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单词 ridder
释义

riddern.1

Brit. /ˈrɪdə/, U.S. /ˈrɪdər/
Forms:

α. Old English hridder, Old English hriddor, Old English hrider, Middle English reddere, Middle English rydder, 1600s– ridder (chiefly English regional (midlands and southern)); English regional 1600s– rudder (southern and south-western), 1800s ruther (Dorset), 1800s– ridar (Cornwall).

β. Old English hriddern, Middle English riddern, Middle English rydderne, Middle English rydoun (perhaps transmission error); English regional (Dorset) 1800s ruddern, 1800s ruthern.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.
Etymology: Cognate with Old Saxon hrīdra , Old High German rītera , rītra (Middle High German rītere , rīter , German (now regional) Reiter ) < the same Indo-European base as Early Irish críathar and (with different suffix) classical Latin crībrum , both in sense ‘sieve’, and hence ultimately < the same Indo-European base as ancient Greek κρίνειν to separate (see crisis n.). Compare later riddle n.2There is probably no connection with the Germanic base of Old English hriðian (with original sense ‘to shake’; compare the Germanic forms cited at Lang Reed n.), to which the word has sometimes been referred. The original form in Old English (as in the cognate languages) probably had a long stem vowel ī , which was subsequently shortened before the cluster of three consonants resulting from doubling of consonants before r (originally in inflected forms (compare the genitive singular form hriddres in quot. OE3 at α. ), later levelled to all cases (compare hridder, hriddor)); see A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §§285, 453. The origin of the β. forms is unclear; they may be alterations after nouns ending in -ern, although it is difficult to find semantically convincing models (perhaps compare quern n.1).
Now English regional (chiefly midlands and southern) and rare.
A sieve, a riddle.In quot. c1400 at α. : a kind of fishing net.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of grain > [noun] > sieving > sieve or riddle
riddereOE
riddlelOE
boultel1266
temse?1362
reeing-sieve1378
bolt-clothc1425
bolt-pokec1440
bulstarec1440
bigg-riddle1446
oat riddle1446
bolting-tunc1485
bolter1530
bolting-tub1530
bolting-pipe1534
bolting-poke1552
gingerbread temse?1562
bolting-hutch1598
reeving-sieve1613
hutch1619
temzer1696
ree1728
oat-ridder1743
harp1788
bunt1796
bolting-machine1808
sowens-say1825
slap-riddle1844
bolt1847
flour-bolt1874
purifier1884
flour-bolter1888
plansifter1905
the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > sifting > [noun] > sieve
sievec725
riddereOE
hair-sievea1100
riddlelOE
sift1499
try?a1500
searcer1540
range-sieve1542
ranging sieve1548
cribble1565
cribe1570
screen1573
sifter1611
scryc1615
clensieve1623
cernicle1657
incernicle1657
ranch-sievea1665
duster1667
drum1702
fry1707
harp1788
lawn-sieve1804
trial1825
separator1830
lawn1853
shaker1906
chinois1937
microscreen1959
α.
eOE Corpus Gloss. (1890) 5/2 Glebulum, hrider.
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xi. 92 Ða abæd his fostormodor an hridder, and hit tobærst on emtwa on ðære læne.
OE Antwerp Gloss. (1955) 130 Taratantara, hridder.
OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) ii. i. 97 He..genam þa butu þa sticcu mid him þæs tobrocenan hriddres.
c1400 Femina (Trin. Cambr.) (1909) 42 (MED) Yl y nad nase & creuere auxi..Me haþ reddere & zene al so..Ad le creuere pur quoy Ieo dy Nulle autre variance est en luy: Hath þe reddere for why y say Non oþer variaunce ys in hym.
c1450 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 576/26 (MED) Cribrum..a rydder vel a syve.
1619–20 in H. J. F. Swayne Churchwardens' Accts. Sarum (1896) 309 A sieve called a Rudder, 4d.
1667 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 2 527 Wash it [sc. lead-ore] clean in a running stream; then sift it in Iron-Rudders.
a1722 E. Lisle Observ. Husb. (E.D.S.) (1880) at Rudder They said..the rudder would easily separate tills and barley.
1743 W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman Dec. xi. 76 They pass them a second time through the ridder, or riddle sieve.
1839 J. Main Young Farmer's Man. 139 This ridge is next sifted..through a barley ridder.
1856 J. C. Morton Cycl. Agric. (new ed.) I. 194/1 Wheat ‘Rudder’, twenty inches diameter... Barley Rudder.
1884 West Sussex Gaz. 25 Sept. 2/6 Bushel, shaul, shovel, ridder, sieves [etc.].
1948 M. Carbery & E. Grey Herts. Heritage 126 Ridder, a sieve.
β. OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) ii. i. 96 Seo forecwedene fostermoder þæs halgan weres abæd an hriddern [OE Hatton hridder] hire to læne æt oðrum wife hire neahgebyrene, to þon þæt heo mihte sum dæl hwætes on geclænsian.1381 in L. Morsbach Mittelengl. Originalurkunden (1923) 4/24 (MED) Jtem, a melsuue and a renge and iv ouþer siues and a Riddern.a1450 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (Bodl.) xvii. cxxxvi Corne is iclensed wt seue oþer wiþ rydderne [a1398 BL Add. 27944 riddil]. 1844 W. Barnes Poems Rural Life in Dorset Dial. Gloss. Ruddern or Ruthern Sieve, a sieve for cleaning wheat [1886 Rudder, or Rudern-sieve, a sieve for cleaning wheat].
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

