† riftn.¹

Forms: early Old English ribt, Old English hryft (Mercian), Old English rift, Old English ryft.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with Old High German -reft (in beinrefta (plural) trousers), Old Icelandic ript (feminine) and ripti (neuter) cloth, article of clothing, veil, Norwegian rift , †ryft piece of cloth, width of fabric (used as a piece of clothing) < a suffixed ablaut variant (zero-grade) of the Germanic base of rive v.¹ (a parallel formation to the Scandinavian base of rift n.²).

Obsolete.

A piece of cloth used as a covering or garment, esp. a cloak, a cape. Also: a curtain, a veil.Common in Old English. In later use only in halirift n., wough-rift n. at wough n.¹ Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for body or trunk (and limbs) > [noun] > loose clothing > cloak, mantle, or cape

rifteOE

mantleeOE

whittlec900

hackleeOE

bratc950

reafOE

capec1275

copec1275

cloakc1300

toge?a1400

caster1567

togeman1567

vinegar1699

overcloak1831

pharos1871

eOE Corpus Gloss. (1890) 89/1 Palla, rift.

eOE Corpus Gloss. (1890) 72/1 Laena, rift.

OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Matt. xxvii. 31 Exuerunt eum clamyde et induerunt eum uestimentis eius : ongeredon hine ðy ryfte & gegeredon hine mið his gewedum.

OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Julius) 21 Mar. 40 His broðra twegen geseagon ænne weg fram his mynstre rihte east on ðone heofon; se wæs bebræded mid hwitum ryftum, ond þær wæs on unrim scinendra leohtfata.

OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Lev. (Laud) iv. 17 Nime se sacerd his [sc. the calf's] blod..and sprenge seofon siðon on þæt ryft [OE Claud. wahrift; L. uelum].

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

riftn.²

Brit.

/rɪft/, U.S.

/rɪft/

Forms: Middle English–1500s ryft, Middle English–1500s ryfte, Middle English–1600s rifte, Middle English– rift; Scottish pre-1700 ryfft, pre-1700 ryft, pre-1700 ryift, pre-1700 1700s– rift.

Origin: A borrowing from early Scandinavian.

Etymology: < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic ript breach of contract, Norwegian rift cleft, chink, piece torn off, Swedish rift scratch, split, crack, cleft, chasm, piece torn off, Danish rift tear, split, cleft) < a suffixed ablaut variant (zero-grade) of the Scandinavian base of rive v.¹ (a parallel formation to the Germanic base of rift n.¹).It is very unlikely that earlier currency is implied by post-classical Latin rifta, of uncertain sense, but probably a local name for an area of enclosed or reclaimed land in fens in South Lincolnshire (1202, c1235 in British sources).

†1. The action of tearing, splitting, or rending. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > tearing or tearing apart > [noun]

tatteringc1380

rendinga1398

rifta1400

rentingc1405

ripping1463

direption1483

outriving1488

dilaceration1545

raving1553

dilaniation1569

divulsion1603

discission1628

discerption1645

tear1666

rent1753

shredding1954

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 8220 Sua depe þair rote þai samen kest, þat moght þam naman þeþen win, Wit-vten rift [Fairf. breste, Gött. breche, Trin. Cambr. brekyng] for ani gin.

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 433 Ryfte, or ryvynge of cloþe, or cuttynge, scissura.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 12697 Þe remnond..Herd þe rurde & þe ryfte of þe rank schippis.

a. A cleft in the earth, a rock formation, etc.; a fissure, a chasm.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > low land > hole or pit > [noun] > chasm or cleft

chinec1050

earth-chinea1300

kinc1330

chimneyc1374

haga1400

riftc1400

refta1425

dungeonc1475

rupturec1487

gaping1539

rent1603

chasm1621

abrupt1624

hiulcitya1681

clove1779

score1790

strid1862

fent1878

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) 964 (MED) Þe grete barrez of þe abyme he barst up at onez, Þat alle þe regioun torof in riftes ful grete.

?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 43 (MED) Þe roche clafe in twa, and in þat rift he hidd him.

c1450 J. Capgrave Solace of Pilgrims (Bodl. 423) (1911) 125 (MED) Sodeynly aftir his prayer al þe erde qwakid and out of certeyn riftis cam oute smek whech smelled swetter þan ony spis.

a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) iv. l. 1204 Sa hugsum þar þat oppynnynge fel Þat throw þat rift men mycht se hell.

1511 Pylgrymage Richarde Guylforde (Pynson) f. xix Whiche ryfte gothe downe thorughout the Rok of Caluery.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) iii. iv. 32 As if the world should cleaue, and that slaine men Should soader vp the Rift .

1639 H. Ainsworth Annot. Five Bks. Moses, Bk. Psalmes & Song of Songs Psalm lx. 4 Earthquakes, rifts and chinkes appeare.

1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at Garden But you must above all things remove Stones out of your Garden Ground, and leave no Rifts therein.

1799 R. Kirwan Geol. Ess. 29 Some few petrifactions have been found in the rifts even of granitic mounts.

1815 W. Scott Lord of Isles iii. xvi. 102 Yonder peak..That to the evening sun uplifts The griesly gulphs and slaty rifts.

1856 J. Ruskin Mod. Painters IV. 346 The rocks above are torn by their glaciers into rifts and wounds that are never healed.

1876 S. Smiles Life Sc. Naturalist viii. 134 The rift in the glen is almost overhung by the ruins of the ancient Church of Aberdour.

1904 W. V. Moody Fire-bringer i. 19 I clambered down Old earthquake-cloven rifts and monstrous chasms Where long ago the stripling Titans..dared not venture.

1944 A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. iii. 28 A volcano is essentially a rift or vent through which magma..from the depths is erupted at the surface.

1993 Caves & Caving Winter 26/1 At the base of the 6m pitch, a way-on was explored through a complex region of parallel rifts joined by numerous cross-rifts.

2001 Rocky Mountain Rev. Lang. & Lit. Fall 14 Perhaps the puddle is a rift in the ground's surface—a keyhole through which we may glimpse another reality.

b. Mining (chiefly U.S.). Any of a series of parallel planes along which rock (esp. granite) can most easily be split, esp. as distinct from a bedding plane. Also: the property by which rock tends to split most easily along such planes.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > texture or colour > [noun] > texture > laminated or fissile > cleavage or plane

sline1811

cleavage1816

cleavage-plane1831

rift1841

schistosity1885

strain-slip cleavage1886

1841 Merchants' Mag. 4 358 The rift of this stone [sc. granite] is very perfect, smooth and regular; splits are easily made to the depth of 12 to 20 feet, and of almost any required length.

1861 A. D. Hager in E. Hitchcock et al. Rep. Geol. Vermont II. ix. 736 Even those rocks which all geologists concede to be granite..evince such a disposition to split in certain directions, that the workmen generally regard them as stratified rocks, the strata corresponding with the ‘rift’, or cleavage planes.

1912 H. Ries Building Stones & Clay-products iii. 96 The rift is an obscure foliation, either vertical (or nearly so) or horizontal, along which the granite splits more readily than in any other direction.

1960 O. Bowles in J. L. Gillson et al. Industr. Min. & Rocks (ed. 3) xv. 327/1 [Paving stones] are shaped by hand processes involving expert knowledge of the ‘rift’ and ‘run’ directions of easy splitting.

2001 M. Isler Sticks, Stones, & Shadows x. 227 While difficult to work due to its hardness, it [sc. granite] had three natural cleavage lines almost at right angles, rift, grain, and head... The rift can be seen with an experienced eye and is a comparatively easy joint to split.

c. Geology. A major fault or fault system associated with a linear depression in the earth's surface, typically one caused by tensional forces arising from the divergence of crustal plates; a graben, a rift valley. the Rift: the Great Rift Valley (see rift valley n. 2), esp. the part in East Africa.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > low land > valley > [noun] > rift valley or valley of elevation

valley of elevation1526

rift valley1894

graben1896

fault-line valley1913

rift1921

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > discontinuity or unconformity > [noun] > fault > other types of fault

heave1802

reversed fault1852

reverse fault1865

step-fault1879

ring fracture1881

overfault1883

overlap fault1883

overthrust1883

trough fault1883

thrust1888

thrust-fault1889

offset1897

cross-fault1900

tear-fault1900

distributive fault1904

cross-break1909

slide1910

strike-slip fault1913

rift1921

splay fault1942

wrench fault1951

megashear1954

transform fault1965

transform1971

1894 J. W. Gregory in Geogr. Jrnl. 4 292 Continuing northward, we followed the valley or great meridional rift to the ridge that crosses it north of Lake Baringo.

1921 E. J. Wayland in Geogr. Jrnl. 58 345 The term ‘Western Rift’ is used in this paper to denote that part of the Great Rift Valley system which forms the western boundary of Uganda.

1936 B. Willis E. Afr. Plateaus 55 The great San Andreas rift of California, 500 miles long, is a fault.

1957 G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. i. 12 There has been some uptilting all around the margins of the plateau bounded by the Albert–Edward–Tanganyika system of rifts.

1991 R. Oliver Afr. Experience (1993) ix. 103 Their sharp tools..were made..of the black, volcanic glass known as obsidian, which occurs fairly widely in the Rift.

2002 New Scientist 13 Apr. 23/4 John Rogers..has pieced together a picture of a 1.9 billion-year-old supercontinent from the scars of rifts in ancient rocks.

a. A split, crack, or rent in an object.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > breaking or cracking > [noun] > a crack or breach

chinec888

bruche?a1300

crevice1382

scar1390

scorec1400

rimea1425

riftc1425

riving1440

creekc1480

brack1524

rive1527

bruise1530

crack1530

chink1545

chap1553

riff1577

chop1578

chinker1581

coane1584

fraction1587

cranice1603

slifter1607

fracture1641

shake1651

snap1891

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 1002 (MED) To fore..was set..A borde of Eban and of yvor whyt, So egaly Ioyned and so clene Þat in þe werk þer was no rifte sene.

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 433 Ryfte, in a walle, or boord, or oþer lyke, rima, riscus.

1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid i. iii. 51 Salt watter stremis Fast bullerand in at every ryft and boir.

1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 14^v This great rift is that which [is] in the lower part of the roundell of the eye.

1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §556 [A seed] which falling upon the bough of a tree that hath some Rift, putteth forth Misseltoe.

1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Direct. conc. Melons 3 in Compl. Gard'ner This Yellowness appearing in some part of it or other, and not seldom with some Rift, or little Casm's about the Stalk.

1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at False Quarter The Chink..must be opened to the Quick with a drawing Iron, and the Rift filled with a Rowl of Hurds.

1785 W. Marshall Minutes in Rural Econ. Midland Counties (1790) II. 333 The ‘lag’..is a cleft, or rift, reaching sometimes from the top to the bottom of the stem, and, perhaps, to near its center.

1859 Ld. Tennyson Vivien in Idylls of King 113 It is the little rift within the lute, That by and by will make the music mute.

1889 Cent. Mag. May 85/2 He was studying the toe of his foot visible through a rift in his well-worn brogan.

1911 V. Kester Prodigal Judge xxv. 303 He artfully colored his white yarn socks where they showed though the rifts in the leather.

1942 E. Paul Narrow Street xxxi. 285 The Greek madonna did the leg work faithfully while La Absalom cackled orders through a rift in the portières.

1997 J. Sherman & S. Shwartz Vulcan's Forge ix. 101 Spock and David scrambled their frantic way through the newly opened rift in the wall.

b. A break in clouds or mist.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > fine weather > [noun] > clear condition > break in clouds or mist

riftc1450

slap1508

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 1756 (MED) Riȝt as a flaw of fell snawe ware fallyn of a ryft.

1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid viii. vii. 47 We se The schynnand brokin thunderis lychtning fle Wyth subtill fyry stremis throu a ryft.

1599 A. Hume Hymnes sig. C4 The subtile mottie rayons light, At rifts thay are in wonne.

1634 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World (new ed.) I. xliii. 21 The firy chinkes and rifts of those clouds do glitter and shine.

