is on the rigid trucks now in use.
1941 Commerc. Car Jrnl. Dec. 23/1 The load center should be located at the same point, whether we are considering a four-wheel truck, a six-wheel rigid truck or a six-wheel articulated truck.
1984 Times 22 Feb. 2/6 Changes in road vehicle tax charges so that articulated lorries will pay less, and rigid lorries, buses, and coaches more.
1998 Automotive Engineer June 72/2 DAF introduced a new diesel engine..to power its popular 75-series ‘cruiserweight’ range of rigid 26 tonne six-wheelers and lighter articulated tractor units.
d. Of an airship: having a shape determined by a stiff internal framework, rather than solely by the pressure of gas in the envelope. Cf. non-rigid adj. Now historical.‘Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin..was the first to design and construct a practicable rigid airship... Zeppelin completed the designs for his first airship in 1894, took out a German patent in 1895, and presented his project to the public in 1900.’ S. Stubelius Airship, Aeroplane, Aircraft (1958) 114–15.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > balloons and airships > [adjective] > types of airship
non-rigid1874
rigid1901
semi-rigid1908
1901 Engin. Mag. 21 446/2 The rigid frame, with its outer covering of silk and waterproof stuff, makes it very hard to land without sustaining some damage.]
1901 Current Lit. Oct. 413/1 The form of the airship must approach that of least resistance; it must be stable and sufficiently rigid.
1907 Jrnl. Royal United Service Inst. 51 1519 Funds were also supplied to Count Zeppelin for further trials with his great rigid airship No. III.
1910 C. C. Turner Aerial Navigation iv. 62 One of the most famous airships of the rigid type was Zeppelin No. 4.
1920 Glasgow Herald 3 Dec. 5 The rigid airships..would be developed for commercial work.
1930 Daily Express 6 Oct. 2/4 Research into problems connected with rigid airship construction.
1980 Nature 20 Mar. 288/1 This was the most successful rigid airship designed in this country but the Air Staff decided that they had no use for it and it flew for the last time on 20 September 1921.
2001 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 20 Dec. 74/1 His ruminations led him to the invention of Germany's first rigid airship.
4. Philosophy. Designating the same thing in all worlds (world n. 1c); characterized by this property. Opposed to non-rigid or flexible. Chiefly in rigid designator.The concept of rigid designation was first formulated by the philosopher Saul Kripke (1940–).
ΚΠ
1971 S. Kripke in M. K. Munitz Identity & Individuation 154 Recall the remark that I made that proper names seem to be rigid designators, as when we use the name ‘Nixon’ to talk about a certain man, even in counterfactual situations.
1984 U. Eco Semiotics & Philos. Lang. (1986) ii. 74 It is hard to say whether Putnam's idea of rigid designation really corresponds to that of Kripke; Putnam thinks of the something rigidly designated by a linguistic term as an essence that can be defined in scientific terms.
1990 Jrnl. Logic & Computation 1 93 First-order logics come in several varieties. Constant symbols can be rigid, naming the same thing in each world, or non-rigid (also known as flexible).
2006 S. P. Schwartz in M. Devitt & R. Hanley Blackwell Guide to Philos. Lang. iii. xv. 283 If the extension of a natural kind term changes from world to world, then natural kind terms cannot be rigid designators.
II. Strict, harsh, exacting.
5.
a. Adhering to or supporting the strictest interpretation or enforcement of a law, precept, etc.; conscientious, zealous, strict. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > agreement > observance > [adjective]
faithfulc1384
officiousc1487
heedful1548
heedy1548
religious1567
unhurting1581
rigid1602
observant1608
conscionable1620
strictc1660
solid1880
1602 R. Parsons Warn-word i. vi. f. 52v Againe when the mylder sort of Caluinists doe object to these rough and riged brethren of the same sect, some places out of scripture.