riddern.2

Forms: 1600s ridder; Scottish pre-1700 riddar, pre-1700 ridder.
Origin: Probably a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: rider n.
Etymology: Probably ultimately a variant (with short vowel) of rider n., perhaps after similar formal variation in Middle Dutch or Middle Low German, although use in this sense is apparently not attested for the short-vowel forms in either language (see forms cited at rider n.); compare Old Frisian ridder , riddere , ritter in this sense. Compare earlier rider n. 2. In quot. 1694 after Middle French ridde (1465; 1552 in the passage translated), variant of rider (1439; also as ridre (1450), ridder (a1475); French †ridde, †rydre; < Middle Dutch).
Originally and chiefly Scottish. Obsolete.
= rider n. 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > foreign coins > [noun] > Dutch coins > gold
rider1367
guilder1480
ridder1489
gulden15..
Albert1740
florin1834
1489 in T. Thomson Acts Lords Auditors (1839) 130/1 Twa riddaris.
1507–8 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1902) IV. 93 xviij ridderis j Hary noble to mak ane pece of say to the samyn.
1694 P. A. Motteux Wks. F. Rabelais (1737) iv. Prol. p. lxxxv Substantial Ridders [Fr. belles Riddes], Spankers, and Rose Nobles.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

riddern.3

Brit. /ˈrɪdə/, U.S. /ˈrɪdər/
Forms: 1500s– rydder, 1800s– ridder; Scottish pre-1700 ridar (in compounds), pre-1700 1800s ridder.
Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: rid v., -er suffix1.
Etymology: < rid v. + -er suffix1. With sense 2 compare earlier redder n.1 1.
1. A person who or thing which gets rids of something.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > safety > rescue or deliverance > [noun] > one who rescues or delivers
leesera1300
delivererc1350
savioura1382
ransomera1400
salvatora1400
savera1400
ridder1533
rescuer1535
redeemer1552
saviouress1563
vindicator1566
sospitator1650
redemptor1858
salvationist1971
1533 J. Heywood Mery Play Pardoner & Frere sig. B.i This is the pardon, the rydder of your synne.
1839 R. F. Williams Youth of Shakspeare I. viii. 221 The poison is the most subtle I ever heard of... Truly, 'tis a notable ridder of enemies.
1989 Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) (Nexis) 26 June b3 Standing tall in black leather and polyurethane boots..the resolute ridder of evil glares menacingly from behind a protective glass case.
2009 Texas Monthly (Nexis) Feb. 36 You may simply peruse the telephone directory and summon your local critter ridder, wildlife relocator, or exterminator.
2. Scottish. A person who settles something; spec. a person who acts to settle a dispute or to separate combatants (cf. redder n.1 1). Obsolete.Recorded earliest in the compound teind ridder: see quot. 1542.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > peace > pacification > [noun] > parting of combatants > one who parts combatants
partera1425
redder1453
stickler1538
ridder1542
1542 in C. Rogers Rental Bk. Cupar-Angus (1880) II. 215 Conforme to the tende ridaris in thai partis.
1624 in J. Maidment Spottiswoode Misc. (1845) II. 307 The said Alexander alleged that..he was a ridder and intervener between them that not one of them should hurt another.
1637 Presbytery Bk. Strathbogie (Spalding Club) 12 He..was a ridder only between him and John Milne.
1642 in J. Stuart Extracts Presbytery Bk. Strathbogie (1843) 28 The brethren present thocht him to be ane rogh ridder.
1862 R. Whately Misc. Remains (1864) 214 The Scotch proverb that ‘the ridder gets aye the worst stroke in the fray’.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