1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iv. 408 The Clouds From many a horrid rift abortive pour'd Fierce rain with lightning mixt.

1795 J. Hurdis Poem upon Prospect Marriage Prince of Wales 7 Through the bright rift of the quick-posting cloud Lifts up to thee the supplicating eye And mute petition.

1863 J. Ingelow Honours ii A soul-mist, through whose rifts familiar stars Beholding we misname.

1874 J. A. Symonds Sketches Italy & Greece (1898) I. xiii. 282 Through their rifts the depth of heaven is of a hard and gemlike blue.

1932 Collier's 9 Jan. 25/4 The sun seemed to stream through a sudden rift in pit-black skies.

2006 Sun (N.Y.) (Nexis) 21 Dec. 15 An angelic light pours down from heaven through a rift in the clouds, promising redemption and salvation.

†c. A crack in the skin; a chap. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > [noun] > chap or crack

rhagadesOE

chap1398

chine1398

rupture?a1425

chapping1540

rift1543

chame1559

cleft1576

chop1578

crepature1582

cone1584

chink1597

fent1597

chawn1601

star1607

hacka1610

kin1740

sand-crack1895

1543 B. Traheron tr. J. de Vigo Most Excellent Wks. Chirurg. i. iii. f. lxxxviii/2 Yf a man be grevously strychen and some of the said sygnes folowe, though the chyncke or ryft be not founde in that place, where the skynne is rased awaye, ye shall consydre whether ther be any swellyng, or softnes in some other place.

1553 R. Eden tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India sig. Cij Theyr skinne is very rowghe, and full of chappes, and riftes, like the barke of a tree.

1597 J. Gerard Herball i. 54 The meale thereof, healeth all the rifts of the fundament.

1614 G. Markham Cheape & Good Husbandry i. xliii Bloody rifts..are chaps or rifts in the palate of the horses mouth.

1726 N. B. Farrier's & Horseman's Dict. 292/1 The Dirt sticking to the Legs frets the Skin, and makes scabby Rifts.

a. A strip or board of oak timber, split or cleft rather than being sawn; timber of this type. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood in specific form > [noun] > piece split off > of oak collectively

wainscot1388

knapple1496

clapboardc1520

French panel1556

rift1577

rift timber1775

1577 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Islande Brit. ii. x. f. 85/1, in R. Holinshed Chron. I Lattis..made eyther of wicker or fine riftes of oke in chekerwyse.

1670 R. Coke Disc. Trade 22 Rift bearing about a third penny more price then if it were sawn into planck.

1777 S. Hemsted Descr. Pulverizing Mill 23 Make it of dry rift oak, about half an inch thick, and bind it..with four iron hoops.

1894 P. M. Reed Hist. Bath & Environs 304 White oak rift staves, the first kind of lumber that was shipped and sold in Boston..before the time of saw-mills.

1989 F. Kellerman Quality of Mercy vii. 81 The architecture was simple—two stories of plastered walls, roofed with rifts of oak timber.

b. U.S. Of timber: capacity for being split. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1834 Maine Farmer 8 Aug. 238/1 This and some other species of the oak, split with ease and regularity, or have a good rift, as it is termed.

1889 Coll. New Hampsh. Hist. Soc. IX. 144 Chestnut was a favorite timber [for mortised posts] on account of its easy rift and durability.

1921 E. Meeker Seventy Years Progress Washington xxxiii. 259 The rift of this timber was miraculous.

5. figurative or in figurative contexts. Now esp.: a break in friendly relations between individuals, groups, nations, etc.; a schism, a division.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > dissent > [noun] > division or lack of unity > a state or instance of

slit1390

breach1573

rent1580

rifta1609

split1729

split-up1878

a1609 A. Hume Afold Admon. Ministrie in Hymnes & Sacred Songs (1832) 6 Behold at how narow a rift that awld lubrik serpent hathe slydin in.

a1640 T. Jackson Treat. Christian Obed. in Wks. (1673) I. 901 Nothing but this bred that lamentable Schism, or Rift in the walls of Gods house.

1646 T. Fuller Andronicus iv. i. sig. G4 Through the Riftes, and chinks of their severall aimes and ends.

1676 A. Carmichael Believers Mortification (1730) 114 They [sc. temptations] can creep in at a small Rift or Hole; therefore there's need of the utmost Watchfulness and Diligence to keep them out.

1844 I. Taylor Anc. Christianity (ed. 4) I. 6 This difference,..is nothing less than a rift in the foundations of the ecclesiastical structure.

1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul II. ix. xxxiv. 122 The needless widening of the rift which separated them.

1902 V. Jacob Sheep-stealers xiv A little rift had sprung between the two brothers.

1922 Philos. Rev. 31 508 This refusal of the progressist philosophy..to face the final paradox of the universe..is the cause of the deepest rift in contemporary philosophy.

1977 T. R. H. Davenport S. Afr. 156 Conciliation was necessary to heal the rifts within Afrikanerdom.

1997 Independent 16 Sept. 3/1 Rumours of rifts and splits within the Royal Family have kept the media busy since the death of the Princess of Wales.

Compounds

C1.

a. General attributive (chiefly Geology, in sense 2c).

rift basin n.

ΚΠ

1901 C. R. Dryer Lessons Physical Geogr. xi. 137 Rift basins.—In east Africa there are two extensive chains of lakes and dry basins which are long and narrow and lie, like fiords, between precipitous cliffs.

1978 Nature 13 July 133/1 For most ancient rift basins, it is very difficult to demonstrate whether rifting was preceded or accompanied by doming.

2005 Science 20 Aug. 116/2 The team examined previously dated soil layers in 10 rift basins.

rift fault n.

ΚΠ

1896 Nat. Sci. July 56 To the Pleistocene are referred the more recent volcanic eruptions.., the last series of Rift faults, and the modern lakes.

1977 A. Hallam Planet Earth 78/3 Geological mapping in older rocks has shown that the rift faults frequently coincide with ancient tectonic dislocations.

1997 New Scientist 19 Apr. 48/3 Cattermole and More reveal the topographic features of Venus, treating us to impressive images of..rift faults and impact craters.

rift faulting n.

ΚΠ

1902 W. F. Hume in T. Barron & W. F. Hume Topogr. & Geol. Eastern Desert Egypt Central Portion 159 The Nile Valley was first due to the Rift-faulting in Lower or Middle Pliocene times.

1977 A. Hallam Planet Earth 78/3 The Cenozoic phases of rift faulting are well documented.

2008 T. Schlüter Geol. Atlas Afr. (ed. 2) iv. 108/1 The rift faulting dies out south of latitude 5 °N.

rift system n.

ΚΠ

1901 Geogr. Jrnl. 18 212 The district is, in fact, the meeting-point of two great longitudinal rift-systems.

1948 H. D. Hall Mandates, Dependencies & Trusteeship i. 5 Politically the line of the Rift System,..from Nyasaland to the Jordan Valley, is a line of typical phenomena of the international frontier: great-power rivalries and conflicting spheres of influence.

1990 P. Kearey & F. J. Vine Global Tectonics vi. 108 On continental splitting, the precursor to the development of a new ocean is the development of a rift system.

rift tectonics n.

ΚΠ

1921 Geogr. Jrnl. 58 355 The following..appears to have some bearing on the mechanical interpretation of rift tectonics.

2005 D. L. Anderson & J. H. Natland in G. R. Foulger et al. Plates, Plumes & Paradigms viii. 135/1 The coast-parallel dyke swarms..are a clear illustration of the strong influence of rift tectonics on the distribution of volcanism.

rift zone n.

ΚΠ

1908 Calif. Earthquake April 18, 1906 (State Earthquake Investig. Comm.) I. ii. 401 On the bottom lands of streams or embayments in the Rift zone, cracks in the ground were exceedingly common.

1977 A. Hallam Planet Earth 78/3 The heating of the rocks beneath the rift zone causes expansion, and this accounts..for the updoming.

2002 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 23 Oct. r11/1 Since Iceland straddles the mid Atlantic ridge, it is literally being slowly ripped in half by separating tectonic plates,..evidenced here by the rift zone.

rift block n. Geology a block of depressed or elevated crust bounded by rifts or lying within a rift; a graben or a horst.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > mass > [noun] > of rock > between faults

cleavage-mass1871

trough fault1883

horst1893

fault-block1897

thrust-mass1901

klippe1902

slice1914

rift block1915

nappe1922

1915 Bull. N.Y. State Mus. No. 177. 158 Out into the sea, lie (1) the joint or rift block, called Petite Ste Anne.

1929 D. Johnson in Compt. Rend. 15th Internat. Geol. Congr. II. 361 I shall consider only four major types of blocks included between bounding faults:..II. Rift blocks; or those relatively raised or lowered between normal faults.

1944 A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. xix. 439 The boundary faults are then regarded as steep upthrusts and the rift blocks as wedges (widening in depth) held down by pressure from the upriding sides.

2006 J. B. Colwell et al. in D. K. Fütterer et al. Antarctica vi. 333/2 The crust of the Adelie Rift Block and the outboard COT [= continent–ocean transition] zone is complex and distinctive.

C2.

rift saw n. Woodworking a type of circular saw with four or more arms projecting from a central plate, usually with inserted cutting teeth.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > cutting tool > saw > [noun] > power saws > circular saws

circular saw1815

buzz1823

table saw1832

sawing-bench1845

saw-bench1846

buzz-saw1858

wobble saw1872

slasher1892

rift saw1906

Skilsaw1925

burr-saw-

1906 Iron Age 4 Jan. 133/1 Inserted Tooth Saws, Points and Holders; Rift Saws; 1 Inserted Tooth Saws and Teeth (American Saw Company's pattern).

1957 Bull. Inst. Paper Chem. July 1333 Replaceable cutter bits and retaining shanks for hand saws, edge saws, and wing or rift saws use a new toggle-locking principle.

2001 U.S. Patent Applic. 2006/0107590 A1 2/1 Spruce trunks affected with red rot were cut to a length of 2.5 m and cut tangentially from the outside to the inside with a rift saw.

rift sawing n. Woodworking (originally) = quarter sawing n. at quarter n. Compounds 4; (now also North American) a method of sawing a log of wood into boards by quartering the log radially and making further cuts aligned to the centre of the tree and parallel to each other, producing boards with a uniform and straight grain pattern.In North America, the annular rings run from 30 to 60 degrees from the face of the board.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > constructing or working with wood > [noun] > sawing or cutting > specific

ripsawing1842

through-and-through sawing1876

rift sawing1881

quarter sawing1883

whip-sawing1885

sawmilling1901

plain sawing1931

1881 W. B. Judson Lumberman's Hand Bk. (new ed.) 178 Quarter-sawing and rift-sawing are the same.

1920 F. T. Hill Pract. Aeroplane Constr. iv. 97 Rift sawing..is to be preferred [for aircraft work].

1968 F. Hilton Craft Technol. for Carpenters & Joiners i. 17 (heading) Quarter or rift sawing.

1997 Archit. Woodwork Quality Standards Illustr. (ed. 7) §100 22/2 Rift sawing produces small flecks caused by cutting through the wood rays... Rift cutting reduces yield and increases cost. The annular rings run about 30 to 60 degrees to the face of the board, with the optimum being 45 degrees.

rift-sawn adj. Woodworking subjected to or produced by rift sawing; (North American) having growth rings that meet the faces of the board at an angle of between 30 and 60 degrees.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood in specific form > [adjective] > cut or sawn > cut or sawn in specific manner

quarter cleft1666

listed1842

through-and-through-sawn1870

half-timber1874

rotary-cut1877

quarter-sawn1878

mill-run1881

flat-sawn1882

plain-sawed1888

plain-sawn1895

rift-sawn1895

radial sawn1958

radial sawed1972

1895 J. B. Johnson Engin. Contracts Specif. iii. 218 Edge grain yellow pine has been variously designated as rift-sawn, straight grain, vertical grain and quarter-sawed, all being commercially synonymous terms.