1616 B. Jonson Every Man in his Humor (rev. ed.) iii. iii, in Wks. I. 36 H' is no precisian,..Nor rigid Roman-catholike.
1644 W. Lilly Englands Propheticall Merline To Rdr. sig. b3v None of them were comparable either to that grave, reverend, and profoundly learned Doctor Napier..or to Mr. Bredon a rigid Ptolomeian.
1657 T. Aylesbury Treat. Confession of Sinne iii. 23 Marvel not at the rigid Penitents of that age.
1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 53 He was a very riged Man, as I understood at a Visite which the French Ambassadour..made to him.
1707 Potter in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eminent Literary Men (1843) (Camden) 271 Knox, a rigid presbyterian.
1790 J. Bruce Trav. Source Nile II. 579 David was a rigid adherent to the church of Alexandria.
1828 E. Bulwer-Lytton Pelham I. xiv. 90 In the theory of philosophy he was tolerably rigid.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. ii. 170 He had indeed some reason to dislike the rigid sect.
1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People vii. §4. 378 The Lennoxes had remained rigid Catholics.
1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 715/1 Mahommed..was a rigid predestinarian and a strict observer of the law.
b. Characterized by exacting standards or demands or by adherence to these; (also) austere, ascetic.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > a standard of conduct > [adjective] > conforming > strictly > of conduct, life, etc.
strait-laced1554
rigid1609
astringent1821
1609 Bp. W. Barlow Answer Catholike English-man 359 Doth not Cardinall Bellarmine both confesse and commend that rigid course, when he saith, that Catholiks will not suffer any among them..that..fauoureth the Lutherans?
1637 J. Milton Comus 16 Rigid looks of Chast austeritie.
1738 T. Shaw Trav. Barbary & Levant 306 Their Marabbutts..are generally Persons of a rigid and austere Life.
1808 S. Fenn in Columbian Preacher I. xiii. 246 While they are tied up to rigid rules, and obliged by their profession to lead the rigid, and austere life, which has been described, I am not shackled with these restrictions, but may live as I list.
1872 Routledge's Every Boy's Ann. 296/1 The most rigid principles of honesty.
1912 J. Hastings Great Texts of Bible 267 If we are to do any good in this world we have to live by rigid control and abstain from much that is perfectly legitimate.
1957 P. Carrington Early Christian Church II. xxv. 446 A moral and spiritual perfectionism had given way during the second century to a harsh puritanism and a rigid legalism.
2005 N.Y. Times 31 July 14/4 All of the young men quickly rejected the Islam of their parents... They turned, instead, to the more rigid, orthodox Deobandi school.
c. Stringently observed or enforced; (of a practice, etc.) extremely exacting or demanding.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > agreement > observance > [adjective] > observed
unviolated1555
strict1603
well-observed1616
rigid1653
well-keptc1670
unfringed1751
unswerved1849
1653 J. Howell German Diet sig. Cc The greatest Seminaries for institution of youth, and a rigid practise of piety that are in the Christian world.
1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. ii. i. 159 The rigid Observance of the Sabbath.
1753 R. Clayton Jrnl. from Cairo to Sinai 22 A cave, in which two kings sons spent their lives in performing rigid penances.
1782 F. Burney Cecilia I. ii. iv. 223 A rigid seclusion from company was productive of a lassitude as little favourable to active virtue as dissipation itself.
1841 A. Combe Physiol. Digestion (ed. 3) ii. v. 319 If such a change can be effected, by rigid adherence to rules, in the course of two or three months.
1861 Ld. Brougham Brit. Constit. (ed. 2) xiv. 199 His avaricious habits inclined him to rigid parsimony.
1912 W. Hirsch Relig. & Civilization vii. 144 Like the Pharisees, they had a rigid ceremonial whose strict observance was their chief duty.
