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bestialn.1  Brit.  /ˈbɛstɪəl/, /ˈbɛstʃl/, /ˈbiːstɪəl/, /ˈbiːstʃl/, U.S. /ˈbɛstʃəl/, /ˈbɛstiəl/, /ˈbistʃəl/, /ˈbistiəl/, Scottish English /ˈbɛstjəl/Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French bestaille, bestial. Etymology: Originally (i) < Anglo-Norman bestaile, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French bestaille, Old French, Middle French bestail (French bétail ) livestock, cattle (13th cent. in Old French as bestiaille ), farm animal, draught animal (14th cent.) < beste and its etymon classical Latin bēstia animal, wild animal (see beast n.) + -aille , -ail -al suffix1, after Old French aumaille large livestock (see note at animal n.). In β. forms partly also (ii) < Old French bestiall, Middle French, French †bestial livestock, cattle (13th cent.), farm animal (late 14th cent.; now only in plural form bestiaux ), partly a variant of Old French bestiaille (see above), and partly a use as noun of bestial bestial adj.Compare post-classical Latin bestialia (plural) cattle, farm animals (14th cent.). Compare also Old Occitan bestial cattle, livestock. Now chiefly Scottish. the world > animals > domestic animal > [noun] > livestock α. c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring (1891) 185 Þe beste shal be shorne fram þe fold, and no bestaile ne shal be in cracches [L. non erit armentum in præsepibus]. a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) v. l. 331 He bad his poeple forto tile Here lond..And that thei scholde also forthdrawe Bestaile. a1400 (a1325) (Gött.) l. 2444 Be-twyx him and loth his neuow Of bestaile [a1400 Trin. Cambr. beestaile, a1400 Vesp. fee, c1460 Laud bestayle] hade þai plente enow. 1433 in F. J. Furnivall (1882) 95 Y bequethe & yeue alle the meuable Catell of bestall thet y haue in Sussex'..to the chirche werkes ther. 1481 (a1470) J. Tiptoft tr. Cicero (Caxton) sig. c1v To gete to them grete plente of bestaylle, they toke grete labour and payne. the world > animals > [noun] c1400 (Lamb.) (1850) Gen. viii. 19 Beestaylis [a1425 Corpus Oxf. alle hauynge soules, iumentis, and crepynge..ben gon out of the arke]. ?c1450 tr. (1906) 103 (MED) Iob..lost..all his bestailes and richesses. 1572 P. R. sig. a.viv Now mon thay..Ryue out the Mures, the bestialls gers intak. 1609 G. Chapman sig. B I..longd to knowe the dame that could inspire Those Bestials, with such humane Forme. 1670 T. Blount Bestials, Beasts or Cattle of any sort..generally and properly used for all kind of Cattle. 1775 W. J. Mickle Knowledge (new ed.) in III. 25 No joy, no hope it knows Above what bestials claim. 1846 T. Roscoe tr. J. C. L. de Sismondi (ed. 2) II. xxxviii. 523 And each lulled in his shade, The bestials sleep. 1869 A. Trollope I. xiv. 110 If I don't show myself now and again when I am here, they think I'm indifferent about the ‘bestials’. 1930 J. B. Nolan vii. 61 Memory fades so speedily that no one now remembers how the bestials were brought along. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2021; most recently modified version published online December 2021). † bestialn.2Origin: Apparently a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: bastille n. Etymology: Apparently an alteration of or error for bastille n. (compare the Scots variants bestailye, bastailȝe at that entry), perhaps arising from confusion with bestial n.1 Obsolete. Scottish. society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > engine of war > [noun] > siege-tower 1488 (c1478) Hary (Adv.) (1968–9) xii. l. 877 On the north syd his bestials had he wrocht. 1488 (c1478) Hary (Adv.) (1968–9) vii. l. 977 Ramsay gert byg strang bestials [1570 bastailȝeis] off tre. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2021). bestialadj.n.3Brit. /ˈbɛstɪəl/, /ˈbɛstʃl/, /ˈbiːstɪəl/, /ˈbiːstʃl/, U.S. /ˈbɛstʃəl/, /ˈbɛstiəl/, /ˈbistʃəl/, /ˈbistiəl/ Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French bestial; Latin bestialis. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman and Middle French bestial (French bestial ) animal in nature, of an animal, brutish (late 12th cent. in Anglo-Norman and Old French), devoid of reason (14th cent.), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin bestialis of a beast, like a beast, wild, fierce (4th cent.) < classical Latin bēstia beast n. + -ālis -al suffix1.Parallels in Romance languages. Compare Catalan bestial (13th cent.), Spanish bestial (late 14th cent.), Portuguese bestial (14th cent.), Italian bestiale (13th cent.). Note on forms. With the form bestaill compare α. forms at bestial n.1 In later use, forms in beast- probably show influence from beast n. A. adj. 1. the world > animals > [adjective] > of or belonging to a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) i. l. 2913 To take a mannes herte aweie And sette there a bestial, So that he lich an Oxe schal Pasture. c1460 (a1449) J. Lydgate (1934) ii. 766 (MED) The hardy Lioun..natwithstondyng his bestial sturdynesse..Ther comyth a quarteyn. 