ridderv.1

Brit. /ˈrɪdə/, U.S. /ˈrɪdər/
Forms: Old English hridrian, early Middle English riddrede (past tense), 1600s (1800s– English regional (Wiltshire)) rudder, 1700s– ridder.
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: ridder n.1
Etymology: < ridder n.1 Compare Old Saxon hrīdron, Old High German rītarōn, hrītarōn (Middle High German rītern, German (now regional) reitern, †reutern).In Old English the prefixed form gehrīdrian (compare y- prefix) is also apparently attested (in an isolated occurrence):OE Lambeth Psalter lxxvi. 7 Et exercitabar et scobebam spiritum meum : & ic wæs gegearcod uel & ic geswanc & ic sweop uel & gehrudrede [read gehridrede or gehrydrede] minne gast. [eOE Vespasian Psalter Uentilabam in me spiritum meum : windwade in me gast minne.]
English regional (west midlands and south-western) in later use. Now rare.
transitive. To sift or riddle (wheat, etc.); to winnow (corn). Also intransitive.figurative in quot. OE.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of grain > [verb (transitive)] > clean grain > by sieve
temsec950
ridderOE
boltc1175
bunt1340
riddle1440
ree?1523
range1538
succernate1623
ravela1690
reeve1777
the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > sifting > sift [verb (transitive)]
try1382
searcec1400
garble1419
riddle1440
sieve1499
cribble1558
cribe1570
sift1591
succernate1623
cribrate1627
percribrate1652
screen1657
ridder1743
OE West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Corpus Cambr.) xxii. 31 Nu Satanas gyrnde þæt he eow hridrude [c1200 Hatton riddrede; L. cribraret] swa swa hwæte.
1612 R. Loder Farm Accts. (1936) 24 Payd for Ruddering.
a1728 W. Kennett MS Coll. Provinc. Words (BL Lansdowne MS 1033) f. 322/2 To ridder wheat... Oxfordsh.
1743 W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman Dec. viii. 61 When he riddered it..he made Use of a Boy to supply his Sieve.
1832 Q. Jrnl. Agric. 4 No. 19. 38 When the corn has been riddered, it is thrown in shovelfuls from one end of the barn-floor towards the other.
1893 G. E. Dartnell & E. H. Goddard Gloss. Words Wilts. Rudder,..to sift.
1903 W. P. Merrick in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1904) V. 99/2 [West Midlands] Ridder, the word is remembered, but the practice discontinued, owing to the introduction of machinery.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

ridderv.2

Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps formed within English, by derivation. Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymons: rid v., -er suffix5; ridder v.1
Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps < rid v. + -er suffix5, or perhaps a transferred use of ridder v.1 (compare similar use in sense ‘to remove’ of riddle v.1 2b).
English regional (Hertfordshire). Obsolete. rare.
transitive. To remove surplus wood from (a hedge).
ΚΠ
1744 W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman Jan. xii. 92 When the Hedge is riddered, as we call it, that is, when all the superfluous Wood..is taken out.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2021).
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