1962 Numen 9 49 Despite the advice of the abbess, she continued the most rigid abstinences and hardships.
2003 Social Probl. 50 298 Rigid adherence to strict, highly principled organizational ideologies.
6.
a. Extremely strict in the treatment or others; harsh, stern, severe.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > inflexible
ironOE
stour1303
strange1338
unmovablea1382
inflexible1398
stoutc1410
unpliablea1425
intreatable1509
stiff1526
stiff-necked1526
unpliant1547
stout-hearted1552
inexorable1553
obstinate1559
strait-laced1560
impersuasible1576
unflexiblea1586
hard-edged1589
adamantive1594
unyielding1594
adder-deaf1597
steeled1600
irrefragable1601
rigid1606
unpersuadable1607
imployable1613
unswayablea1616
uncompellable1623
inflexive?1624
over-rigid1632
unlimbera1639
seta1640
incomplying1640
uncomplying1643
stiff-girt1659
impersuadable1680
unbendinga1688
impracticable1713
unblendable1716
stiff-rumped1728
unconvinciblea1747
uncompounding1782
unplastic1787
unbending1796
adamant1816
uneasy1819
uncompromising1828
cast iron1829
hard-hitting1831
rigoristic1844
ramrod1850
pincé1858
anchylosed1860
unbendable1884
tape-bound1900
tape-tied1900
hard line1903
tough1905
absolutist1907
hard-arsed1942
go-for-broke1946
hardcore1951
hard-arse1966
hard-ass1967
hardball1974
1606 Bp. W. Barlow Serm. Paules Crosse Nouember To Rdr. sig. A4 Hee will perhappes not bee so rigide in his Censure.
1634 W. Habington Castara Author sig. A3v If my rigid friend question superciliously the setting forth of these Poems.
1665 R. Brathwait Comment Two Tales Chaucer App. 197 The clear and weighty Judgments of the Strictest and Rigidest Censors.
1710 R. Steele Tatler No. 175. ⁋2 The young Man is under the Dictates of a rigid Schoolmaster.
1752 E. Young Brothers iv. i O rigid gods! and shall I then fall down!
1775 G. Stuart tr. J. L. de Lolme Constit. Eng. i. ii. 62 A prince of a more rigid disposition.
1825 C. H. Phipps Eng. in Italy (new ed.) I. 8 Even a rigid parent could not have visited her paroxysms with the neglect or the punishment that generally follows such.
1843 Ladies' Compan.. Oct. 291/1 Conscience..is a rigid tutor, and will severely punish, those who mind not its teaching.
1868 Ld. Neaves Songs & Verses (ed. 2) 32 Despotic and stern, and a rigid taskmaster, But an excellent friend and instructor, was Gaster.
1901 Ohio Educ. Monthly Nov. 562/2 As the years passed, more kindly influenced transformed the rigid man into a gentle man.
1986 N.Y. Mag. May 98/2 A war hero whose nerves have been shattered, Voight has turned mean, rigid, and violent.
2009 V. Hampton Wright Days of Deepening Friendship vii. 233 Is God a rigid judge..who makes us guess and strive for years before we know what we should do?
b. Harsh in impact or effect; characterized by sternness or severity.In later use often difficult to distinguish from and perhaps merging with sense A. 2a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [adjective] > rigidly or relentlessly
grima1000
steely1508
unbowable1537
inexorable1553
unrelenting1590
unrelentless1606
rigid1610
implacable1611
unrelentable1611
unsoftened1645
unconniving1671
ramrod1850
unexcusing1853
unsoftening1857
tough1905
1610 T. Morton Encounter against M. Parsons i. vi. 64 I will not trouble M. Parsons his patience with any quittance of like language, although I am often prouoked therunto by his rigid and vnconscionable taxations.
1630 P. Massinger Renegado ii. iv. sig. D4 All tortures, that A flinty hangmans rage could execute, Or rigide tyranny command with pleasure.
1660 R. Coke Elements Power & Subjection 72 in Justice Vindicated The violent and rigid execution of laws against all offenders.
1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. x. 190 We shall [not] be able to say..where rigid Right and Justice ends, and Oppression begins.
1769 E. Bancroft Ess. Nat. Hist. Guiana 367 Rigid treatment..renders them content.
1807 J. Barlow Columbiad iii. 93 They ruled with rigid, but with generous care.
1840 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VII. 155 A very rigid inquiry was instituted.