1528 T. Paynell tr. Arnaldus de Villa Nova in Joannes de Mediolano sig. O ij b Bestiall fyshe as the see swyne, dogge fyshe, and dolphin. 1543 ( (1812) 67 Howe Moruile, kyng of Britaine, was slayne..with a fysshe bestyall of the sea. c1550 (1979) vi. 51 The scheip and nolt..pronuncit there bestial voce. 1607 E. Topsell 37 At length her parentes..founde their little Daughter in the Beares den, who deliuered her from that sauage and beastuall captiuity. 1687 J. Dryden i. 10 His wild disorder'd walk..Did all the bestial citizens surprize. 1706 (new ed.) (at cited word) Bestial Signs of the Zodiack are Aries, Taurus, Leo, and Capricornus. 1709 R. Steele No. 49. ⁋3 A Satyr; of Shape, part Humane, part Bestial. 1834 T. Carlyle i. v. 14/1 Lurking for his bestial or human prey. 1927 2 Sept. 203/2 If Darwin was right, then as we trace man backward in the scale of time he should become more bestial in form—nearer to the ape. 2011 K. Wehr 433 German Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer featured a wealth of environmentally thematic content within his body of work, ranging from the botanic to the bestial. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. vi. xxvii. 336 As fleisch þat is subiect to þe spirit is iclepid spirituale, so þe spirit þat folweþ alwey þe fleisch is iclepid fleischy [emended in ed. to fleischly] and bestiale [L. carnalis & animalis]. a1464 J. Capgrave (Cambr. Gg.4.12) (1983) 3 (MED) Loke that ȝoure soule have evyr the sovereynte, and that the bestial mevyng of the body oppresse not the soule. 1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Love in W. W. Skeat (1897) 85 (MED) Ben these nat mortal thinges agon with ignorance of beestial wit, and hast receyved reson in knowing of vertue? 1654 W. Jenkyn 134 Junius explains it thus, To know naturally, is to know without counsel, humane reason, or the light of Gods Spirit, and with the blind force of nature, and bestial motion, only following natural appetite, and outward senses. 2. the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > savagery > [adjective] the mind > mental capacity > intellect > want of intellect > animal nature of man > [adjective] society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > civilization > lack of civilization > [adjective] a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. clxxxv. 1082 It quenchiþ þe sight [emended in ed. to light] of resoun and conforteþ bestial madnesse [L. vim brutalem]. 1484 W. Caxton tr. (1926) ii. 20 Clerkes..gyue doctryne to the peple laye & bestiall. a1538 T. Starkey (1989) 7 Men were brought from thayr rudenes & bestyal lyfe, to thys cyvylyte. 1579 T. Palfreyman (new ed.) ii. ii. f. 57v There is no nation so sauage and beastial. 1615 G. Sandys i. 60 To please beastiall Ignorance. 1772 J. Davies 166 Into bestial minds and brute Shed and infus'd the beams of reason clear. 1816 W. Scott Black Dwarf iv, in 1st Ser. I. 96 The slavish and bestial doctrine. 1934 (U.S. House of Representatives, 73rd Congress, 2nd Sess.) 142 When a crime is committed in a community, it grows from bestial stupidity. the world > physical sensation > physical sensibility > sensuous pleasure > sensuality > [adjective] > animal nature in man a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xv. lxxvi. 771 Some ben cruel and bestial [L. bestiales] and wondirliche yshape. 1447 O. Bokenham (Arun.) (1938) l. 3317 (MED) Þat he wold be so bestyal To forsakyn hys glorye pontifical. 1509 A. Barclay (Pynson) f. cclviiv Thy faythfull felawe is bestyall dronkenes. 1597 W. Shakespeare iii. v. 79 Bestiall appetite in change of lust. View more context for this quotation 1755 E. Young Centaur vi, in (1757) IV. 267 The bestial abyss of a few year's debauch. 1877 S. Cox i. 13 Sodom was a synonym for the most utter and bestial corruption. 1920 D. H. Lawrence xxix. 459 She was bestial. How good it was to be really shameful! 2017 (Nexis) 5 Oct. Your sultry, explicit and overwhelmingly grotesque demonstration of bestial tendencies. B. n.3the world > animals > [noun] > animal nature 1785 J. Pinkerton xxxi. 218 Comparing certain ideas of utter rudeness of human nature, blended with the bestial and demonic. 1948 F. Tuker xiv. 151 War is not romantic but it does not bring out only the bestial in those who fight. 2014 35 242 The chapter concludes with a discussion of how animals signify the bestial in humanity. 1793 ‘A. Pasquin’ (new ed.) 66 She..turns erratic prowler for the appetites of the bestial. 1899 H. G. Wells xix. 237 Some day the inferior, the weak and the bestial may be subdued and eliminated. 1993 R. R. Barr tr. G. Gutiérrez xi. 317 The bestial are those insensitive to this situation and its suffering, not those who suffer it, the Indians. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2021; most recently modified version published online December 2021). <  n.1c1350 n.21488adj.n.3a1393 |