retardationn.

Brit.

/ˌriːtɑːˈdeɪʃn/, U.S.

/ˌriˌtɑrˈdeɪʃ(ə)n/

Forms: late Middle English retardacioun, late Middle English retardacyoun, late Middle English–1500s retardacion, late Middle English– retardation.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French retardation; Latin retardātiōn-, retardātiō.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman retardacioun, Anglo-Norman and Middle French retardation, retardacion (French retardation ) obstacle, hindrance (c1350), delay (c1377), fact of slowing down or delaying something (1396) and its etymon classical Latin retardātiōn-, retardātiō action of hanging back or delaying < retardāt- , past participial stem of retardāre retard v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Spanish retardación (early 16th cent.), Italian ritardazione , †retardazione (14th cent.). Compare later retard v.

1. gen.

a. The action of slowing down or delaying something, esp. with regard to progress or development; an instance of this; (also) the fact or condition of being slowed down or delayed.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > a suitable time or opportunity > untimeliness > delay or postponement > [noun]

longingeOE

bideOE

abodec1225

bodea1300

demura1300

dwella1300

litinga1300

delayc1300

delayingc1300

demurrancec1300

but honec1325

without ensoignec1325

abidec1330

dretchingc1330

dwellingc1330

essoinc1330

tarrying1340

litea1350

delaymenta1393

respitea1393

oversettinga1398

delayancea1400

delitea1400

lingeringa1400

stounding?a1400

sunyiea1400

targea1400

train?a1400

deferring14..

dilation14..

dayc1405

prolongingc1425

spacec1430

adjourningc1436

retardationc1437

prolongation?a1439

training1440

adjournment1445

sleuthingc1450

tarry1451

tarriance1460

prorogation1476

oversetc1485

tarriage1488

debaid1489

supersedement1492

superseding1494

off-putting1496

postponing1496

tract1503

dilating1509

sparinga1513

hafting1519

sufferance1523

tracking1524

sticking1525

stay1530

pause1532

protraction1535

tracting1535

protract of time1536

protracting1540

postposition1546

staying1546

procrastination1548

difference1559

surceasing1560

tardation1568

detract1570

detracting1572

tarryment1575

rejourning1578

detraction1579

longness1579

rejournment1579

holding1581

reprieving1583

cunctation1585

retarding1585

retardance1586

temporizing1587

by and by1591

suspensea1592

procrastinatinga1594

tardance1595

linger1597

forslacking1600

morrowing1602

recess1603

deferment1612

attendance1614

put-off1623

adjournal1627

fristing1637

hanging-up1638

retardment1640

dilatoriness1642

suspension1645

stickagea1647

tardidation1647

transtemporation1651

demurragea1656

prolatation1656

prolation1656

moration1658

perendination1658

offput1730

retardure1751

postponement1757

retard1781

traverse1799

tarrowing1832

mañana1845

temporization1888

procrastinativeness1893

deferral1895

traa dy liooar1897

stalling1927

heel-tapping1949

off-put1970

the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > types or manners of hindrance > [noun] > hindering or retarding

retardationc1437

tardation1568

delay1570

retarding1585

detention1589

forslowing1611

remore1627

retardment1640

tardidation1647

backing1649

retardure1751

demurrage1817

delayal1834

delaying action1872

heel-tapping?1883

c1437 Chancery Proc. Ser. C1 File 9 No. 281 (MED) Þe seid Thomas Botiller hath take an accion ayens þe seid executors..in retardacion of paying of the seid John.

1474–5 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1472 3rd Roll §55. m. 3 William..in the said prisone of Newgate is reteyned, to grete delay and retardation of procedyng..in this present parlement.

1508 in Lett. Richard III & Henry VII (1861) I. 451 The retardacion of their ambassade.

1513 King Henry VIII in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1822) I. ii. 6 By the retardation of our said ship she now lately fell into the daungier & hands of the Mores.

1597 J. Tanner Serm. Paules Crosse (new ed.) 66 Retardation of death, of this saith Ezechiel, I will not the death of a sinner, but rather that hee turne and liue.