1920 F. T. Hill Pract. Aeroplane Constr. iv. 98 Rift-sawn spruce can now be obtained in this country.

1965 W. H. Brown Introd. to Seasoning Timber ii. 20 The boards so cut [sc. in radial plane] are known as quarter sawn, edge grain, or rift sawn.

1972 M. Verney Boat Repairs & Conversions v. 93 All pine timber used for decking needs to be rift-sawn.

2007 Mid-Atlantic Constr. (Nexis) 1 Dec. 18 The lobby interior features rift-sawn white oak wood ceilings.

† rift timber n. Obsolete oak timber that has been split or cleft rather than sawn; cf. sense 4a, reft adj.²

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood in specific form > [noun] > piece split off > of oak collectively

wainscot1388

knapple1496

clapboardc1520

French panel1556

rift1577

rift timber1775

1775 W. Hubbard Narr. Indian Wars in New-Eng. 199 Their rift timber is near all consumed.

1875 J. H. Temple & G. Sheldon Hist. Northfield, Mass. 14 Oak, or rift timber, as it was called, i.e., timber that could be easily split into clap-boards and shingles.

1899 Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 1898 18 429 Casks used for packing or repacking pickled fish..shall be made of sound, well-seasoned white oak, ash, red oak, spruce, pine, or chestnut staves of rift timber.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

riftn.³

Brit.

/rɪft/, U.S.

/rɪft/, Scottish English

/rɪft/, Irish English

/rɪft/

Forms: 1500s–1700s (1800s– regional) rift, 1800s– ruft (English regional (Cumberland)); also Scottish pre-1700 rift, pre-1700 ryfft, pre-1700 ryft, 1800s– ruft (Perthshire and Angus).

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: rift v.²

Etymology: < rift v.²

Now chiefly Scottish, English regional (northern), and Irish English.

A breaking of wind: a belch; (also occasionally) a fart.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > action of breaking wind > [noun] > action of belching

bolking1398

riftc1485

riftingc1485

belching1528

ructuation?1537

eructation1541

ructing1599

eruction1623

ructation1623

ructure1657

burping1934

c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Gouernaunce of Princis (1993) xxii. 91 He..oft tymes..bolkis with hevy suollen eyne, with stynkand rystis [perh. read ryftis].

a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) v. l. 523 He thoucht to ordane..Be statute qwhen men sulde lat ga Out of þar bodeis riftis of wynde.

1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Ki ^v/2 A Rift, belch, ructus.

1684 R. Johnson Enchiridion Medicum iii. v. 156 Any thing which breaks up from the Stomach in the kind of a rift, or windy Vapour, and is expell'd by the Mouth with noise, may properly be called belching.

1729 N. Robinson New Syst. Spleen, Vapours & Hypochondriack Melancholy ii. iiv 204 If this Wind finds a Vent by the superior Orifice of the Stomach, it arises in frequent Rifts, Belchings, and Hiccoughs.

1788 H. Neale Pract. Diss. on Nerv. Complaints v. 57 By and by the patient gives signs of recovery, and is almost choaked with rifts of wind that they discharge in belchings.

1817 R. Brown Comic Poems Errata 172 Rifts and whoasts frae baith their ends.

1836 A. Cunningham Lord Roldan II. ii. 32 The moss..swalled up like a barm-scone, and first gae a hyke this way, syne a hyke that way, then a rift and a rair.

1873 J. Harland Gloss. Words Swaledale 154/2 ‘Sour rifts’, acid eructations.

1934 D. Paterson & J. F. Smith Mod. Methods Feeding in Infancy & Childhood (ed. 4) v. 88 Getting up the wind may take up to twenty minutes, and the nurse should never be satisfied until three or four separate rifts (windy pops) have occurred.

1966 P. Boyle At Night All Cats are Grey 77 He gives one more porter rift and makes across the street to the barracks.

2006 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 12 Aug. 24 There are some things that seem peculiarly West of Scotland: the compulsory addition of brown sauce to square sausage..and that post-heavy night Irn Bru followed by a satisfying rift.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

riftn.⁴

Brit.

/rɪft/, U.S.

/rɪft/

Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: reef n.²

Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps a variant of reef n.² (compare α. forms at that entry), with excrescent final -t . Compare riffle n.

U.S.

1. A patch of broken water, esp. formed by the protrusion of rocks in the bed of a stream or river; a rapid, a riffle. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > system > [noun] > rapids

white water1482

sault1600

shoota1609

stickle1616

swift1661

rift1727

rapid1744

rattle1770

rip1775

riffle1865

spate1884

1727 in Documents Colonial Hist. N.-Y. (1855) V. 826 The French..have no way but to come up from Montreal to the Lake against a Violent Stream, all full of Rifts and Falls and Shallows.

1755 L. Evans Middle Brit. Col. 17 The River is full of Falls and Rifts for forty Leagues.

1778 T. Hutchins Topogr. Descr. Virginia 21 The Muskingum is muddy, and not very swift, but no where obstructed with Falls or Rifts.

1845 J. F. Cooper Chainbearer II. vi. 80 The most that can be done with it [sc. the lumber]..will be to float it down to the next rift.

1879 Scribner's Monthly Nov. 21/1 In one hanging rift close by the bank..I took at five casts fifteen fish.

1968 in Dict. Amer. Regional Eng. (2002) IV. 578/2 (Qu[estion] C3, a place in a swift stream where the surface of the water is broken.) Rift.

†2. The wash of the surf on a beach or shore. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1866 E. C. Stedman in Galaxy 1 Nov. 412 Light falls her foot where the rift follows after.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† riftn.⁵

Origin: Of unknown origin.

Etymology: Origin unknown.

Obsolete. rare. Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

The part of a horse's hoof that is removed when it is overgrown.

ΚΠ

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Horse The Hoof is call'd the Horn,..the Ball of the Foot, the Frog; the Part to be pared or cut off the Hoof when overgrown, the Rift.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

† riftadj.

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymons: English rift , rift v.¹

Etymology: < rift, past participle of rift v.¹ Compare earlier rifted adj.

Obsolete. rare.

Of farmland: ploughed. Cf. rift v.¹ 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > [adjective] > broken > arable > ploughed

drivena1225

eareda1300

fallow1530

ploughed1535

rift1635

subsoiled1840

bouted1864

tilthed1866

1635 T. W. Strafford Let. 27 Nov. (1739) I. 333 I know right well the Profit of those new rift Grounds.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online September 2020).

riftv.¹

Brit.

/rɪft/, U.S.

/rɪft/

Inflections: Past participle rifted, rift;

Forms: Middle English– rift, 1500s rift (past tense), 1500s rifte, 1500s ryft, 1500s ryfte. Also past participle 1500s ryfte, 1500s–1600s rifte, 1500s– rift.

Origin: A borrowing from early Scandinavian.

Etymology: < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic ripta to break (a promise or deal) (Icelandic rifta to invalidate, annul, render void), Old Swedish rypta to tear up, break up, Old Danish ryftæ (Danish rifte to tear, scratch, cut)) < the same Scandinavian base as rift n.²

a. intransitive. To split open; to create a rift or rifts; to crack open; (of clouds) to part. Also with apart. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > breaking or cracking > break [verb (intransitive)] > crack, split, or cleave

chinea700

to-chinec725

cleavea1225

to-cleavec1275

rivec1330

to-slentc1380

to-sundera1393

cracka1400

rifta1400

chapc1420

crevec1450

break1486

slave?1523

chink1552

chop1576

coame1577

cone1584

slat1607

cleft1610

splita1625

checka1642

chicka1642

flaw1648

shale1712

vent1721

spalt1731

star1842

seam1880

tetter1911

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22633 Þe erth þai sal do for to rift.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 691/1 I ryft, as bordes that gape a sonder, je me desbrise... This bordes wyll ryfte, if they be nat taken hede of.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) v. i. 66 Then Il'd shrieke, that euen your eares Should rift to heare me.

1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §843 When Ice is congealed in a cup, the Ice will swell instead of Contracting; and sometimes Rift.

1664 J. Evelyn Sylva 61 It is certain, that it never rifts, or cleaves, but with great violence.

1717 W. Sutherland Britain's Glory: Ship-building Unvail'd Introd. p. xiv [They] advise for a Winter's Felling, that the Timber neither rifts, casts, nor twines, because of the Cold of the Winter.

1850 A. E. Dupuy Conspirator xxvii. 158 One might suppose that some terrible convulsion of nature had..caused the earth to rift apart.

a1861 T. Winthrop John Brent (1862) xix. 209 A little pathway in the sage-bushes suddenly opened before me, as a lane rifts in the press of hurrying legions 'mid the crush of a city thoroughfare.

1898 H. S. Canfield Maid of Frontier 75 The mass of vapor overhead rifted for a moment.

1917 P. P. Sheehan Passport Invisible vi. 54 The clouds rifted majestically to let down an indescribable flood of moonlight.

1990 S. King Stand (new ed.) ii. xlvii. 566 The clouds had rifted enough to allow the red sun to poke its head through.

b. transitive. To part or divide with a rift or rifts; to crack, cleave; to split apart. Also with apart, asunder.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > tearing or tearing apart > tear [verb (transitive)] > tear apart

to-loukc890

to-braidc893

to-tearc893

to-teec893

to-rendc950

to-breakc1200

to-tugc1220

to-lima1225

rivea1250

to-drawa1250

to-tosea1250

drawa1300

rendc1300

to-rit13..

to-rivec1300

to-tusec1300

rakea1325

renta1325

to-pullc1330

to-tightc1330

tirec1374

halea1398

lacerate?a1425

to-renta1425

yryve1426

raga1450

to pull to (or in) piecesc1450

ravec1450

discerp1483

pluck1526

rip1530

decerp1531

rift1534

dilaniate1535

rochec1540

rack1549

teasea1550

berend1577

distract1585

ream1587

distrain1590

unrive1592

unseam1592

outrive1598

divulse1602

dilacerate1604

harrow1604

tatter1608

mammocka1616

uprentc1620

divell1628

divellicate1638

seam-rend1647

proscind1659

skail1768

screeda1785

spret1832

to tear to shreds1837

ribbon1897

1534 J. Heywood Play of Loue sig. Biii^v Suche a leg A louer wolde beg To set eye on But it is gon Then syght of the fote Ryft hartes to the rote.

1566 T. Drant tr. Horace Medicinable Morall sig. Avj^v With grounded axe cutte him in twaine, And rifted him throughoute.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. vii. sig. S4^v A song of bale..That hart of flint a sonder could haue rifte.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) v. i. 45 To the dread ratling Thunder Haue I giuen fire, and rifted Ioues stowt Oke With his owne Bolt.

1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1621 At sight of him the people with a shout Rifted the Air.

1743 R. Blair Grave 5 Some rift half down Their branchless Trunks.

1789 G. White Let. in Nat. Hist. Selborne 248 Some hillocks..were rifted, in every direction.

1797 F. G. Waldron Virgin Queen i. i. 5 Through the fissure of the rock, Rifted by the light'ning's shock, Fiends, from nether fires ascend.

1838 C. Sinclair Hill & Valley xviii. 264 We see a hill..displaying a large chasm in its side, rifted asunder..by the convulsion of nature which took place on our Saviour's crucifixion.

a1861 F. Palgrave Hist. Normandy & Eng. (1864) III. 337 Giving a temporary support to the walls which they have split and rifted.

1884 Cent. Mag. Jan. 367/1 The clouds broke away just enough to give us the weird effect of such a night, rifted now and then by a pale moonbeam.

1920 in W. S. Braithwaite Anthol. Mag. Verse 27 And the moon slowly rifting the heights of cloud Touched her face so that she bowed Her head.

1980 H. Levin Memories of Moderns (1982) 15 Their fellow Imagist Richard Aldington noted, Pound's ‘wide knowledge’ was rifted by ‘strange gaps of ignorance’.

