† retheadj.

Forms: early Old English hræðþra (comparative), Old English hreþe (rare), Old English hreðe (rare), Old English hroeðe (Northumbrian), Old English ræðe (rare), Old English roeðe (chiefly Anglian), Old English–early Middle English reðe, Old English–Middle English reþe, early Middle English ræð- (in compounds), Middle English reth; Scottish pre-1700 reche, pre-1700 reich, pre-1700 reith, pre-1700 reitht, pre-1700 reth, pre-1700 rethe, pre-1700 retht, pre-1700 retthe, pre-1700 reythe, 1800s reithe.

Origin: Of unknown origin.

Etymology: Origin unknown. Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at reth, reith adj. compares Old Icelandic reiðr angry (see wroth adj.), but there seems no strong reason for suspecting that the Old English word was merged with a borrowing of this (etymologically unrelated) word from early Scandinavian.

Obsolete (Scottish in later use).

a. Of a person, a person's disposition, etc.: cruel, harsh; given to violence or severity; (of an animal) savage, uncontrollable.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adjective]

retheeOE

hotOE

strongOE

woodlyc1000

un-i-rideOE

stoura1122

brathc1175

unridec1175

unrudec1225

starklyc1275

toughc1275

wood1297

ragec1330

unrekena1350

biga1375

furialc1386

outrageousc1390

savagea1393

violenta1393

bremelya1400

snarta1400

wrothlya1400

fightingc1400

runishc1400

dour?a1425

derfc1440

churlousa1450

roida1450

fervent1465

churlish1477

orgulous1483

felona1500

brathfula1522

brathlya1525

fanatic1533

furious1535

boisterous1544

blusterous1548

ungentle1551

sore1563

full-mouthed1594

savage wild1595

Herculean1602

shrill1608

robustious1612

efferous1614

thundering1618

churly1620

ferocient1655

turbulent1656

efferate1684

knock-me-down1760

haggard-wild1786

ensanguined1806

rammish1807

fulminatory1820

riproarious1830

natural1832

survigrous1835

sabre-toothed1849

cataclysmal1861

thunderous1874

fierce1912

cataractal1926

the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > savagery > [adjective]

grimlyc893

retheeOE

grim971

bitterOE

bremec1175

grillc1175

grimfula1240

cruel1297

sturdy1297

fiercea1300

fellc1300

boistousa1387

felonousc1386

savagea1393

bestiala1398

bremelya1400

felona1400

hetera1400

cursedc1400

wicked14..

vengeablec1430

wolvishc1430

unnatural?1473

inhuman1481

brutisha1513

cruent1524

felonish1530

mannish1530

abominate1531

lionish1549

boarish?1550

truculent?c1550

unhumanc1550

lion-like1556

beastly1558

orped1567

raw?1573

tigerish?1573

unmanlike1579

boisterous1581

savaged1583

tiger-like1587

yond1590

truculental1593

savage wild1595

tigerous1597

inhumane1598

Neronian1598

immane1599

Phalarical1602

ungentle1603

feral1604

savagious1605

fierceful1607

Dionysian1608

wolvy1611

Hunnish1625

lionly1631

tigerly1633

savage-hearted1639

brutal1641

feroce1641

ferocious1646

asperous1650

ferousa1652

wolfish1674

tiger1763

savage-fierce1770

Tartar1809

Tartarly1821

Neroic1851

tigery1859

Neronic1864

unmannish1867

inhumanitarian1947

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > ill-treatment > cruelty > [adjective]

wrothc893

retheeOE

hateleOE

grim971

hardOE

cruel1297

despitousc1374

savagea1393

fadea1400

hetera1400

keen?c1425

vengeablec1430

despiteful1488

unmanfula1500

despiteous?1510

cruent1524

felonish1530

Herodian1581

felly1583

savaged1583

Neronian1598

savagious1605

Dionysian1608

black-blooded1771

atrocious1772

Neroic1851

Neronic1864

eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iii. iii. 162 Þa wæs him sended ærest oðer biscop reðes modes monn [L. austerioris animi uir].