1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Pp2 Causing a retardation of Reading, and some sloth or relaxation of Memorie.

1661 A. Cowley Proposition Advancem. Exper. Philos. 26 All manner of Experiments concerning Plants, as their Melioration, Acceleration, Retardation.

1702 C. Mather Magnalia Christi i. ii. 5/1 Finding the Reformation of the Church..to labour under a sort of hopeless Retardation.

1762 B. Stillingfleet tr. Misc. Tracts (ed. 2) 253 In order to determine accurately the acceleration or retardation of the winter.

1817 T. R. Malthus Ess. Princ. Population (ed. 5) III. App. 421 A gradual change..would then effect the necessary retardation in the rate of increase.

1865 C. J. Ellicott Destiny Creature (ed. 4) Pref. 6 They speak of nought but obstructions and retardations, where all is buoyancy and progress.

1891 C. L. Morgan Animal Life & Intell. 223 This retardation or decreased rate of growth.

1936 Lancet 18 Jan. 161/1 In both the depressed and exalted phases three symptoms are to be noted. In the depressed phase emotional depression, psychomotor retardation, and difficulty in thinking.

1967 Jrnl. Pediatrics 70 413 Retardation in height and weight was noted in all children with cardiac disease.

1981 V. Kulvinskas et al. Life in 21st Cent. iii. 252 Retardation of estrus observed in female rats.

2002 K. Matinuddin Nuclearization S. Asia ii. 42 Corruption was increasing, unemployment was rising, and the economic retardation of the Kashmiris was growing.

†b. The action or fact of staying behind or lingering. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > slowness of action or operation > [noun] > slowness to act

retardation1633

dilatoriness1642

tarditude1794

laggardness1869

impromptitude1887

foot-dragging1947

1633 T. Adams Comm. 2 Peter (iii. 18) 1521 Thinke upon his [sc. Lot's] wives retardation and retrospection.

2. Science.

a. Deceleration or reduction in velocity; spec. the slowing of the motion of a planet or satellite along part of its orbit; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > heavenly body > movement of heavenly bodies > [noun] > retardation

retardationa1475

the world > matter > physics > mechanics > dynamics > [noun] > speed or direction as vector quality > rate of increase of velocity > opposite of acceleration

retardationa1475

lag1855

a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) l. 12362 (MED) Sythe, thys bodyes celestyal..Ben let thus in ther mocyouns, And han swych retardacyouns..Merveylle nat thogh yt be so That thow be let in thy vyage..Off Retardaciouns that falle.

1647 H. More Philos. Poems Notes 392 The acceleration or retardation of the motion of the Earth will make the sea fluctuate.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) The Retardation of moving Bodies arises from two great Causes: The Resistence of the Medium, and the Force of Gravity.

1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. III. xxvii. 132 Accelerations and retardations may be considered as quantities, and are measured by the changes of velocity.

1814 J. Playfair Outl. Nat. Philos. II. i. x. 183 The amount of the retardation, from the opposition to the conjunction, is 16_m 26^s nearly.

1862 H. Spencer First Princ. i. iii. §17. 57 We daily witness the gradual retardation and final stoppage of things projected from the hand or otherwise impelled.

1945 C. E. Balleisen Princ. Firearms xi. 118 The force required to penetrate or break the screen has its corresponding effect on the bullet... It receives a sudden retardation.

1975 Nature 27 Mar. 314/2 The energy dissipation..necessary to account for the secular retardation of the rate of rotation of the Earth.

2001 Car & Driver Dec. 9/2 When I gave the brakes a pretty decent stab for the turn, nothing happened! I doubled my pedal effort and sensed a tiny bit of retardation.

†(a) The length of time by which the interval between successive morning tides exceeds the solar day. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > tide > type of tide > [noun] > high > excess of period above solar day

retardation1663

1663 G. Harvey Archelogia Philosophica Nova II. ii. vii. 304 (margin) Hence you may collect the cause of the retardation of the tide every day.

1686 J. Goad Astro-meteorologica vi. 19 The Retardation of the Tide, parallel to the Moon's coming to the South about 48 minutes later, the only common motion as is acknowledged to the Planet and the Element, is such an argument.