1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest II. x. 481 Rigid justice, untempered by mercy, easily changes into oppression.
1906 G. R. Sims Living London (rev. ed.) II. 352/1 No chattering over work, no exchange of amenities at the area steps; housemaid, wardmaid, kitchen-maid, cook—all are subject to rigid discipline.
1994 J. Edwards Multilingualism (1995) iii. 67 One can imagine, of course, families applying the ‘one-parent-one-language’ principle to children in an unduly rigid or harsh way.
2002 M. Holroyd Wks. on Paper 115 Driven to defend himself against her [sc. his mother's] rigid assertion of authority, Wells developed a ‘queer little mood of obduracy’.
7.
a. Of weather, conditions, etc.: hostile, harsh, extreme; spec. bitterly cold. Cf. rigorous adj. 1c. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > [adjective] > very intensely cold > of cold: intense
keen1340
fervent1448
rigid1611
freezy1902
1611 B. Jonson Catiline i. sig. C4v As when rigid frosts Haue bound vp Brookes, and Riuers. View more context for this quotation
1648 E. Sherburne tr. Seneca Medea iv. i. 39 When rigid Cold in Ice hath all things bound, And Forrests of their Summers pride uncrown'd.
1726 G. Shelvocke Voy. round World ii. 72 One would think it impossible that any thing living could subsist in so rigid a climate.
1796 C. Garden Impr. Version Bk. Job xxxviii. 432 Genial heat or warmth..is opposed to a parching blighting air on the one side, and to a rigid contracting cold on the other.
1843 J. Hood Austral. & East ix. 247 The decision as to the line of return home from this far country, is a serious consideration,—whether it be best to encounter the rigid cold of Cape Horn, or the fires of an Indian sun.
1899 Z. Volpicelli Russia on Pacific ii. 61 The long winter, with the rigid weather of the region, precluded all possibility of military operations.
1957 H. P. Beck Folklore Maine 85 In the winter, too, when it was too ‘rigid’ outside, odds and ends of chores would be done that had waited all summer for time to do them.
b. literary and poetic. Stark, violent, bitter. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1708 J. Philips Cyder i. 592 Cressy Plains, And Agincourt, deep-ting'd with Blood, confess What the Silures Vigour unwithstood Cou'd do in rigid Fight.
1710 S. Palmer Moral Ess. Prov. 82 There is a rigid horror and chagrin in envy, malice, and revenge.
a1788 J. Wesley & C. Wesley Poet. Wks. (1868) XII. 184 Not rigid wrath extreme, But wisdom mix'd with love, Severely kind, a rotten limb Doth from the rest remove.
1828 W. S. Landor Imaginary Conversat. III. 66 Would any republic of any age, permit a private man to enforce, under pain or threat of death, so rigid and bitter an equality?
1831 J. Wood Treat. Tropes & Figures Holy Script. 156 A soft tongue breaketh the bone; the most hard-hearted and severe man, or the most grievous and rigid anger.
8. Specific, precise; accurate, exact; (of a method, procedure, etc.) detailed and thorough, rigorous.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > care, carefulness, or attention > [adjective] > carefully exact
accurate1596
rigid?1626
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > freedom from error, correctness > exactness, accuracy, precision > [adjective] > strict, rigorous
just1490
nicea1522
point-devicea1529
exact1533
narrow1551
rigorousa1564
point-vice1574
curious1614
rigid?1626
hard1690
strict1749
deadly1909
?1626 Bp. T. Morton Grand Imposture Church of Rome xiii. 209 Will you needs draw an Argument of your Popes Monarchie, out of a bare phrase of courtesie, ordinarily vsed among Equals? and not thus onely, but (in the rigid and exact sense thereof) contrary to the discretion of one of the best Popes?
1676 G. Towerson Explic. Decalogue 47 Those descriptions..rather as emblems and pictures than as rigid definitions of his nature.