†2. transitive. English regional (northern). To plough (farmland). Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1825 J. T. Brockett Gloss. North Country Words Rift, to plough out grass land.

a. intransitive. Chiefly poetic. Of light: to break through cloud, leaves, etc.

ΚΠ

1849 Dublin Univ. Mag. Feb. 190/2 It fell like a sunburst upon his clouded spirit, and, rifting through that blackest darkness, Olof beheld the light.

1859 D. M. Mulock Romantic Tales 319 Rifting through the harmonious cloud, let there be a sunburst of melody.

1904 G. Stratton-Porter Freckles xx. 433 I see blue sky, the sun rifting through the leaves and pink and red flowers.

1996 N. D. Hansen-Hill Trees (2005) i. 15 Moonlight rifted through the shrouding clouds.

†b. transitive. To force (one's way) into something by cleaving. Obsolete. rare.figurative in quot.

ΚΠ

1854 H. D. Thoreau Walden 106 The intellect is a cleaver; it discerns and rifts its way into the secret of things.

†4. transitive. To form (a chasm) by splitting something. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1850 A. Alison Hist. Europe from French Revol. (new ed.) XI. lxxvi. 481 Whether the rugged chasm..had been rifted from the hillside by an earthquake.

5. Geology.

a. intransitive. Of crustal plates, land masses, etc.: to move apart or become separated through the forces of plate tectonics. Frequently with apart, from. Cf. rifting n.² 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > tectonization or diastrophism > tectonize [verb (transitive)] > fault

fault1837

rift1963

1924 J. G. A. Skerl tr. A. Wegener Orig. Continents & Oceans xi. 166 Folding and rifting are only different effects of one and the same process.

1928 C. Schuchert in Theory Continental Drift (Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geol.) 106 The rifting of Pangaea and the floating away of Australasia, Antarctica, and the Americas.]

1963 Progress Oceanogr. 3 78 Such a strait is postulated as existing when the Baltic and Canadian Shields first rifted.

1970 Science 20 Mar. 1612/2 Apparently continents rift apart quite cleanly, and post-drift modifications of the continental outlines are small.

1979 Nature 22 Nov. 378/2 The block rifted from mainland Southeast Asia and met with the northwards drifting Australian continent during the Neogene.

2007 Sci. Amer. (U.K. ed.) Feb. 35/3 By the late Jurassic..Madagascar had rifted away from Africa and was moving southward, with India in tow.

b. transitive. To cause to move apart or separate in this way.

ΚΠ

1970 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 268 439 In the fracture zone, the upper basaltic zone has been rifted apart by a change in the spreading direction.

1990 P. Kearey & F. J. Vine Global Tectonics ix. 211 Many of the suspect terrains in the Alpine-Himalayan chain represent fragments rifted from the northern margin of Gondwanaland and transported across the Tethys Ocean.

2004 Oceanus (Nexis) 22 Sept. 6 The continental drift that..rifted and separated Africa and South America.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

riftv.²

Brit.

/rɪft/, U.S.

/rɪft/, Scottish English

/rɪft/, Irish English

/rɪft/

Forms: Middle English rifte, Middle English ryfte, Middle English–1700s (1800s– regional) rift, 1900s– riff (U.S. regional); also Scottish pre-1700 ryft.

Origin: A borrowing from early Scandinavian.

Etymology: < early Scandinavian: compare Old Icelandic rypta to belch, cognate with Old High German roffezzen , ropfezzen , roffazzōn to belch out or up, to emit (Middle High German roffezen , rofzen to belch) < a suffixed form (compare Old English -ettan ) of the Germanic base of Old Icelandic ropa to belch, cognate with Middle Dutch (eastern) roppen , ruppen to belch; further etymology uncertain: perhaps < an ablaut variant of the same Germanic base as Old Icelandic raupa to boast, brag (see roup v.¹), or perhaps of imitative origin, compare (apparently with expressive alteration of stem vowel) Norwegian rape, Old Swedish rapa (Swedish rapa), Old Danish ræpæ (Danish ræbe), and derivative forms (with the same suffixation) Old Icelandic repta, Old Swedish räpta (Swedish regional räfta), all in sense ‘to belch’. Compare also (from the same base with different suffix) early modern Dutch rupsen (also ripsen) to belch (1599), Middle Low German ropsen to utter (words) suddenly, and (with metathesis of the consonant cluster) Middle Dutch -ruspen (in opruspen to belch; Dutch oprispen), Middle Low German ruspen (also upruspen, uprispen) to belch.

Chiefly Scottish, English regional (northern), U.S. regional, and Irish English.

†1. transitive. To utter (words, teachings, etc.) suddenly. Also with out. Also in extended use. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > say in a particular manner [verb (transitive)] > say in other sort of manner

rifta1400

abraida1500

rumblec1520

mince1549

roll1561

slaver1599

troll1631

yawn1718

buzz1763

gurgle1805

namby-pamby1812

sibilate1837

ripple1890

nicker1929

a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) xliv. 1 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 176 (MED) Mi hert riftet [v.r. rifted; L. eructavit] gode worde to bringe.

a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) cxviii. 171 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 257 (MED) Rifte sal [L. eructabunt] mine lippes ympne dai and nighte, Þi rightwisenesses when þou has me taghte.

a1425 (?a1400) Bk. Priue Counseling in P. Hodgson Cloud of Unknowing (1944) 145 (MED) Þe frute of þis worching is hiȝe goostly wisdom, sodenly & frely riftid of þe spirit inly in it-self & vnformid, ful fer fro fantasie, inpossible to be streinid or to falle vnder þe worching of naturele witte.

a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) xliv. 1 As he that is ful of wickidnes riftis an ill worde.

a1614 J. Melville Autobiogr. & Diary (1842) 308 Sa that the barme of thair drink began to rift out crewall thretnings against..Mr. Andro.

a. intransitive. To release air from the stomach through the mouth; to belch.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > action of breaking wind > break wind [verb (intransitive)] > belch

rospa1333

bolka1387

rift?c1475

belcha1500

reboke?1499

yeska1522

rout1522

bleach1557

ruck1568

rasp1587

ruct1620

eruct1755

eructate1774

gurk1923

burp1932

bubble1940

?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) f. 104 ^v To Rifte, ructare.

a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) xviii. 2 Bi riftynge he takyns fulnes of wit, for wha sa riftes it semes that he is ful.

a1525 Crying ane Playe 51 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 151 The hevyne rerdit quhen scho wald rift.

1535 D. Lindsay Satyre 4353 Scho riftit..Till scho had castin ane cuppill of quarts.

1631 S. Jerome Arraignem. Whole Creature xiii. 169 Let a mans stomacke be so full of Winde, till he belch againe, and Rift, and breake wind.

1669 W. Simpson Hydrologia Chymica 103 It is not enough to make one rift or belch.

1721 A. Ramsay Lucky Spence i Three times the carline grain'd and rifted.

1770 T. Bridges Burlesque Transl. Homer (ed. 3) II. ix. 99 His stomach is so full of ire, That when he rifts he belches fire.

?1771 Whole Proc. Jocky & Maggy v. 30 He..brings a Bottle in every hand, out wi' the cork an gives her ane in o're, she sets it to her gab an swattles up a muchkin at a waught, which was like to wirry her till she fell a rifting an farting like ane auld Blunder-bush.

1812 P. Forbes Poems 27 It was hardly down when twa O' them began to rift.

1895 J. Hartley Halifax Clock Almanack 34 Awm allus feear'd o' suppin mich watter, it maks me rift sooa.

1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. 104/1 Rift, to belch, to eructate.

1936 K. M. Morehouse Rain on Just 19 Women folks..toting nursing babies who were rifting more than need be.

1985 L. Lochhead tr. Molière Tartuffe 7 It's, ‘Noo, here's a tasty pick, dinna let the plate pass you.’ And gin Tartuffe should rift it's, ‘My! God bless you.’

1990 L. Todd Words Apart 137 If I could only rift, I'm sure I could get red..of this indigestion.

b. transitive. To emit by belching; to belch out. Also with up. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > action of breaking wind > break wind [verb (transitive)] > belch

yeska1522

bolka1535

rasp1587

rift1601

outbelch1602

to roll up1897

burp1940

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 16 If a man take them with vnripe oliues condite, he shall neither belch or rift wind so much.

1696 E. Penington Modest Detection of G. Keith's Just Vindic. 22 He cannot well Digest them, they rise in his Stomach, and many a sowr Belch he rifts up, proceeding as I take it from the foulness of his stomach.

1725 A. Pennecuik Huy & Cry after Sir John Barlycorn (single sheet) The Lady Relict kiss'd Sir John, And rifted up the other Groan, But now with Grief she's doubly sunk, Wants both Sir John and the Defunct.

1728 A. Ramsay Poems II. 238 Nor spat he fire, or brimstone rifted.

1818 G. Beattie John o' Arnha' (ed. 2) 39 Spewin' reek, an' riftin' fire.

1881 S. Evans Evans's Leicestershire Words (new ed.) (at cited word) The wind meets the cough, and I'm in great pain till I can rift it.

1903 Cleveland Med. & Surg. Rep. Mar. 127/2 Chest feels tight. Paroxysm ends in rifting gas and coughing fibrous-like mucus. Afterwards sleeps well rest of night.

1992 B. Leyden Departures 22 in B. Share Slanguage (1997) 237/1 I suffered her weight and her cold touch..and waited with her each time she told me she had to stop to ‘rift gas’.

c. intransitive. With up. To rise from the stomach as a belch. Also figurative: to come back unpleasantly to the memory.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > memory > retention in the mind > remain in the mind [verb (intransitive)] > painfully

to stick with ——1557

rift1636

1636 S. Rutherford Lett. (1863) I. lxxii. 186 In the resurrection..our yesternight's sour drink and swinish dregs shall rift up upon us.

1877 in F. Ross et al. Gloss. Words Holderness 114/2 That nasty thrick o' Jack's rifts-up o' mah mind yit.

1921 Med. Clinics N. Amer. 4 1592 In an effort to relieve the resulting increase in tension, some of this normally imprisoned air is forced into the esophagus and gently rifts up.

2005 Daily Tel. 26 Sept. 19/2 ‘Well,’ said mam resignedly, ‘it [sc. sherry] doesn't do for us. Our Kathleen used to put it in the trifle and it always rifted up on me.’