1797 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 521/1 The difference between a solar day and a tide day is called the priming or the retardation of the tides.

1845 Encycl. Metrop. V. 241* The average retardation from day to day being about 40 minutes.

(b) The length of time elapsing between the passage of the moon over a meridian and the high point of the tide that it has caused at this point; (occasionally also) the lunitidal interval. Cf. retard n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > tide > type of tide > [noun] > high > interval between moon's transit and

retard1833

retardation1845

1845 Encycl. Metrop. V. 257* The retardation of high water after the moon's passage over the meridian.

1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 366/2 When the mean semi-range and retardation of any tide are known its height may be computed for any instant.

1952 J. A. Steers et al. Lake's Physical Geogr. (ed. 3) ii. iii. 184 There is also a lag in the maximum noted at perigee of up to 1½ days. This retardation in tidal response is called the age of the tide and usually is assumed to be due to friction.

2000 R. C. Bostrom Tectonic Consequences Earth's Rotation ii. 31 The height of each tide, and the retardation of phase (or the lag) are functions of the frequency of the tide, and of the constants expressive of the physical constitution of the spheroid.

c. The slowing of a ray of light when it enters or passes through a denser medium; (also) the phase difference between two waves arriving at the same point owing to one of the waves having been slowed along part of its path, or diverted along a longer path.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > heat > [noun] > slowing

retardation1722

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > emission of light, radiation > [noun] > speed of light > slowing

retardation1722

1722 B. Worster Compend. Acct. Princ. Nat. Philos. 207 Let BC represent the Interval of Retardation in any Ray.

1769 J. Fenn Instr. given in Drawing School I. 102 The Ray passes through Degrees of Retardation which are in the same Ratio, and in the same inverse order as the Degrees of Acceleration which is passed through at its incidence.

1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics xxiv. 213 They will..produce a colour or a fringe corresponding to the retardation of one of the rays within the plate.

1882 G. M. Minchin Uniplanar Kinematics 18 A retardation of a whole wave length..is tantamount to no retardation at all.

1940 Chambers's Techn. Dict. 633/2 Phase retardation, the same as phase delay, but usually expressed in radians, whereas phase delay generally refers to time in seconds.

1989 R. Dryer & G. Lata Exper. Biochem. i. ii. 24 In such dual reflections, there is always a phase shift, or retardation, equal to exactly one-half the wavelength.

2002 M. Vable Mech. of Materials viii. 554 The ray along the slower axis reaches the same magnitude as the faster ray after a time Δt. The time Δt is called retardation time.

3. Music.

a. A suspension (suspension n. 8) which is resolved by raising the dissonant note by one step.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > harmony or sounds in combination > [noun] > movement of parts > suspension, anticipation, etc.

resolution1721

preparation1728

postposition1730

retardation1730

suspense1737

suspension1786

anticipation1819

triple suspension1876

percussion1880

1730 Short Treat. Harmony 37 Postposition, or Retardation of Harmony, is the putting a Discord upon the Accented Part of the Bar, follow'd by a Concord on the Unaccented Part, but not Prepared and Resolved, according to the Regular Rules for Discords.

1768 J. C. Heck Compl. Syst. Harmony x. 17 If the Discord syncopes in the upper Parts, we may look upon it to be a Retardation of the succeeding Note.

1818 T. Busby Gram. Music 339 This Discord, the dissonant note of which is but a retardation of the Eighth, is liable to four changes.

1868 F. A. G. Ouseley Treat. Harmony ix. 112 When an interval of a melody (or of an inner part) is kept back in ascending, it is called a retardation.

1899 F. Bridge & F. J. Sawyer Harmony xiii. 98 A Retardation is formed when a note, which should ascend in its progression one degree, is delayed.