1713 G. Berkeley Three Dialogues Hylas & Philonous Pref. sig. A4v To observe the most rigid Laws of Reasoning.
1729 W. Law Serious Call xxii. 440 This is as strictly true in the most rigid sense.
1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. i. 5. The fossils which they contained were subjected to rigid scrutiny.
1869 J. Tyndall Notes 9 Lect. on Light §214 For it has been demonstrated, by the most rigid experiments, that the velocity of light diminishes as the index of refraction increases.
1910 F. Bond Wood Carvings Eng. Churches I. 63 No rigid distinction can be made between the dragon, wyvern, and lindworm.
a1963 C. S. Lewis Discarded Image (1964) iv. 70 It is the ‘negative Theology’ of those who take in a more rigid sense, and emphasise more persistently than others, the incomprehensibility of God.
2002 Brit. Jrnl. Hist. Sci. 35 58 The arithmetic of impossible quantities will always remain a useful instrument in the discovery of truth, and may be of service when a more rigid analysis can hardly be applied.
B. n.
1. A person who adheres strictly to precepts, principles, etc.; a rigorist. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > inflexibility > inflexible person
rigida1646
rigidist1716
inexorable1748
stickler1799
tough1928
no man1930
toughie1960
hard-ass1962
jobsworth1970
a1646 W. Twisse Riches of Gods Love (1653) ii. 23 The molles Lutherani..neither accompt..otherwise of the Calvinists, then as of erring brethren; whom the rigids have..threatened to excomunicate.
1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 492. ⁋4 If you do not take measures for the immediate Redress of us Rigids, as the Fellows call us.
1749 W. Douglass Summary I. 444 The Rigids generally seceded from the more moderate, and removed with their teachers or ministers without the limits or jurisdiction of the colony.
1836 A. Ljungstedt Hist. Sketches Portuguese Settlements China 192 He was numbered among those, who in the Roman Catholic church ar designated by the appellation of ‘rigids’.
1999 C. Levy Gramsci & Anarchists iii. 81 Although both the ‘rigids’ and the less militant radicals were depleted by conscription, older socialists..came to the fore.
2.
a. A rigid airship; a Zeppelin. Cf. sense A. 3d. Earlier in non-rigid n. and semi-rigid n. Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > balloons and airships > [noun] > airship > types of airship
aeroplane1884
non-rigid1909
Parseval1909
rigid1911
blimp1916
submarine scout1917
semi-rigid1920
1909 Daily Chron. 3 Aug. 1/7 The two non-rigids that are to come from France.]
1911 Times 22 Mar. 12/1 The Army had charge of semi-rigids, non-rigids, and aeroplanes.
1919 Sphere 19 July 54/1 Reports to the Admiralty..urging them to build rigids without delay.
1963 A. Smith Throw out Two Hands ii. 31 The dirigibles were classified into A—rigid and B—limp... The rigids were the most exciting.
2002 G. de Syon Zeppelin! iii. 74 Parliamentary debates ensued, forcing a young minister, Winston Churchill, to acknowledge that Britain had no equivalent to Germany's rigids.
b. A rigid lorry or truck. Cf. sense A. 3c.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > motor lorry, truck, or van > [adjective] > articulated > not
rigid1964
1964 Commerc. Motor 12 June 81/2 In both the kerb parking and the loading bay tests this year the big multi-wheeled rigids put up a better performance than most of the artics.
1988 Truck & Driver Oct. 7/1 I always check to see which way the drag is going before I alter the direction of the rigid.
2007 Business Day (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 10 May (Econ., Business & Finance section) 11 Scania offers a wide range of two-, three-, four- and five-axle vehicles as tractors or rigids.

Compounds

C1. Forming adjectives, chiefly parasynthetic, as rigid-bodied, rigid-leaved, etc.
ΚΠ
1757 W. Watson in Philos. Trans. 1756 (Royal Soc.) 49 815 The rigid leaved Bell-flowers, with a diffusive panicle and patulous flowers.
