Rifain.adj.

Brit.

/rᵻˈfɑːiː/, U.S.

/rəˈfɑi/

Inflections: Plural unchanged, Rifais.

Forms:

α. 1800s– Rufai, 1800s– Rufa‘i, 1800s Rufa'ee, 1800s Rufaee.

β. 1800s– Rifai, 1800s– Rifa'i, 1800s– Rifa'ee.

γ. 1800s– Rafai, 1900s– Rafa'i.

δ. 1800s Refa'iy, 1900s– Refai, 1900s– Refa'i, 1900s– Refa-ee (rare).

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Dakhini. Partly a borrowing from Arabic. Etymons: Dakhini rafāʿī, rifāʿī; Arabic rifāʿī.

Etymology: < Dakhini rafāʿī, variant of rifāʿī (in the passages translated in quots. 1832 at sense A. and 1832 at sense B.; the lost original was written in Arabic script, probably without vowel markings) and its etymon Arabic rifāʿī, rafāʿī < the name of Aḥmad b. Ali al-Rifāʿī (d. 1182), the founder of this order. Compare also Ottoman Turkish rufai, rifai (Turkish rüfai, rufai, rifai), where forms in ru- are influenced by association with Arabic rufāʿa, the name of an unrelated Arab people of Sudan.The α. forms probably originally show transliteration of Dakhini and Arabic short a by English u (compare Ahmud in the spelling of the founder's name in quots. 1832 at sense A., 1832 at sense B.); in later use (e.g. quot. 1877 at sense A.), some instances of such forms reflect Ottoman Turkish rufai. Compare the following examples, which are sometimes perceived in English as a plural of this word, but represent an independent borrowing of Arabic al-rifāʿiyya, the name of the order of Sufi dervishes ( < Arabic rifāʿī + -a, suffix forming feminine nouns):1887 A. Müller in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 663/1 The insane howlings hu hu (‘he, he’)..practised by the ‘howling’ Rifá'íya.1949 H. A. R. Gibb Mohammedanism ix. 106 One of the most important of these [Sūfi sub-orders] in Western Asia..[was] the Rifā̔īya.

A. n.

An order of Sufi dervishes pledged to poverty and asceticism, and practising the repeated calling out of chants to attain religious ecstasy. Also: a member of this order.Formerly sometimes known as howling dervishes: see dervish n.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > monasticism > friar > [noun] > Muslim

dervish1585

fakir1609

whirler1815

Rifai1832

1832 G. A. Herklots tr. J. Sharîf Qanoon-e-Islam xxviii. 291 Rufaee or Goorz-mar, they originate from Syed Ahmud Kubeer, whose fuqeers strike the point of the goorz against their breasts, or into their eyes, level blows at their backs with the sword, thrust a spit through their sides, or into their eyes.

1868 J. P. Brown Dervishes ii. 51 Ahmed Sa'eed Rufâ'ee was the founder of the Order of the Rufâ'ees, generally known among European travellers as the ‘Howling Dervishes’, from their peculiar mode of worship.

1877 Encycl. Brit. VII. 114/1 This leads to the Devr, or rotation, in which the Rufai, or Howling Dervishes, stand in a circle, shoulder to shoulder, each on his right foot, and swaying the body and the left leg backwards and forwards or from side to side.

1885 in E. Balfour Cycl. India (ed. 3) I. 893 The Rafai darvesh, so common in Turkey, inflict on themselves great self-torture.

1921 O. Hardman Ideals of Asceticism ii. 44 In Egypt..they [sc. the Sa'adiyyah] have maintained a close connection with the Rifa'iyyah, or ‘howling darwishes’.

1990 Sunday Mail (Queensland) (Nexis) 17 July The Sufi orders of which the Whirling Dervishes are the most famous, though perhaps least significant. More important are groups like..the Suliemanji and the Rifai.

2000 G. Duijzings Relig. & Polit. Identity v. 114 Some orders (notably the Halveti, the Sadi, the Kaderi and the Rufai) had a large membership, with thousands of followers.

B. adj. (attributive).

Of or belonging to the Rifai; designating the Rifai.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > monasticism > friar > [adjective] > Muslim

Rifai1832

fakir-likea1843

1832 G. A. Herklots tr. J. Sharîf Qanoon-e-Islam Index p. cxxiv Ahmud Kubeer, the founder of the Rufaee class of fuqeers.

1836 E. W. Lane Acct. Manners & Customs Mod. Egyptians I. x. 310 The Rifa′'ee durwee′shes are celebrated for the performance of many wonderful feats.

1911 Bull. N.Y. Public Libr. 15 216 Muhammadan theological and ethical ideas according to the Rifai brotherhood.

1929 T. C. Bridges & H. H. Tiltman More Heroes Mod. Adventure xiii. 184 The Rufai Sheik sprang to his feet and seized a red-hot iron spit from a brazier.