1930 Musical Times 71 226/2 Free use is made of unessential notes—retardations, appoggiaturas, passing-notes, &c.

1988 Computer Music Jrnl. 12 38/2 Except for a couple of retardations and one inharmonic passing tone, each new note appears in harmonic series order.

b. A slackening of the tempo; a slowing down.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > duration of notes > tempo > [noun] > increase or decrease

accelerando1786

retardation1786

ritardando1838

ritard1859

allargando1873

stringendo1937

ritenuto1955

1786 T. Busby Compl. Dict. Music sig. O^v Primo Tempo,..an expression used after a retardation or acceleration of the time, to signify that the first motion of the measure is resumed.

1834 Penny Cycl. II. 549/2 A tempo, in music..signifies, that after any change in motion, by retardation or acceleration, the original movement is to be restored.

1853 E. S. Sheppard Charles Auchester II. 180 The slightest possible retardation at its close brought us to the refrain of the simple adagio.

1904 D. G. Mason Masters in Music III. 206 This well-known and exceedingly popular polka-mazurka depends for its seductiveness..on the slight retardations and accelerations in tempo of which it is full.

1952 Musical Q. 38 397 An actual change of tempo, a true acceleration or retardation, is possible only in much narrower limits.

2001 Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) (Nexis) 27 July 45 Every tune has a tempo, of course, but that is altered by..acceleration and retardation of the time.

4. Psychology and Education. Cf. retarded adj. 2.

a. More fully mental retardation. The condition, apparent before the age of 18 years, of having below-average intellectual capacity, accompanied by deficits in adaptive functioning; spec. the condition of having an IQ below 70. The condition is subdivided into the categories mild, moderate, severe, and profound. Mental retardation and mental impairment are currently the preferred terms for this condition (replacing both mental deficiency and mental handicap), but neither term enjoys universal approval.

ΚΠ

1892 C. A. Rhodes Dis. Children 143 The affection of the nervous system..is manifest by paralysis more or less localized, epilepsy, hydrocephalous, idiocy, and mental retardation.

1907 A. Ross Diefendorf Clin. Psychiatry (rev. ed.) 43 Mental retardation can..produce a form of confusion of thought, through the slowing of the process of comprehension and mental elaboration.

1951 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 51 745/1 Kernicterus is frequently fatal, but if the infant does survive, evidences of motor disability in later infancy and mental retardation are usually present.

1975 E. E. Balthazar & H. A. Stevens Emotionally Disturbed, Mentally Retarded i. 3 The problems imposed by mental retardation and adaptive behavior.

1989 USA Today (Nexis) 10 Jan. (News section) 8 a A criminal's retardation certainly ought to be a factor that judges and juries weigh in passing sentence.

2003 V. Patel Where there is no Psychiatrist viii. 157 Children with mild mental retardation may..show emotional and behavioural problems in the classroom... Children with more severe mental retardation often have brain damage.

b. North American. Education. In a child: the fact or condition of falling below the attainment level expected at a particular age, or of being held back as a result of failure to progress at the expected rate. Also: the measure by which a child lags behind the expected standard; a delay in progress of a specified number of years. Cf. retard n. 4a.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > psychology > developmental psychology > acquisition of knowledge > learning impairment > [noun]

retardation1907

moronism1913

learning disability1920

subnormality1935

1907 Psychol. Clinic I. 98 The failure of many pupils to be promoted regularly from grade to grade—retardation—has been a subject for..serious consideration.

1914 W. B. Drummond tr. A. Binet & T. Simon Mentally Defective Children ii. 16 According to a convention..we regard as defective in intelligence a child who shows a retardation of three years, when he himself is nine years of age or more.

1937 C. L. Burt Backward Child iv. 78 Thus, at the age of 10, the borderline for backwardness is a retardation of 1½ years (not, as is so commonly stated, of 2 years), or, in terms of the ratio, 15 per cent.

1974 D. B. Tyack One Best Syst. 243 Retardation rates were generally lower for those children of all nationalities whose parents spoke English..and whose fathers had lived for long periods in the United States.