OE Beowulf (2008) 122 Wiht unhælo..gearo sona wæs, reoc ond reþe.

OE Ælfric Let. to Sigeweard (De Veteri et Novo Test.) (Laud) 41 Se reða [c1175 Bodl. 343 reða] kyning, Mannases gehaten,..hine tocleaf on twa.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1100 He wæs swiðe strang & reðe ofer his land & his mænn.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 21984 (MED) He [sc. Antichrist] sal cumme reth raisand in pride.

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) iii. l. 193 Reth [1570 Lekprevik ed. Riche] hors repende rouschede frekis wndyr feit.

a1525 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (St Andrews) v. l. 3819 [Bot rageande] reitht [in wodnes Helde noucht ordyr off richtwisnes].

b. Scottish. Keen, eager; zealous. rare.

ΚΠ

1818 J. Hogg Brownie of Bodsbeck I. 143 ‘Is your master a very religious man?’ ‘He's weel eneugh that way—no that very reithe ont.’

a. Of a thing: terrible, dreadful; fierce; (of judgement) harsh, severe.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > strictness > [adjective] > severe or stern

wrothc893

retheeOE

stithc897

starkOE

sternOE

hardOE

dangerous?c1225

sharpa1340

asperc1374

austerec1384

shrewda1387

snella1400

sternful?a1400

unsterna1400

dour?a1425

piquant1521

tetrical1528

tetric1533

sorea1535

rugged?1548

severe1548

hard-handed1611

Catonian1676

tetricous1727

heavy1849

acerbic1853

stiff1856

Catonic1883

tough1905

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [adjective]

heavyc825

retheeOE

stithc897

hardeOE

starkOE

sternOE

dangerous?c1225

sharp?c1225

unsoftc1275

sturdy1297

asperc1374

austerec1384

shrewda1387

snella1400

sternful?a1400

dour?a1425

thrallc1430

piquant1521

tetrical1528

tetric1533

sorea1535

rugged?1548

severe1548

iron1574

harsh1579

strict1600

angry1650

Catonian1676

Draconic1708

tetricous1727

alkaline1789

acerbic1853

stiff1856

acerbate1869

acerbitous1870

Draconian1876

Catonic1883

eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) xliii. 317 Se reða & se egeslica dæg, se cymð ofer ealle eorðwaran ungeðinged, sua sua grin.

OE Blickling Homilies 95 Þonne he him sylfum reþne dom & heardne geearnaþ & begyteþ.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 15 (MED) Moni hit [sc. mis-don wið oðre] forlet for þa reða dome þe þa wes.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 21962 (MED) His [sc. Christ's] first comme it was ful smeth, þe toþer sal be rugh and reth [Fairf. felle].

a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) v. l. 1902 Bot ay withe roris reythe he [rerde].

b. Of weather, the sea, etc.: turbulent, rough; forceful.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [adjective] > severe or violent (of weather or elements)

retheeOE

strongOE

stithc1100

snella1400

woodc1400

outrage?a1425

violentc1425

sternc1449

strainable1497

rigorous1513

stalwart1528

vehement1528

sore1535

sturdy1569

robustious1632

severe1676

beating1702

shaving1789

snorting1819

wroth1852

wrathy1872

snapping1876

vicious1882

eOE Metres of Boethius (partly from transcript of damaged MS) (2009) vii. 27 Þonne he [read hi, sc. modsefan] strong dreceð wind under wolcnum woruldearfoða, oþþe hit eft se reða ren onhrereð sumes ymbhogan.