3. intransitive. Scottish. To boast, brag, exaggerate. Frequently with roar. Now rare. Sc. National Dict. (at cited word) records this sense as still in use in Aberdeenshire in 1968.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > pride > boasting or boastfulness > boast [verb (intransitive)]

yelpc888

kebc1315

glorify1340

to make avauntc1340

boast1377

brag1377

to shake boastc1380

glorya1382

to make (one's) boastc1385

crackc1470

avaunt1471

glaster1513

voust1513

to make (one's or a) vauntc1515

jet?1521

vaunt?1521

crowa1529

rail1530

devauntc1540

brave1549

vaunt1611

thrasonize1619

vapour1629

ostentate1670

goster1673

flourish1674

rodomontade1681

taper1683

gasconade1717

stump1721

rift1794

mang1819

snigger1823

gab1825

cackle1847

to talk horse1855

skite1857

to blow (also U.S. toot) one's own horn1859

to shoot off one's mouth1864

spreadeagle1866

swank1874

bum1877

to sound off1918

woof1934

to shoot a line1941

to honk off1952

to mouth off1958

blow-

1794 Har'st Rig xxxv. 15 Some carle that's well ken'd to rift, Declares, whan in a blasting tift [etc.].

1835 D. Webster Orig. Sc. Rhymes 194 There'll be gude tents an' shachels, For drinkers to roar an' to rift.

1872 W. Murdoch Poems & Songs (ed. 2) 13 Wha nichtly met to rift and roar, In Jamie Bluff's maist spacious ha'.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