1998 Overcoming Failure at School (O.E.C.D.) i. ii. 64/1 In theory, it is easy to calculate school retardation rates on the basis of the theoretical age of the pupils in a given grade and the identification of pupils one year or more over that age.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	retardation
释义	retardationn. Brit. /ˌriːtɑːˈdeɪʃn/, U.S. /ˌriˌtɑrˈdeɪʃ(ə)n/ Forms: late Middle English retardacioun, late Middle English retardacyoun, late Middle English–1500s retardacion, late Middle English– retardation. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French retardation; Latin retardātiōn-, retardātiō. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman retardacioun, Anglo-Norman and Middle French retardation, retardacion (French retardation ) obstacle, hindrance (c1350), delay (c1377), fact of slowing down or delaying something (1396) and its etymon classical Latin retardātiōn-, retardātiō action of hanging back or delaying < retardāt- , past participial stem of retardāre retard v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Spanish retardación (early 16th cent.), Italian ritardazione , †retardazione (14th cent.). Compare later retard v. 1. gen. a. The action of slowing down or delaying something, esp. with regard to progress or development; an instance of this; (also) the fact or condition of being slowed down or delayed. ΘΚΠ the world > time > a suitable time or opportunity > untimeliness > delay or postponement > [noun] longingeOE bideOE abodec1225 bodea1300 demura1300 dwella1300 litinga1300 delayc1300 delayingc1300 demurrancec1300 but honec1325 without ensoignec1325 abidec1330 dretchingc1330 dwellingc1330 essoinc1330 tarrying1340 litea1350 delaymenta1393 respitea1393 oversettinga1398 delayancea1400 delitea1400 lingeringa1400 stounding?a1400 sunyiea1400 targea1400 train?a1400 deferring14.. dilation14.. dayc1405 prolongingc1425 spacec1430 adjourningc1436 retardationc1437 prolongation?a1439 training1440 adjournment1445 sleuthingc1450 tarry1451 tarriance1460 prorogation1476 oversetc1485 tarriage1488 debaid1489 supersedement1492 superseding1494 off-putting1496 postponing1496 tract1503 dilating1509 sparinga1513 hafting1519 sufferance1523 tracking1524 sticking1525 stay1530 pause1532 protraction1535 tracting1535 protract of time1536 protracting1540 postposition1546 staying1546 procrastination1548 difference1559 surceasing1560 tardation1568 detract1570 detracting1572 tarryment1575 rejourning1578 detraction1579 longness1579 rejournment1579 holding1581 reprieving1583 cunctation1585 retarding1585 retardance1586 temporizing1587 by and by1591 suspensea1592 procrastinatinga1594 tardance1595 linger1597 forslacking1600 morrowing1602 recess1603 deferment1612 attendance1614 put-off1623 adjournal1627 fristing1637 hanging-up1638 retardment1640 dilatoriness1642 suspension1645 stickagea1647 tardidation1647 transtemporation1651 demurragea1656 prolatation1656 prolation1656 moration1658 perendination1658 offput1730 retardure1751 postponement1757 retard1781 traverse1799 tarrowing1832 mañana1845 temporization1888 procrastinativeness1893 deferral1895 traa dy liooar1897 stalling1927 heel-tapping1949 off-put1970 the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > types or manners of hindrance > [noun] > hindering or retarding retardationc1437 tardation1568 delay1570 retarding1585 detention1589 forslowing1611 remore1627 retardment1640 tardidation1647 backing1649 retardure1751 demurrage1817 delayal1834 delaying action1872 heel-tapping?1883 c1437 Chancery Proc. Ser. C1 File 9 No. 281 (MED) Þe seid Thomas Botiller hath take an accion ayens þe seid executors..in retardacion of paying of the seid John. 1474–5 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1472 3rd Roll §55. m. 3 William..in the said prisone of Newgate is reteyned, to grete delay and retardation of procedyng..in this present parlement. 1508 in Lett. Richard III & Henry VII (1861) I. 451 The retardacion of their ambassade. 1513 King Henry VIII in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1822) I. ii. 6 By the retardation of our said ship she now lately fell into the daungier & hands of the Mores. 1597 J. Tanner Serm. Paules Crosse (new ed.) 66 Retardation of death, of this saith Ezechiel, I will not the death of a sinner, but rather that hee turne and liue. 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Pp2 Causing a retardation of Reading, and some sloth or relaxation of Memorie. View more context for this quotation 1661 A. Cowley Proposition Advancem. Exper. Philos. 