OE Judith (transcript of damaged MS) 348 Wind ond lyfte, roderas ond rume grundas, swylce eac reðe streamas ond swegles dreamas.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22145 (MED) Brathli to do þe se be reth, And brathli to do it be smeth.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) 24838 (MED) Þe wedir als in somer smeþe, Son bigan be rug and reþe.

a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) iv. l. 1414 Of Tybyr þe rewere Sa retthe of spate wiþe wateris weyr Rasse.

a1550 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Wemyss) i. viii. 396 Boggis beillit out and bristit, And ranys reith.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

单词	rethe
释义	† retheadj. Forms: early Old English hræðþra (comparative), Old English hreþe (rare), Old English hreðe (rare), Old English hroeðe (Northumbrian), Old English ræðe (rare), Old English roeðe (chiefly Anglian), Old English–early Middle English reðe, Old English–Middle English reþe, early Middle English ræð- (in compounds), Middle English reth; Scottish pre-1700 reche, pre-1700 reich, pre-1700 reith, pre-1700 reitht, pre-1700 reth, pre-1700 rethe, pre-1700 retht, pre-1700 retthe, pre-1700 reythe, 1800s reithe. Origin: Of unknown origin. Etymology: Origin unknown. Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at reth, reith adj. compares Old Icelandic reiðr angry (see wroth adj.), but there seems no strong reason for suspecting that the Old English word was merged with a borrowing of this (etymologically unrelated) word from early Scandinavian. Obsolete (Scottish in later use). 1. a. Of a person, a person's disposition, etc.: cruel, harsh; given to violence or severity; (of an animal) savage, uncontrollable. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adjective] retheeOE hotOE strongOE woodlyc1000 un-i-rideOE stoura1122 brathc1175 unridec1175 unrudec1225 starklyc1275 toughc1275 wood1297 ragec1330 unrekena1350 biga1375 furialc1386 outrageousc1390 savagea1393 violenta1393 bremelya1400 snarta1400 wrothlya1400 fightingc1400 runishc1400 dour?a1425 derfc1440 churlousa1450 roida1450 fervent1465 churlish1477 orgulous1483 felona1500 brathfula1522 brathlya1525 fanatic1533 furious1535 boisterous1544 blusterous1548 ungentle1551 sore1563 full-mouthed1594 savage wild1595 Herculean1602 shrill1608 robustious1612 efferous1614 thundering1618 churly1620 ferocient1655 turbulent1656 efferate1684 knock-me-down1760 haggard-wild1786 ensanguined1806 rammish1807 fulminatory1820 riproarious1830 natural1832 survigrous1835 sabre-toothed1849 cataclysmal1861 thunderous1874 fierce1912 cataractal1926 the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > savagery > [adjective] grimlyc893 retheeOE grim971 bitterOE bremec1175 grillc1175 grimfula1240 cruel1297 sturdy1297 fiercea1300 fellc1300 boistousa1387 felonousc1386 savagea1393 bestiala1398 bremelya1400 felona1400 hetera1400 cursedc1400 wicked14.. vengeablec1430 wolvishc1430 unnatural?1473 inhuman1481 brutisha1513 cruent1524 felonish1530 mannish1530 abominate1531 lionish1549 boarish?1550 truculent?c1550 unhumanc1550 lion-like1556 beastly1558 orped1567 raw?1573 tigerish?1573 unmanlike1579 boisterous1581 savaged1583 tiger-like1587 yond1590 truculental1593 savage wild1595 tigerous1597 inhumane1598 Neronian1598 immane1599 Phalarical1602 ungentle1603 feral1604 savagious1605 fierceful1607 Dionysian1608 wolvy1611 Hunnish1625 lionly1631 tigerly1633 savage-hearted1639 brutal1641 feroce1641 ferocious1646 asperous1650 ferousa1652 wolfish1674 tiger1763 savage-fierce1770 Tartar1809 Tartarly1821 Neroic1851 tigery1859 Neronic1864 unmannish1867 inhumanitarian1947 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > ill-treatment > cruelty > [adjective] wrothc893 retheeOE hateleOE grim971 hardOE cruel1297 despitousc1374 savagea1393 fadea1400 hetera1400 keen?c1425 vengeablec1430 despiteful1488 unmanfula1500 despiteous?1510 cruent1524 felonish1530 Herodian1581 felly1583 savaged1583 Neronian1598 savagious1605 Dionysian1608 black-blooded1771 atrocious1772 Neroic1851 Neronic1864 eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iii. iii. 162 Þa wæs him sended ærest oðer biscop reðes modes monn [L. austerioris animi uir]. OE Beowulf (2008) 122 Wiht unhælo..gearo sona wæs, reoc ond reþe. OE Ælfric Let. to Sigeweard (De Veteri et Novo Test.) (Laud) 41 Se reða [c1175 Bodl. 343 reða] kyning, Mannases gehaten,..hine tocleaf on twa. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1100 He wæs swiðe strang & reðe ofer his land & his mænn. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 21984 (MED) He [sc. Antichrist] sal cumme reth raisand in pride. 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) iii. l. 193 Reth [1570 Lekprevik ed. Riche] hors repende rouschede frekis wndyr feit. a1525 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (St Andrews) v. l. 3819 [Bot rageande] reitht [in wodnes Helde noucht ordyr off richtwisnes]. b. Scottish. Keen, eager; zealous. rare. ΚΠ 1818 J. Hogg Brownie of Bodsbeck I. 143 ‘Is your master a very religious man?’ ‘He's weel eneugh that way—no that very reithe ont.’ 2. a. Of a thing: terrible, dreadful; fierce; (of judgement) harsh, severe. ΘΚΠ society > authority > strictness > [adjective] > severe or stern wrothc893 retheeOE stithc897 starkOE sternOE hardOE dangerous?c1225 sharpa1340 asperc1374 austerec1384 shrewda1387 snella1400 sternful?a1400 unsterna1400 dour?a1425 piquant1521 tetrical1528 tetric1533 sorea1535 rugged?1548 severe1548 hard-handed1611 Catonian1676 tetricous1727 heavy1849 acerbic1853 stiff1856 Catonic1883 tough1905 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [adjective] heavyc825 retheeOE stithc897 hardeOE starkOE sternOE dangerous?c1225 sharp?c1225 unsoftc1275 sturdy1297 asperc1374 austerec1384 shrewda1387 snella1400 sternful?a1400 dour?a1425 thrallc1430 piquant1521 tetrical1528 tetric1533 sorea1535 rugged?1548 severe1548 iron1574 harsh1579 strict1600 angry1650 Catonian1676 Draconic1708 tetricous1727 alkaline1789 acerbic1853 stiff1856 acerbate1869 acerbitous1870 Draconian1876 Catonic1883 eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) xliii. 317 Se reða & se egeslica dæg, se cymð ofer ealle eorðwaran ungeðinged, sua sua grin. OE Blickling Homilies 95 Þonne he him sylfum reþne dom & heardne geearnaþ & begyteþ. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 15 (MED) Moni hit [sc. mis-don wið oðre] forlet for þa reða dome þe þa wes. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 21962 (MED) His [sc. Christ's] first comme it was ful smeth, þe toþer sal be rugh and reth [Fairf. felle]. a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) v. l. 1902 Bot ay withe roris reythe he [rerde]. b. Of weather, the sea, etc.: turbulent, rough; forceful. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [adjective] > severe or violent (of weather or elements) retheeOE strongOE stithc1100 snella1400 woodc1400 outrage?a1425 violentc1425 sternc1449 strainable1497 rigorous1513 stalwart1528 vehement1528 sore1535 sturdy1569 robustious1632 severe1676 beating1702 shaving1789 snorting1819 wroth1852 wrathy1872 snapping1876 vicious1882 eOE Metres of Boethius (partly from transcript of damaged MS) (2009) vii. 27 Þonne he [read hi, sc. modsefan] strong dreceð wind under wolcnum woruldearfoða, oþþe hit eft se reða ren onhrereð sumes ymbhogan. OE Judith (transcript of damaged MS) 348 Wind ond lyfte, roderas ond rume grundas, swylce eac reðe streamas ond swegles dreamas. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22145 (MED) Brathli to do þe se be reth, And brathli to do it be smeth. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) 24838 (MED) Þe wedir als in somer smeþe, Son bigan be rug and reþe. a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) iv. l. 1414 Of Tybyr þe rewere Sa retthe of spate wiþe wateris weyr Rasse. a1550 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Wemyss) i. viii. 396 Boggis beillit out and bristit, And ranys reith. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online December 2020). < adj.eOE
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