2000 KMT Winter 85/2 A brief description of the tombs of some of the Ottoman rulers and the burials in the Rifai Mosque.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	rifai
释义	Rifain.adj. Brit. /rᵻˈfɑːiː/, U.S. /rəˈfɑi/ Inflections: Plural unchanged, Rifais. Forms: α. 1800s– Rufai, 1800s– Rufa‘i, 1800s Rufa'ee, 1800s Rufaee. β. 1800s– Rifai, 1800s– Rifa'i, 1800s– Rifa'ee. γ. 1800s– Rafai, 1900s– Rafa'i. δ. 1800s Refa'iy, 1900s– Refai, 1900s– Refa'i, 1900s– Refa-ee (rare). Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Dakhini. Partly a borrowing from Arabic. Etymons: Dakhini rafāʿī, rifāʿī; Arabic rifāʿī. Etymology: < Dakhini rafāʿī, variant of rifāʿī (in the passages translated in quots. 1832 at sense A. and 1832 at sense B.; the lost original was written in Arabic script, probably without vowel markings) and its etymon Arabic rifāʿī, rafāʿī < the name of Aḥmad b. Ali al-Rifāʿī (d. 1182), the founder of this order. Compare also Ottoman Turkish rufai, rifai (Turkish rüfai, rufai, rifai), where forms in ru- are influenced by association with Arabic rufāʿa, the name of an unrelated Arab people of Sudan.The α. forms probably originally show transliteration of Dakhini and Arabic short a by English u (compare Ahmud in the spelling of the founder's name in quots. 1832 at sense A., 1832 at sense B.); in later use (e.g. quot. 1877 at sense A.), some instances of such forms reflect Ottoman Turkish rufai. Compare the following examples, which are sometimes perceived in English as a plural of this word, but represent an independent borrowing of Arabic al-rifāʿiyya, the name of the order of Sufi dervishes ( < Arabic rifāʿī + -a, suffix forming feminine nouns):1887 A. Müller in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 663/1 The insane howlings hu hu (‘he, he’)..practised by the ‘howling’ Rifá'íya.1949 H. A. R. Gibb Mohammedanism ix. 106 One of the most important of these [Sūfi sub-orders] in Western Asia..[was] the Rifā̔īya. A. n. An order of Sufi dervishes pledged to poverty and asceticism, and practising the repeated calling out of chants to attain religious ecstasy. Also: a member of this order.Formerly sometimes known as howling dervishes: see dervish n. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > monasticism > friar > [noun] > Muslim dervish1585 fakir1609 whirler1815 Rifai1832 1832 G. A. Herklots tr. J. Sharîf Qanoon-e-Islam xxviii. 291 Rufaee or Goorz-mar, they originate from Syed Ahmud Kubeer, whose fuqeers strike the point of the goorz against their breasts, or into their eyes, level blows at their backs with the sword, thrust a spit through their sides, or into their eyes. 1868 J. P. Brown Dervishes ii. 51 Ahmed Sa'eed Rufâ'ee was the founder of the Order of the Rufâ'ees, generally known among European travellers as the ‘Howling Dervishes’, from their peculiar mode of worship. 1877 Encycl. Brit. VII. 114/1 This leads to the Devr, or rotation, in which the Rufai, or Howling Dervishes, stand in a circle, shoulder to shoulder, each on his right foot, and swaying the body and the left leg backwards and forwards or from side to side. 1885 in E. Balfour Cycl. India (ed. 3) I. 893 The Rafai darvesh, so common in Turkey, inflict on themselves great self-torture. 1921 O. Hardman Ideals of Asceticism ii. 44 In Egypt..they [sc. the Sa'adiyyah] have maintained a close connection with the Rifa'iyyah, or ‘howling darwishes’. 1990 Sunday Mail (Queensland) (Nexis) 17 July The Sufi orders of which the Whirling Dervishes are the most famous, though perhaps least significant. More important are groups like..the Suliemanji and the Rifai. 2000 G. Duijzings Relig. & Polit. Identity v. 114 Some orders (notably the Halveti, the Sadi, the Kaderi and the Rufai) had a large membership, with thousands of followers. B. adj. (attributive). Of or belonging to the Rifai; designating the Rifai. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > monasticism > friar > [adjective] > Muslim Rifai1832 fakir-likea1843 1832 G. A. Herklots tr. J. Sharîf Qanoon-e-Islam Index p. cxxiv Ahmud Kubeer, the founder of the Rufaee class of fuqeers. 1836 E. W. Lane Acct. Manners & Customs Mod. Egyptians I. x. 310 The Rifa′'ee durwee′shes are celebrated for the performance of many wonderful feats. 1911 Bull. N.Y. Public Libr. 15 216 Muhammadan theological and ethical ideas according to the Rifai brotherhood. 1929 T. C. Bridges & H. H. Tiltman More Heroes Mod. Adventure xiii. 184 The Rufai Sheik sprang to his feet and seized a red-hot iron spit from a brazier. 2000 KMT Winter 85/2 A brief description of the tombs of some of the Ottoman rulers and the burials in the Rifai Mosque. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1832
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