26 All manner of Experiments concerning Plants, as their Melioration, Acceleration, Retardation. 1702 C. Mather Magnalia Christi i. ii. 5/1 Finding the Reformation of the Church..to labour under a sort of hopeless Retardation. 1762 B. Stillingfleet tr. Misc. Tracts (ed. 2) 253 In order to determine accurately the acceleration or retardation of the winter. 1817 T. R. Malthus Ess. Princ. Population (ed. 5) III. App. 421 A gradual change..would then effect the necessary retardation in the rate of increase. 1865 C. J. Ellicott Destiny Creature (ed. 4) Pref. 6 They speak of nought but obstructions and retardations, where all is buoyancy and progress. 1891 C. L. Morgan Animal Life & Intell. 223 This retardation or decreased rate of growth. 1936 Lancet 18 Jan. 161/1 In both the depressed and exalted phases three symptoms are to be noted. In the depressed phase emotional depression, psychomotor retardation, and difficulty in thinking. 1967 Jrnl. Pediatrics 70 413 Retardation in height and weight was noted in all children with cardiac disease. 1981 V. Kulvinskas et al. Life in 21st Cent. iii. 252 Retardation of estrus observed in female rats. 2002 K. Matinuddin Nuclearization S. Asia ii. 42 Corruption was increasing, unemployment was rising, and the economic retardation of the Kashmiris was growing. †b. The action or fact of staying behind or lingering. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > slowness of action or operation > [noun] > slowness to act retardation1633 dilatoriness1642 tarditude1794 laggardness1869 impromptitude1887 foot-dragging1947 1633 T. Adams Comm. 2 Peter (iii. 18) 1521 Thinke upon his [sc. Lot's] wives retardation and retrospection. 2. Science. a. Deceleration or reduction in velocity; spec. the slowing of the motion of a planet or satellite along part of its orbit; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > heavenly body > movement of heavenly bodies > [noun] > retardation retardationa1475 the world > matter > physics > mechanics > dynamics > [noun] > speed or direction as vector quality > rate of increase of velocity > opposite of acceleration retardationa1475 lag1855 a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) l. 12362 (MED) Sythe, thys bodyes celestyal..Ben let thus in ther mocyouns, And han swych retardacyouns..Merveylle nat thogh yt be so That thow be let in thy vyage..Off Retardaciouns that falle. 1647 H. More Philos. Poems Notes 392 The acceleration or retardation of the motion of the Earth will make the sea fluctuate. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) The Retardation of moving Bodies arises from two great Causes: The Resistence of the Medium, and the Force of Gravity. 1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. III. xxvii. 132 Accelerations and retardations may be considered as quantities, and are measured by the changes of velocity. 1814 J. Playfair Outl. Nat. Philos. II. i. x. 183 The amount of the retardation, from the opposition to the conjunction, is 16_m 26^s nearly. 1862 H. Spencer First Princ. i. iii. §17. 57 We daily witness the gradual retardation and final stoppage of things projected from the hand or otherwise impelled. 1945 C. E. Balleisen Princ. Firearms xi. 118 The force required to penetrate or break the screen has its corresponding effect on the bullet... It receives a sudden retardation. 1975 Nature 27 Mar. 314/2 The energy dissipation..necessary to account for the secular retardation of the rate of rotation of the Earth. 2001 Car & Driver Dec. 9/2 When I gave the brakes a pretty decent stab for the turn, nothing happened! I doubled my pedal effort and sensed a tiny bit of retardation. b. †(a) The length of time by which the interval between successive morning tides exceeds the solar day. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > tide > type of tide > [noun] > high > excess of period above solar day retardation1663 1663 G. Harvey Archelogia Philosophica Nova II. ii. vii. 304 (margin) Hence you may collect the cause of the retardation of the tide every day. 1686 J. Goad Astro-meteorologica vi. 19 The Retardation of the Tide, parallel to the Moon's coming to the South about 48 minutes later, the only common motion as is acknowledged to the Planet and the Element, is such an argument. 