n.¹eOE

n.²a1400

n.³c1485

n.⁴1727

n.⁵1728

adj.1635

v.¹a1400

v.²a1400

单词	rift
释义	† riftn.¹ Forms: early Old English ribt, Old English hryft (Mercian), Old English rift, Old English ryft. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old High German -reft (in beinrefta (plural) trousers), Old Icelandic ript (feminine) and ripti (neuter) cloth, article of clothing, veil, Norwegian rift , †ryft piece of cloth, width of fabric (used as a piece of clothing) < a suffixed ablaut variant (zero-grade) of the Germanic base of rive v.¹ (a parallel formation to the Scandinavian base of rift n.²). Obsolete. A piece of cloth used as a covering or garment, esp. a cloak, a cape. Also: a curtain, a veil.Common in Old English. In later use only in halirift n., wough-rift n. at wough n.¹ Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for body or trunk (and limbs) > [noun] > loose clothing > cloak, mantle, or cape rifteOE mantleeOE whittlec900 hackleeOE bratc950 reafOE capec1275 copec1275 cloakc1300 toge?a1400 caster1567 togeman1567 vinegar1699 overcloak1831 pharos1871 eOE Corpus Gloss. (1890) 89/1 Palla, rift. eOE Corpus Gloss. (1890) 72/1 Laena, rift. OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Matt. xxvii. 31 Exuerunt eum clamyde et induerunt eum uestimentis eius : ongeredon hine ðy ryfte & gegeredon hine mið his gewedum. OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Julius) 21 Mar. 40 His broðra twegen geseagon ænne weg fram his mynstre rihte east on ðone heofon; se wæs bebræded mid hwitum ryftum, ond þær wæs on unrim scinendra leohtfata. OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Lev. (Laud) iv. 17 Nime se sacerd his [sc. the calf's] blod..and sprenge seofon siðon on þæt ryft [OE Claud. wahrift; L. uelum]. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online December 2020). riftn.² Brit. /rɪft/, U.S. /rɪft/ Forms: Middle English–1500s ryft, Middle English–1500s ryfte, Middle English–1600s rifte, Middle English– rift; Scottish pre-1700 ryfft, pre-1700 ryft, pre-1700 ryift, pre-1700 1700s– rift. Origin: A borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymology: < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic ript breach of contract, Norwegian rift cleft, chink, piece torn off, Swedish rift scratch, split, crack, cleft, chasm, piece torn off, Danish rift tear, split, cleft) < a suffixed ablaut variant (zero-grade) of the Scandinavian base of rive v.¹ (a parallel formation to the Germanic base of rift n.¹).It is very unlikely that earlier currency is implied by post-classical Latin rifta, of uncertain sense, but probably a local name for an area of enclosed or reclaimed land in fens in South Lincolnshire (1202, c1235 in British sources). †1. The action of tearing, splitting, or rending. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > tearing or tearing apart > [noun] tatteringc1380 rendinga1398 rifta1400 rentingc1405 ripping1463 direption1483 outriving1488 dilaceration1545 raving1553 dilaniation1569 divulsion1603 discission1628 discerption1645 tear1666 rent1753 shredding1954 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 8220 Sua depe þair rote þai samen kest, þat moght þam naman þeþen win, Wit-vten rift [Fairf. breste, Gött. breche, Trin. Cambr. brekyng] for ani gin. Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 433 Ryfte, or ryvynge of cloþe, or cuttynge, scissura. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 12697 Þe remnond..Herd þe rurde & þe ryfte of þe rank schippis. 2. a. A cleft in the earth, a rock formation, etc.; a fissure, a chasm. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > low land > hole or pit > [noun] > chasm or cleft chinec1050 earth-chinea1300 kinc1330 chimneyc1374 haga1400 riftc1400 refta1425 dungeonc1475 rupturec1487 gaping1539 rent1603 chasm1621 abrupt1624 hiulcitya1681 clove1779 score1790 strid1862 fent1878 c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) 964 (MED) Þe grete barrez of þe abyme he barst up at onez, Þat alle þe regioun torof in riftes ful grete. ?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 43 (MED) Þe roche clafe in twa, and in þat rift he hidd him. c1450 J. Capgrave Solace of Pilgrims (Bodl. 423) (1911) 125 (MED) Sodeynly aftir his prayer al þe erde qwakid and out of certeyn riftis cam oute smek whech smelled swetter þan ony spis. a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) iv. l. 1204 Sa hugsum þar þat oppynnynge fel Þat throw þat rift men mycht se hell. 1511 Pylgrymage Richarde Guylforde (Pynson) f. xix Whiche ryfte gothe downe thorughout the Rok of Caluery. a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) iii. iv. 32 As if the world should cleaue, and that slaine men Should soader vp the Rift . View more context for this quotation 1639 H. Ainsworth Annot. Five Bks. Moses, Bk. Psalmes & Song of Songs Psalm lx. 4 Earthquakes, rifts and chinkes appeare. 1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at Garden But you must above all things remove Stones out of your Garden Ground, and leave no Rifts therein. 1799 R. Kirwan Geol. Ess. 29 Some few petrifactions have been found in the rifts even of granitic mounts. 1815 W. Scott Lord of Isles iii. xvi. 102 Yonder peak..That to the evening sun uplifts The griesly gulphs and slaty rifts. 1856 J. Ruskin Mod. Painters IV. 346 The rocks above are torn by their glaciers into rifts and wounds that are never healed. 1876 S. Smiles Life Sc. Naturalist viii. 134 The rift in the glen is almost overhung by the ruins of the ancient Church of Aberdour. 1904 W. V. Moody Fire-bringer i. 19 I clambered down Old earthquake-cloven rifts and monstrous chasms Where long ago the stripling Titans..dared not venture. 1944 A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. iii. 28 A volcano is essentially a rift or vent through which magma..from the depths is erupted at the surface. 1993 Caves & Caving Winter 26/1 At the base of the 6m pitch, a way-on was explored through a complex region of parallel rifts joined by numerous cross-rifts. 2001 Rocky Mountain Rev. Lang. & Lit. Fall 14 Perhaps the puddle is a rift in the ground's surface—a keyhole through which we may glimpse another reality. b. Mining (chiefly U.S.). Any of a series of parallel planes along which rock (esp. granite) can most easily be split, esp. as distinct from a bedding plane. Also: the property by which rock tends to split most easily along such planes. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > texture or colour > [noun] > texture > laminated or fissile > cleavage or plane sline1811 cleavage1816 cleavage-plane1831 rift1841 schistosity1885 strain-slip cleavage1886 1841 Merchants' Mag. 4 358 The rift of this stone [sc. granite] is very perfect, smooth and regular; splits are easily made to the depth of 12 to 20 feet, and of almost any required length. 1861 A. D. Hager in E. Hitchcock et al. Rep. Geol. Vermont II. ix. 736 Even those rocks which all geologists concede to be granite..evince such a disposition to split in certain directions, that the workmen generally regard them as stratified rocks, the strata corresponding with the ‘rift’, or cleavage planes. 1912 H. Ries Building Stones & Clay-products iii. 96 The rift is an obscure foliation, either vertical (or nearly so) or horizontal, along which the granite splits more readily than in any other direction. 1960 O. Bowles in J. L. Gillson et al. Industr. Min. & Rocks (ed. 3) xv. 327/1 [Paving stones] are shaped by hand processes involving expert knowledge of the ‘rift’ and ‘run’ directions of easy splitting. 2001 M. Isler Sticks, Stones, & Shadows x. 227 While difficult to work due to its hardness, it [sc. granite] had three natural cleavage lines almost at right angles, rift, grain, and head... The rift can be seen with an experienced eye and is a comparatively easy joint to split. c. Geology. A major fault or fault system associated with a linear depression in the earth's surface, typically one caused by tensional forces arising from the divergence of crustal plates; a graben, a rift valley. the Rift: the Great Rift Valley (see rift valley n. 2), esp. the part in East Africa. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > low land > valley > [noun] > rift valley or valley of elevation valley of elevation1526 rift valley1894 graben1896 fault-line valley1913 rift1921 the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > discontinuity or unconformity > [noun] > fault > other types of fault heave1802 reversed fault1852 reverse fault1865 step-fault1879 ring fracture1881 overfault1883 overlap fault1883 overthrust1883 trough fault1883 thrust1888 thrust-fault1889 offset1897 cross-fault1900 tear-fault1900 distributive fault1904 cross-break1909 slide1910 strike-slip fault1913 rift1921 splay fault1942 wrench fault1951 megashear1954 transform fault1965 transform1971 1894 J. W. Gregory in Geogr. Jrnl. 4 292 Continuing northward, we followed the valley or great meridional rift to the ridge that crosses it north of Lake Baringo. 1921 E. J. Wayland in Geogr. Jrnl. 58 345 The term ‘Western Rift’ is used in this paper to denote that part of the Great Rift Valley system which forms the western boundary of Uganda. 1936 B. Willis E. Afr. Plateaus 55 The great San Andreas rift of California, 500 miles long, is a fault. 1957 G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. i. 12 There has been some uptilting all around the margins of the plateau bounded by the Albert–Edward–Tanganyika system of rifts. 1991 R. Oliver Afr. Experience (1993) ix. 103 Their sharp tools..were made..of the black, volcanic glass known as obsidian, which occurs fairly widely in the Rift. 2002 New Scientist 13 Apr. 23/4 John Rogers..has pieced together a picture of a 1.9 billion-year-old supercontinent from the scars of rifts in ancient rocks. 3. a. A split, crack, or rent in an object. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > breaking or cracking > [noun] > a crack or breach chinec888 bruche?a1300 crevice1382 scar1390 scorec1400 rimea1425 riftc1425 riving1440 creekc1480 brack1524 rive1527 bruise1530 crack1530 chink1545 chap1553 riff1577 chop1578 chinker1581 coane1584 fraction1587 cranice1603 slifter1607 fracture1641 shake1651 snap1891 c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 1002 (MED) To fore..was set..A borde of Eban and of yvor whyt, So egaly Ioyned and so clene Þat in þe werk þer was no rifte sene. Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 433 Ryfte, in a walle, or boord, or oþer lyke, rima, riscus. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid i. iii. 51 Salt watter stremis Fast bullerand in at every ryft and boir. 1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 14^v This great rift is that which [is] in the lower part of the roundell of the eye. 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §556 [A seed] which falling upon the bough of a tree that hath some Rift, putteth forth Misseltoe. 1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Direct. conc. Melons 3 in Compl. Gard'ner This Yellowness appearing in some part of it or other, and not seldom with some Rift, or little Casm's about the Stalk. 1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at False Quarter The Chink..must be opened to the Quick with a drawing Iron, and the Rift filled with a Rowl of Hurds. 1785 W. Marshall Minutes in Rural Econ. Midland Counties (1790) II. 333 The ‘lag’..is a cleft, or rift, reaching sometimes from the top to the bottom of the stem, and, perhaps, to near its center. 1859 Ld. Tennyson Vivien in Idylls of King 113 It is the little rift within the lute, That by and by will make the music mute. 1889 Cent. Mag. May 85/2 He was studying the toe of his foot visible through a rift in his well-worn brogan. 1911 V. Kester Prodigal Judge xxv. 303 He artfully colored his white yarn socks where they showed though the rifts in the leather. 1942 E. Paul Narrow Street xxxi. 285 The Greek madonna did the leg work faithfully while La Absalom cackled orders through a rift in the portières. 1997 J. Sherman & S. Shwartz Vulcan's Forge ix. 101 Spock and David scrambled their frantic way through the newly opened rift in the wall. b. A break in clouds or mist. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > fine weather > [noun] > clear condition > break in clouds or mist riftc1450 slap1508 c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 1756 (MED) Riȝt as a flaw of fell snawe ware fallyn of a ryft. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid viii. vii. 47 We se The schynnand brokin thunderis lychtning fle Wyth subtill fyry stremis throu a ryft. 1599 A. Hume Hymnes sig. C4 The subtile mottie rayons light, At rifts thay are in wonne. 1634 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World (new ed.) I. xliii. 21 The firy chinkes and rifts of those clouds do glitter and shine. 1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iv. 408 The Clouds From many a horrid rift abortive pour'd Fierce rain with lightning mixt. View more context for this quotation 1795 J. Hurdis Poem upon Prospect Marriage Prince of Wales 7 Through the bright rift of the quick-posting cloud Lifts up to thee the supplicating eye And mute petition. 1863 J. Ingelow Honours ii A soul-mist, through whose rifts familiar stars Beholding we misname. 1874 J. A. Symonds Sketches Italy & Greece (1898) I. xiii. 282 Through their rifts the depth of heaven is of a hard and gemlike blue. 1932 Collier's 9 Jan. 25/4 The sun seemed to stream through a sudden rift in pit-black skies. 2006 Sun (N.Y.) (Nexis) 21 Dec. 15 An angelic light pours down from heaven through a rift in the clouds, promising redemption and salvation. †c. A crack in the skin; a chap. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > [noun] > chap or crack rhagadesOE chap1398 chine1398 rupture?a1425 chapping1540 rift1543 chame1559 cleft1576 chop1578 crepature1582 cone1584 chink1597 fent1597 chawn1601 star1607 hacka1610 kin1740 sand-crack1895 1543 B. Traheron tr. J. de Vigo Most Excellent Wks. Chirurg. i. iii. f. lxxxviii/2 Yf a man be grevously strychen and some of the said sygnes folowe, though the chyncke or ryft be not founde in that place, where the skynne is rased awaye, ye shall consydre whether ther be any swellyng, or softnes in some other place. 1553 R. Eden tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India sig. Cij Theyr skinne is very rowghe, and full of chappes, and riftes, like the barke of a tree. 1597 J. Gerard Herball i. 54 The meale thereof, healeth all the rifts of the fundament. 1614 G. Markham Cheape & Good Husbandry i. xliii Bloody rifts..are chaps or rifts in the palate of the horses mouth. 1726 N. B. Farrier's & Horseman's Dict. 292/1 The Dirt sticking to the Legs frets the Skin, and makes scabby Rifts. 4. a. A strip or board of oak timber, split or cleft rather than being sawn; timber of this type. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood in specific form > [noun] > piece split off > of oak collectively wainscot1388 knapple1496 clapboardc1520 French panel1556 rift1577 rift timber1775 1577 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Islande Brit. ii. x. f. 85/1, in R. Holinshed Chron. I Lattis..made eyther of wicker or fine riftes of oke in chekerwyse. 1670 R. Coke Disc. Trade 22 Rift bearing about a third penny more price then if it were sawn into planck. 1777 S. Hemsted Descr. Pulverizing Mill 23 Make it of dry rift oak, about half an inch thick, and bind it..with four iron hoops. 1894 P. M. Reed Hist. Bath & Environs 304 White oak rift staves, the first kind of lumber that was shipped and sold in Boston..before the time of saw-mills. 1989 F. Kellerman Quality of Mercy vii. 81 The architecture was simple—two stories of plastered walls, roofed with rifts of oak timber. b. U.S. Of timber: capacity for being split. Now rare. ΚΠ 1834 Maine Farmer 8 Aug. 238/1 This and some other species of the oak, split with ease and regularity, or have a good rift, as it is termed. 1889 Coll. New Hampsh. Hist. Soc. IX. 144 Chestnut was a favorite timber [for mortised posts] on account of its easy rift and durability. 1921 E. Meeker Seventy Years Progress Washington xxxiii. 259 The rift of this timber was miraculous. 5. figurative or in figurative contexts. Now esp.: a break in friendly relations between individuals, groups, nations, etc.; a schism, a division. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > dissent > [noun] > division or lack of unity > a state or instance of slit1390 breach1573 rent1580 rifta1609 split1729 split-up1878 a1609 A. Hume Afold Admon. Ministrie in Hymnes & Sacred Songs (1832) 6 Behold at how narow a rift that awld lubrik serpent hathe slydin in. a1640 T. Jackson Treat. Christian Obed. in Wks. (1673) I. 901 Nothing but this bred that lamentable Schism, or Rift in the walls of Gods house. 1646 T. Fuller Andronicus iv. i. sig. G4 Through the Riftes, and chinks of their severall aimes and ends. 1676 A. Carmichael Believers Mortification (1730) 114 They [sc. temptations] can creep in at a small Rift or Hole; therefore there's need of the utmost Watchfulness and Diligence to keep them out. 1844 I. Taylor Anc. Christianity (ed. 4) I. 6 This difference,..is nothing less than a rift in the foundations of the ecclesiastical structure. 1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul II. ix. xxxiv. 122 The needless widening of the rift which separated them. 1902 V. Jacob Sheep-stealers xiv A little rift had sprung between the two brothers. 1922 Philos. Rev. 31 508 This refusal of the progressist philosophy..to face the final paradox of the universe..is the cause of the deepest rift in contemporary philosophy. 1977 T. R. H. Davenport S. Afr. 156 Conciliation was necessary to heal the rifts within Afrikanerdom. 1997 Independent 16 Sept. 3/1 Rumours of rifts and splits within the Royal Family have kept the media busy since the death of the Princess of Wales. Compounds C1. a. General attributive (chiefly Geology, in sense 2c). rift basin n. ΚΠ 1901 C. R. Dryer Lessons Physical Geogr. xi. 137 Rift basins.—In east Africa there are two extensive chains of lakes and dry basins which are long and narrow and lie, like fiords, between precipitous cliffs. 1978 Nature 13 July 133/1 For most ancient rift basins, it is very difficult to demonstrate whether rifting was preceded or accompanied by doming. 2005 Science 20 Aug. 116/2 The team examined previously dated soil layers in 10 rift basins. rift fault n. ΚΠ 1896 Nat. Sci. July 56 To the Pleistocene are referred the more recent volcanic eruptions.., the last series of Rift faults, and the modern lakes. 1977 A. Hallam Planet Earth 78/3 Geological mapping in older rocks has shown that the rift faults frequently coincide with ancient tectonic dislocations. 1997 New Scientist 19 Apr. 48/3 Cattermole and More reveal the topographic features of Venus, treating us to impressive images of..rift faults and impact craters. rift faulting n. ΚΠ 1902 W. F. Hume in T. Barron & W. F. Hume Topogr. & Geol. Eastern Desert Egypt Central Portion 159 The Nile Valley was first due to the Rift-faulting in Lower or Middle Pliocene times. 1977 A. Hallam Planet Earth 78/3 The Cenozoic phases of rift faulting are well documented. 2008 T. Schlüter Geol. Atlas Afr. (ed. 2) iv. 108/1 The rift faulting dies out south of latitude 5 °N. rift system n. ΚΠ 1901 Geogr. Jrnl. 18 212 The district is, in fact, the meeting-point of two great longitudinal rift-systems. 1948 H. D. Hall Mandates, Dependencies & Trusteeship i. 5 Politically the line of the Rift System,..from Nyasaland to the Jordan Valley, is a line of typical phenomena of the international frontier: great-power rivalries and conflicting spheres of influence. 1990 P. Kearey & F. J. Vine Global Tectonics vi. 108 On continental splitting, the precursor to the development of a new ocean is the development of a rift system. rift tectonics n. ΚΠ 1921 Geogr. Jrnl. 58 355 The following..appears to have some bearing on the mechanical interpretation of rift tectonics. 2005 D. L. Anderson & J. H. Natland in G. R. Foulger et al. Plates, Plumes & Paradigms viii. 135/1 The coast-parallel dyke swarms..are a clear illustration of the strong influence of rift tectonics on the distribution of volcanism. rift zone n. ΚΠ 1908 Calif. Earthquake April 18, 1906 (State Earthquake Investig. Comm.) I. ii. 401 On the bottom lands of streams or embayments in the Rift zone, cracks in the ground were exceedingly common. 1977 A. Hallam Planet Earth 78/3 The heating of the rocks beneath the rift zone causes expansion, and this accounts..for the updoming. 2002 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 23 Oct. r11/1 Since Iceland straddles the mid Atlantic ridge, it is literally being slowly ripped in half by separating tectonic plates,..evidenced here by the rift zone. b. rift block n. Geology a block of depressed or elevated crust bounded by rifts or lying within a rift; a graben or a horst. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > mass > [noun] > of rock > between faults cleavage-mass1871 trough fault1883 horst1893 fault-block1897 thrust-mass1901 klippe1902 slice1914 rift block1915 nappe1922 1915 Bull. N.Y. State Mus. No. 177. 158 Out into the sea, lie (1) the joint or rift block, called Petite Ste Anne. 1929 D. Johnson in Compt. Rend. 15th Internat. Geol. Congr. II. 361 I shall consider only four major types of blocks included between bounding faults:..II. Rift blocks; or those relatively raised or lowered between normal faults. 1944 A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. xix. 439 The boundary faults are then regarded as steep upthrusts and the rift blocks as wedges (widening in depth) held down by pressure from the upriding sides. 2006 J. B. Colwell et al. in D. K. Fütterer et al. Antarctica vi. 333/2 The crust of the Adelie Rift Block and the outboard COT [= continent–ocean transition] zone is complex and distinctive. C2. rift saw n. Woodworking a type of circular saw with four or more arms projecting from a central plate, usually with inserted cutting teeth. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > cutting tool > saw > [noun] > power saws > circular saws circular saw1815 buzz1823 table saw1832 sawing-bench1845 saw-bench1846 buzz-saw1858 wobble saw1872 slasher1892 rift saw1906 Skilsaw1925 burr-saw- 1906 Iron Age 4 Jan. 133/1 Inserted Tooth Saws, Points and Holders; Rift Saws; 1 Inserted Tooth Saws and Teeth (American Saw Company's pattern). 1957 Bull. Inst. Paper Chem. July 1333 Replaceable cutter bits and retaining shanks for hand saws, edge saws, and wing or rift saws use a new toggle-locking principle. 2001 U.S. Patent Applic. 2006/0107590 A1 2/1 Spruce trunks affected with red rot were cut to a length of 2.5 m and cut tangentially from the outside to the inside with a rift saw. rift sawing n. Woodworking (originally) = quarter sawing n. at quarter n. Compounds 4; (now also North American) a method of sawing a log of wood into boards by quartering the log radially and making further cuts aligned to the centre of the tree and parallel to each other, producing boards with a uniform and straight grain pattern.In North America, the annular rings run from 30 to 60 degrees from the face of the board. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > constructing or working with wood > [noun] > sawing or cutting > specific ripsawing1842 through-and-through sawing1876 rift sawing1881 quarter sawing1883 whip-sawing1885 sawmilling1901 plain sawing1931 1881 W. B. Judson Lumberman's Hand Bk. (new ed.) 178 Quarter-sawing and rift-sawing are the same. 1920 F. T. Hill Pract. Aeroplane Constr. iv. 97 Rift sawing..is to be preferred [for aircraft work]. 1968 F. Hilton Craft Technol. for Carpenters & Joiners i. 17 (heading) Quarter or rift sawing. 1997 Archit. Woodwork Quality Standards Illustr. (ed. 7) §100 22/2 Rift sawing produces small flecks caused by cutting through the wood rays... Rift cutting reduces yield and increases cost. The annular rings run about 30 to 60 degrees to the face of the board, with the optimum being 45 degrees. rift-sawn adj. Woodworking subjected to or produced by rift sawing; (North American) having growth rings that meet the faces of the board at an angle of between 30 and 60 degrees. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood in specific form > [adjective] > cut or sawn > cut or sawn in specific manner quarter cleft1666 listed1842 through-and-through-sawn1870 half-timber1874 rotary-cut1877 quarter-sawn1878 mill-run1881 flat-sawn1882 plain-sawed1888 plain-sawn1895 rift-sawn1895 radial sawn1958 radial sawed1972 1895 J. B. Johnson Engin. Contracts Specif. iii. 218 Edge grain yellow pine has been variously designated as rift-sawn, straight grain, vertical grain and quarter-sawed, all being commercially synonymous terms. 1920 F. T. Hill Pract. Aeroplane Constr. iv. 98 Rift-sawn spruce can now be obtained in this country. 1965 W. H. Brown Introd. to Seasoning Timber ii. 20 The boards so cut [sc. in radial plane] are known as quarter sawn, edge grain, or rift sawn. 1972 M. Verney Boat Repairs & Conversions v. 93 All pine timber used for decking needs to be rift-sawn. 2007 Mid-Atlantic Constr. (Nexis) 1 Dec. 18 The lobby interior features rift-sawn white oak wood ceilings. † rift timber n. Obsolete oak timber that has been split or cleft rather than sawn; cf. sense 4a, reft adj.² ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood in specific form > [noun] > piece split off > of oak collectively wainscot1388 knapple1496 clapboardc1520 French panel1556 rift1577 rift timber1775 1775 W. Hubbard Narr. Indian Wars in New-Eng. 199 Their rift timber is near all consumed. 1875 J. H. Temple & G. Sheldon Hist. Northfield, Mass. 14 Oak, or rift timber, as it was called, i.e., timber that could be easily split into clap-boards and shingles. 1899 Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 1898 18 429 Casks used for packing or repacking pickled fish..shall be made of sound, well-seasoned white oak, ash, red oak, spruce, pine, or chestnut staves of rift timber. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). riftn.³ Brit. /rɪft/, U.S. /rɪft/, Scottish English /rɪft/, Irish English /rɪft/ Forms: 1500s–1700s (1800s– regional) rift, 1800s– ruft (English regional (Cumberland)); also Scottish pre-1700 rift, pre-1700 ryfft, pre-1700 ryft, 1800s– ruft (Perthshire and Angus). Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: rift v.² Etymology: < rift v.² Now chiefly Scottish, English regional (northern), and Irish English. A breaking of wind: a belch; (also occasionally) a fart. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > action of breaking wind > [noun] > action of belching bolking1398 riftc1485 riftingc1485 belching1528 ructuation?1537 eructation1541 ructing1599 eruction1623 ructation1623 ructure1657 burping1934 c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Gouernaunce of Princis (1993) xxii. 91 He..oft tymes..bolkis with hevy suollen eyne, with stynkand rystis [perh. read ryftis]. a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) v. l. 523 He thoucht to ordane..Be statute qwhen men sulde lat ga Out of þar bodeis riftis of wynde. 1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Ki ^v/2 A Rift, belch, ructus. 1684 R. Johnson Enchiridion Medicum iii. v. 156 Any thing which breaks up from the Stomach in the kind of a rift, or windy Vapour, and is expell'd by the Mouth with noise, may properly be called belching. 1729 N. Robinson New Syst. Spleen, Vapours & Hypochondriack Melancholy ii. iiv 204 If this Wind finds a Vent by the superior Orifice of the Stomach, it arises in frequent Rifts, Belchings, and Hiccoughs. 1788 H. Neale Pract. Diss. on Nerv. Complaints v. 57 By and by the patient gives signs of recovery, and is almost choaked with rifts of wind that they discharge in belchings. 1817 R. Brown Comic Poems Errata 172 Rifts and whoasts frae baith their ends. 1836 A. Cunningham Lord Roldan II. ii. 32 The moss..swalled up like a barm-scone, and first gae a hyke this way, syne a hyke that way, then a rift and a rair. 1873 J. Harland Gloss. Words Swaledale 154/2 ‘Sour rifts’, acid eructations. 1934 D. Paterson & J. F. Smith Mod. Methods Feeding in Infancy & Childhood (ed. 4) v. 88 Getting up the wind may take up to twenty minutes, and the nurse should never be satisfied until three or four separate rifts (windy pops) have occurred. 1966 P. Boyle At Night All Cats are Grey 77 He gives one more porter rift and makes across the street to the barracks. 2006 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 12 Aug. 24 There are some things that seem peculiarly West of Scotland: the compulsory addition of brown sauce to square sausage..and that post-heavy night Irn Bru followed by a satisfying rift. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). riftn.⁴ Brit. /rɪft/, U.S. /rɪft/ Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: reef n.² Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps a variant of reef n.² (compare α. forms at that entry), with excrescent final -t . Compare riffle n. U.S. 1. A patch of broken water, esp. formed by the protrusion of rocks in the bed of a stream or river; a rapid, a riffle. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > system > [noun] > rapids white water1482 sault1600 shoota1609 stickle1616 swift1661 rift1727 rapid1744 rattle1770 rip1775 riffle1865 spate1884 1727 in Documents Colonial Hist. N.-Y. (1855) V. 826 The French..have no way but to come up from Montreal to the Lake against a Violent Stream, all full of Rifts and Falls and Shallows. 1755 L. Evans Middle Brit. Col. 17 The River is full of Falls and Rifts for forty Leagues. 1778 T. Hutchins Topogr. Descr. Virginia 21 The Muskingum is muddy, and not very swift, but no where obstructed with Falls or Rifts. 1845 J. F. Cooper Chainbearer II. vi. 80 The most that can be done with it [sc. the lumber]..will be to float it down to the next rift. 1879 Scribner's Monthly Nov. 21/1 In one hanging rift close by the bank..I took at five casts fifteen fish. 1968 in Dict. Amer. Regional Eng. (2002) IV. 578/2 (Qu[estion] C3, a place in a swift stream where the surface of the water is broken.) Rift. †2. The wash of the surf on a beach or shore. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1866 E. C. Stedman in Galaxy 1 Nov. 412 Light falls her foot where the rift follows after. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † riftn.⁵ Origin: Of unknown origin. Etymology: Origin unknown. Obsolete. rare. Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. The part of a horse's hoof that is removed when it is overgrown. ΚΠ 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Horse The Hoof is call'd the Horn,..the Ball of the Foot, the Frog; the Part to be pared or cut off the Hoof when overgrown, the Rift. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2021). † riftadj. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymons: English rift , rift v.¹ Etymology: < rift, past participle of rift v.¹ Compare earlier rifted adj. Obsolete. rare. Of farmland: ploughed. Cf. rift v.¹ 2. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > [adjective] > broken > arable > ploughed drivena1225 eareda1300 fallow1530 ploughed1535 rift1635 subsoiled1840 bouted1864 tilthed1866 1635 T. W. Strafford Let. 27 Nov. (1739) I. 333 I know right well the Profit of those new rift Grounds. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online September 2020). riftv.¹ Brit. /rɪft/, U.S. /rɪft/ Inflections: Past participle rifted, rift; Forms: Middle English– rift, 1500s rift (past tense), 1500s rifte, 1500s ryft, 1500s ryfte. Also past participle 1500s ryfte, 1500s–1600s rifte, 1500s– rift. Origin: A borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymology: < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic ripta to break (a promise or deal) (Icelandic rifta to invalidate, annul, render void), Old Swedish rypta to tear up, break up, Old Danish ryftæ (Danish rifte to tear, scratch, cut)) < the same Scandinavian base as rift n.² 1. a. intransitive. To split open; to create a rift or rifts; to crack open; (of clouds) to part. Also with apart. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > breaking or cracking > break [verb (intransitive)] > crack, split, or cleave chinea700 to-chinec725 cleavea1225 to-cleavec1275 rivec1330 to-slentc1380 to-sundera1393 cracka1400 rifta1400 chapc1420 crevec1450 break1486 slave?1523 chink1552 chop1576 coame1577 cone1584 slat1607 cleft1610 splita1625 checka1642 chicka1642 flaw1648 shale1712 vent1721 spalt1731 star1842 seam1880 tetter1911 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22633 Þe erth þai sal do for to rift. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 691/1 I ryft, as bordes that gape a sonder, je me desbrise... This bordes wyll ryfte, if they be nat taken hede of. a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) v. i. 66 Then Il'd shrieke, that euen your eares Should rift to heare me. View more context for this quotation 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §843 When Ice is congealed in a cup, the Ice will swell instead of Contracting; and sometimes Rift. 1664 J. Evelyn Sylva 61 It is certain, that it never rifts, or cleaves, but with great violence. 1717 W. Sutherland Britain's Glory: Ship-building Unvail'd Introd. p. xiv [They] advise for a Winter's Felling, that the Timber neither rifts, casts, nor twines, because of the Cold of the Winter. 1850 A. E. Dupuy Conspirator xxvii. 158 One might suppose that some terrible convulsion of nature had..caused the earth to rift apart. a1861 T. Winthrop John Brent (1862) xix. 209 A little pathway in the sage-bushes suddenly opened before me, as a lane rifts in the press of hurrying legions 'mid the crush of a city thoroughfare. 1898 H. S. Canfield Maid of Frontier 75 The mass of vapor overhead rifted for a moment. 1917 P. P. Sheehan Passport Invisible vi. 54 The clouds rifted majestically to let down an indescribable flood of moonlight. 1990 S. King Stand (new ed.) ii. xlvii. 566 The clouds had rifted enough to allow the red sun to poke its head through. b. transitive. To part or divide with a rift or rifts; to crack, cleave; to split apart. Also with apart, asunder. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > tearing or tearing apart > tear [verb (transitive)] > tear apart to-loukc890 to-braidc893 to-tearc893 to-teec893 to-rendc950 to-breakc1200 to-tugc1220 to-lima1225 rivea1250 to-drawa1250 to-tosea1250 drawa1300 rendc1300 to-rit13.. to-rivec1300 to-tusec1300 rakea1325 renta1325 to-pullc1330 to-tightc1330 tirec1374 halea1398 lacerate?a1425 to-renta1425 yryve1426 raga1450 to pull to (or in) piecesc1450 ravec1450 discerp1483 pluck1526 rip1530 decerp1531 rift1534 dilaniate1535 rochec1540 rack1549 teasea1550 berend1577 distract1585 ream1587 distrain1590 unrive1592 unseam1592 outrive1598 divulse1602 dilacerate1604 harrow1604 tatter1608 mammocka1616 uprentc1620 divell1628 divellicate1638 seam-rend1647 proscind1659 skail1768 screeda1785 spret1832 to tear to shreds1837 ribbon1897 1534 J. Heywood Play of Loue sig. Biii^v Suche a leg A louer wolde beg To set eye on But it is gon Then syght of the fote Ryft hartes to the rote. 1566 T. Drant tr. Horace Medicinable Morall sig. Avj^v With grounded axe cutte him in twaine, And rifted him throughoute. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. vii. sig. S4^v A song of bale..That hart of flint a sonder could haue rifte. a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) v. i. 45 To the dread ratling Thunder Haue I giuen fire, and rifted Ioues stowt Oke With his owne Bolt. View more context for this quotation 1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1621 At sight of him the people with a shout Rifted the Air. View more context for this quotation 1743 R. Blair Grave 5 Some rift half down Their branchless Trunks. 1789 G. White Let. in Nat. Hist. Selborne 248 Some hillocks..were rifted, in every direction. 1797 F. G. Waldron Virgin Queen i. i. 5 Through the fissure of the rock, Rifted by the light'ning's shock, Fiends, from nether fires ascend. 1838 C. Sinclair Hill & Valley xviii. 264 We see a hill..displaying a large chasm in its side, rifted asunder..by the convulsion of nature which took place on our Saviour's crucifixion. a1861 F. Palgrave Hist. Normandy & Eng. (1864) III. 337 Giving a temporary support to the walls which they have split and rifted. 1884 Cent. Mag. Jan. 367/1 The clouds broke away just enough to give us the weird effect of such a night, rifted now and then by a pale moonbeam. 1920 in W. S. Braithwaite Anthol. Mag. Verse 27 And the moon slowly rifting the heights of cloud Touched her face so that she bowed Her head. 1980 H. Levin Memories of Moderns (1982) 15 Their fellow Imagist Richard Aldington noted, Pound's ‘wide knowledge’ was rifted by ‘strange gaps of ignorance’. †2. transitive. English regional (northern). To plough (farmland). Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1825 J. T. Brockett Gloss. North Country Words Rift, to plough out grass land. 3. a. intransitive. Chiefly poetic. Of light: to break through cloud, leaves, etc. ΚΠ 1849 Dublin Univ. Mag. Feb. 190/2 It fell like a sunburst upon his clouded spirit, and, rifting through that blackest darkness, Olof beheld the light. 1859 D. M. Mulock Romantic Tales 319 Rifting through the harmonious cloud, let there be a sunburst of melody. 1904 G. Stratton-Porter Freckles xx. 433 I see blue sky, the sun rifting through the leaves and pink and red flowers. 1996 N. D. Hansen-Hill Trees (2005) i. 15 Moonlight rifted through the shrouding clouds. †b. transitive. To force (one's way) into something by cleaving. Obsolete. rare.figurative in quot. ΚΠ 1854 H. D. Thoreau Walden 106 The intellect is a cleaver; it discerns and rifts its way into the secret of things. †4. transitive. To form (a chasm) by splitting something. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1850 A. Alison Hist. Europe from French Revol. (new ed.) XI. lxxvi. 481 Whether the rugged chasm..had been rifted from the hillside by an earthquake. 5. Geology. a. intransitive. Of crustal plates, land masses, etc.: to move apart or become separated through the forces of plate tectonics. Frequently with apart, from. Cf. rifting n.² 2. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > tectonization or diastrophism > tectonize [verb (transitive)] > fault fault1837 rift1963 1924 J. G. A. Skerl tr. A. Wegener Orig. Continents & Oceans xi. 166 Folding and rifting are only different effects of one and the same process. 1928 C. Schuchert in Theory Continental Drift (Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geol.) 106 The rifting of Pangaea and the floating away of Australasia, Antarctica, and the Americas.] 1963 Progress Oceanogr. 3 78 Such a strait is postulated as existing when the Baltic and Canadian Shields first rifted. 1970 Science 20 Mar. 1612/2 Apparently continents rift apart quite cleanly, and post-drift modifications of the continental outlines are small. 1979 Nature 22 Nov. 378/2 The block rifted from mainland Southeast Asia and met with the northwards drifting Australian continent during the Neogene. 2007 Sci. Amer. (U.K. ed.) Feb. 35/3 By the late Jurassic..Madagascar had rifted away from Africa and was moving southward, with India in tow. b. transitive. To cause to move apart or separate in this way. ΚΠ 1970 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 268 439 In the fracture zone, the upper basaltic zone has been rifted apart by a change in the spreading direction. 1990 P. Kearey & F. J. Vine Global Tectonics ix. 211 Many of the suspect terrains in the Alpine-Himalayan chain represent fragments rifted from the northern margin of Gondwanaland and transported across the Tethys Ocean. 2004 Oceanus (Nexis) 22 Sept. 6 The continental drift that..rifted and separated Africa and South America. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). riftv.² Brit. /rɪft/, U.S. /rɪft/, Scottish English /rɪft/, Irish English /rɪft/ Forms: Middle English rifte, Middle English ryfte, Middle English–1700s (1800s– regional) rift, 1900s– riff (U.S. regional); also Scottish pre-1700 ryft. Origin: A borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymology: < early Scandinavian: compare Old Icelandic rypta to belch, cognate with Old High German roffezzen , ropfezzen , roffazzōn to belch out or up, to emit (Middle High German roffezen , rofzen to belch) < a suffixed form (compare Old English -ettan ) of the Germanic base of Old Icelandic ropa to belch, cognate with Middle Dutch (eastern) roppen , ruppen to belch; further etymology uncertain: perhaps < an ablaut variant of the same Germanic base as Old Icelandic raupa to boast, brag (see roup v.¹), or perhaps of imitative origin, compare (apparently with expressive alteration of stem vowel) Norwegian rape, Old Swedish rapa (Swedish rapa), Old Danish ræpæ (Danish ræbe), and derivative forms (with the same suffixation) Old Icelandic repta, Old Swedish räpta (Swedish regional räfta), all in sense ‘to belch’. Compare also (from the same base with different suffix) early modern Dutch rupsen (also ripsen) to belch (1599), Middle Low German ropsen to utter (words) suddenly, and (with metathesis of the consonant cluster) Middle Dutch -ruspen (in opruspen to belch; Dutch oprispen), Middle Low German ruspen (also upruspen, uprispen) to belch. Chiefly Scottish, English regional (northern), U.S. regional, and Irish English. †1. transitive. To utter (words, teachings, etc.) suddenly. Also with out. Also in extended use. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > say in a particular manner [verb (transitive)] > say in other sort of manner rifta1400 abraida1500 rumblec1520 mince1549 roll1561 slaver1599 troll1631 yawn1718 buzz1763 gurgle1805 namby-pamby1812 sibilate1837 ripple1890 nicker1929 a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) xliv. 1 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 176 (MED) Mi hert riftet [v.r. rifted; L. eructavit] gode worde to bringe. a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) cxviii. 171 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 257 (MED) Rifte sal [L. eructabunt] mine lippes ympne dai and nighte, Þi rightwisenesses when þou has me taghte. a1425 (?a1400) Bk. Priue Counseling in P. Hodgson Cloud of Unknowing (1944) 145 (MED) Þe frute of þis worching is hiȝe goostly wisdom, sodenly & frely riftid of þe spirit inly in it-self & vnformid, ful fer fro fantasie, inpossible to be streinid or to falle vnder þe worching of naturele witte. a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) xliv. 1 As he that is ful of wickidnes riftis an ill worde. a1614 J. Melville Autobiogr. & Diary (1842) 308 Sa that the barme of thair drink began to rift out crewall thretnings against..Mr. Andro. 2. a. intransitive. To release air from the stomach through the mouth; to belch. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > action of breaking wind > break wind [verb (intransitive)] > belch rospa1333 bolka1387 rift?c1475 belcha1500 reboke?1499 yeska1522 rout1522 bleach1557 ruck1568 rasp1587 ruct1620 eruct1755 eructate1774 gurk1923 burp1932 bubble1940 ?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) f. 104 ^v To Rifte, ructare. a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) xviii. 2 Bi riftynge he takyns fulnes of wit, for wha sa riftes it semes that he is ful. a1525 Crying ane Playe 51 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 151 The hevyne rerdit quhen scho wald rift. 1535 D. Lindsay Satyre 4353 Scho riftit..Till scho had castin ane cuppill of quarts. 1631 S. Jerome Arraignem. Whole Creature xiii. 169 Let a mans stomacke be so full of Winde, till he belch againe, and Rift, and breake wind. 1669 W. Simpson Hydrologia Chymica 103 It is not enough to make one rift or belch. 1721 A. Ramsay Lucky Spence i Three times the carline grain'd and rifted. 1770 T. Bridges Burlesque Transl. Homer (ed. 3) II. ix. 99 His stomach is so full of ire, That when he rifts he belches fire. ?1771 Whole Proc. Jocky & Maggy v. 30 He..brings a Bottle in every hand, out wi' the cork an gives her ane in o're, she sets it to her gab an swattles up a muchkin at a waught, which was like to wirry her till she fell a rifting an farting like ane auld Blunder-bush. 1812 P. Forbes Poems 27 It was hardly down when twa O' them began to rift. 1895 J. Hartley Halifax Clock Almanack 34 Awm allus feear'd o' suppin mich watter, it maks me rift sooa. 1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. 104/1 Rift, to belch, to eructate. 1936 K. M. Morehouse Rain on Just 19 Women folks..toting nursing babies who were rifting more than need be. 1985 L. Lochhead tr. Molière Tartuffe 7 It's, ‘Noo, here's a tasty pick, dinna let the plate pass you.’ And gin Tartuffe should rift it's, ‘My! God bless you.’ 1990 L. Todd Words Apart 137 If I could only rift, I'm sure I could get red..of this indigestion. b. transitive. To emit by belching; to belch out. Also with up. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > action of breaking wind > break wind [verb (transitive)] > belch yeska1522 bolka1535 rasp1587 rift1601 outbelch1602 to roll up1897 burp1940 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 16 If a man take them with vnripe oliues condite, he shall neither belch or rift wind so much. 1696 E. Penington Modest Detection of G. Keith's Just Vindic. 22 He cannot well Digest them, they rise in his Stomach, and many a sowr Belch he rifts up, proceeding as I take it from the foulness of his stomach. 1725 A. Pennecuik Huy & Cry after Sir John Barlycorn (single sheet) The Lady Relict kiss'd Sir John, And rifted up the other Groan, But now with Grief she's doubly sunk, Wants both Sir John and the Defunct. 1728 A. Ramsay Poems II. 238 Nor spat he fire, or brimstone rifted. 1818 G. Beattie John o' Arnha' (ed. 2) 39 Spewin' reek, an' riftin' fire. 1881 S. Evans Evans's Leicestershire Words (new ed.) (at cited word) The wind meets the cough, and I'm in great pain till I can rift it. 1903 Cleveland Med. & Surg. Rep. Mar. 127/2 Chest feels tight. Paroxysm ends in rifting gas and coughing fibrous-like mucus. Afterwards sleeps well rest of night. 1992 B. Leyden Departures 22 in B. Share Slanguage (1997) 237/1 I suffered her weight and her cold touch..and waited with her each time she told me she had to stop to ‘rift gas’. c. intransitive. With up. To rise from the stomach as a belch. Also figurative: to come back unpleasantly to the memory. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > memory > retention in the mind > remain in the mind [verb (intransitive)] > painfully to stick with ——1557 rift1636 1636 S. Rutherford Lett. (1863) I. lxxii. 186 In the resurrection..our yesternight's sour drink and swinish dregs shall rift up upon us. 1877 in F. Ross et al. Gloss. Words Holderness 114/2 That nasty thrick o' Jack's rifts-up o' mah mind yit. 1921 Med. Clinics N. Amer. 4 1592 In an effort to relieve the resulting increase in tension, some of this normally imprisoned air is forced into the esophagus and gently rifts up. 2005 Daily Tel. 26 Sept. 19/2 ‘Well,’ said mam resignedly, ‘it [sc. sherry] doesn't do for us. Our Kathleen used to put it in the trifle and it always rifted up on me.’ 3. intransitive. Scottish. To boast, brag, exaggerate. Frequently with roar. Now rare. Sc. National Dict. (at cited word) records this sense as still in use in Aberdeenshire in 1968. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > pride > boasting or boastfulness > boast [verb (intransitive)] yelpc888 kebc1315 glorify1340 to make avauntc1340 boast1377 brag1377 to shake boastc1380 glorya1382 to make (one's) boastc1385 crackc1470 avaunt1471 glaster1513 voust1513 to make (one's or a) vauntc1515 jet?1521 vaunt?1521 crowa1529 rail1530 devauntc1540 brave1549 vaunt1611 thrasonize1619 vapour1629 ostentate1670 goster1673 flourish1674 rodomontade1681 taper1683 gasconade1717 stump1721 rift1794 mang1819 snigger1823 gab1825 cackle1847 to talk horse1855 skite1857 to blow (also U.S. toot) one's own horn1859 to shoot off one's mouth1864 spreadeagle1866 swank1874 bum1877 to sound off1918 woof1934 to shoot a line1941 to honk off1952 to mouth off1958 blow- 1794 Har'st Rig xxxv. 15 Some carle that's well ken'd to rift, Declares, whan in a blasting tift [etc.]. 1835 D. Webster Orig. Sc. Rhymes 194 There'll be gude tents an' shachels, For drinkers to roar an' to rift. 1872 W. Murdoch Poems & Songs (ed. 2) 13 Wha nichtly met to rift and roar, In Jamie Bluff's maist spacious ha'. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹eOEn.²a1400n.³c1485n.⁴1727n.⁵1728adj.1635v.¹a1400v.²a1400
随便看	repping repple repple depple repps repraise repray repreach repreaching reprecipitate reprecipitated reprecipitation reprehend reprehendable reprehendatory reprehended reprehender reprehenders reprehending reprehends reprehensibilities reprehensibility reprehensible reprehensibleness reprehensiblenesses reprehensibly

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