1815 J. Scott Visit to Paris iii. 42 The thin-faced rigid-nerved men.
1831 W. J. Hooker Brit. Flora (ed. 2) 431 R[uscus]aculeatus, Linn. (common Butcher's-broom), stem rigid branched, leaves ovato-accuminate very rigid and pungent.
1869 A. R. Wallace Malay Archipel. II. xxxix. 430 The little rigid-tailed Nasiterna.
1870 W. Morris Earthly Paradise I. 460 That..melody, He drew from out the rigid-seeming lyre.
1932 W. Faulkner Light in August vii. 140 He walked stiffly past her, rigidfaced.
1958 H. G. Sanders Outl. Brit. Crop Husbandry (ed. 3) 105 The special implement for the operation is called a broadshare, and it is a heavily built, rigid-tined cultivator.
2007 Guardian (Nexis) 18 Aug. (Travel section) 3 Travel..to Cameroon in one of Dragoman Overland's heavy-duty, rigid bodied safari trucks.
C2.
rigid body n. Physics an object which undergoes no deformation; spec. one used as an idealized approximation of a real object, in which any two points are treated as remaining at a constant distance regardless of external forces acting upon it.
ΚΠ
1654 W. Charleton Physiologia Epicuro-Gassendo-Charltoniana iii. xiv. 331 Whoever whould frame to himself an exact notion of a Rigid body, meerly as a Rigid, must compose it of the Attributes, inflexile, intractile, inductile.
1830 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 3 317 The problem of the motion of a rigid body.
1882 Nature 28 Dec. 201/2 The ordinary lunar irregularities which are recognised in rigid-body astronomy.
1946 L. Toft & A. T. J. Kersey Theory of Machines (ed. 5) ii. 26 The point in a rigid body through which the weight always acts is called the centre of gravity.
2008 J. H. Ginsberg Engin. Dynamics iv. 173 The concept of a rigid body is an artificial one, in that all materials deform when forces are applied to them.
rigid fan n. a hand-held fan consisting of a non-folding screen attached to a handle, either or both of which may be decorated; = hand screen n. at hand n. Compounds 1d(b); cf. folding fan n. at folding adj. Additions.
ΚΠ
1892 Ann. Rep. Board Regents Smithsonian Inst. 1891 iii. 462 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (52nd Congr., 1st Sess.: House of Representatives Misc. Doc. 334, Pt. II) XLIV Rigid fans covered with oiled paper; round and other shapes, with black lacquer handle.
1910 G. W. Rhead Hist. of Fan iii. 62 Rigid fans or hand-screens, introduced from China, end of sixth century a.d.
1972 Country Life 15 June 1540/1 The rigid fan was already ancient in China when the Japanese evolved the folding fan, probably early in the seventh century.
1992 J. Hutt & H. Alexander Ōgi 21/1 The rigid fan which was utilised by Ukiyoe print designers was of a type introduced from Korea at some time before the Edo period.
2015 A. Finnane in M. J. Powers & K. R. Tsiang Compan. Chinese Art 395 They were round or rigid fans, made of silk stretched over a frame, or of woven bamboo threads, or very occasionally of feathers.
rigid inflatable adj. and n. Nautical (a) adj. designating a boat consisting of a lightweight rigid hull, the top of which is ringed by a large inflatable tube; (b) n. a boat of this kind.
ΚΠ
1977 Winnipeg Free Press 8 Feb. 12/1 (caption) The world's first diesel-powered rigid inflatable craft.
1984 Skin Diver (Nexis) Oct. 109 Although the concept of rigid inflatables makes sense, it involves a few compromises in the areas of portability and interior space.
1991 Ship & Boat Internat. Apr. 18/1 A water jet propelled rigid inflatable, capable of about four times the speed of the earlier boat.
2000 Sunday Herald (Glasgow) 10 Sept. (Seven Days section) 6/2 RIBs (rigid inflatable boats to the uninitiated) to land people and stores.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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