1797 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 521/1 The difference between a solar day and a tide day is called the priming or the retardation of the tides. 1845 Encycl. Metrop. V. 241* The average retardation from day to day being about 40 minutes. (b) The length of time elapsing between the passage of the moon over a meridian and the high point of the tide that it has caused at this point; (occasionally also) the lunitidal interval. Cf. retard n. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > tide > type of tide > [noun] > high > interval between moon's transit and retard1833 retardation1845 1845 Encycl. Metrop. V. 257* The retardation of high water after the moon's passage over the meridian. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 366/2 When the mean semi-range and retardation of any tide are known its height may be computed for any instant. 1952 J. A. Steers et al. Lake's Physical Geogr. (ed. 3) ii. iii. 184 There is also a lag in the maximum noted at perigee of up to 1½ days. This retardation in tidal response is called the age of the tide and usually is assumed to be due to friction. 2000 R. C. Bostrom Tectonic Consequences Earth's Rotation ii. 31 The height of each tide, and the retardation of phase (or the lag) are functions of the frequency of the tide, and of the constants expressive of the physical constitution of the spheroid. c. The slowing of a ray of light when it enters or passes through a denser medium; (also) the phase difference between two waves arriving at the same point owing to one of the waves having been slowed along part of its path, or diverted along a longer path. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > heat > [noun] > slowing retardation1722 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > emission of light, radiation > [noun] > speed of light > slowing retardation1722 1722 B. Worster Compend. Acct. Princ. Nat. Philos. 207 Let BC represent the Interval of Retardation in any Ray. 1769 J. Fenn Instr. given in Drawing School I. 102 The Ray passes through Degrees of Retardation which are in the same Ratio, and in the same inverse order as the Degrees of Acceleration which is passed through at its incidence. 1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics xxiv. 213 They will..produce a colour or a fringe corresponding to the retardation of one of the rays within the plate. 1882 G. M. Minchin Uniplanar Kinematics 18 A retardation of a whole wave length..is tantamount to no retardation at all. 1940 Chambers's Techn. Dict. 633/2 Phase retardation, the same as phase delay, but usually expressed in radians, whereas phase delay generally refers to time in seconds. 1989 R. Dryer & G. Lata Exper. Biochem. i. ii. 24 In such dual reflections, there is always a phase shift, or retardation, equal to exactly one-half the wavelength. 2002 M. Vable Mech. of Materials viii. 554 The ray along the slower axis reaches the same magnitude as the faster ray after a time Δt. The time Δt is called retardation time. 3. Music. a. A suspension (suspension n. 8) which is resolved by raising the dissonant note by one step. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > harmony or sounds in combination > [noun] > movement of parts > suspension, anticipation, etc. resolution1721 preparation1728 postposition1730 retardation1730 suspense1737 suspension1786 anticipation1819 triple suspension1876 percussion1880 1730 Short Treat. Harmony 37 Postposition, or Retardation of Harmony, is the putting a Discord upon the Accented Part of the Bar, follow'd by a Concord on the Unaccented Part, but not Prepared and Resolved, according to the Regular Rules for Discords. 1768 J. C. Heck Compl. Syst. Harmony x. 17 If the Discord syncopes in the upper Parts, we may look upon it to be a Retardation of the succeeding Note. 1818 T. Busby Gram. Music 339 This Discord, the dissonant note of which is but a retardation of the Eighth, is liable to four changes. 1868 F. A. G. Ouseley Treat. Harmony ix. 112 When an interval of a melody (or of an inner part) is kept back in ascending, it is called a retardation. 1899 F. Bridge & F. J. Sawyer Harmony xiii. 98 A Retardation is formed when a note, which should ascend in its progression one degree, is delayed. 1930 Musical Times 71 226/2 Free use is made of unessential notes—retardations, appoggiaturas, passing-notes, &c. 1988 Computer Music Jrnl. 12 38/2 Except for a couple of retardations and one inharmonic passing tone, each new note appears in harmonic series order. b. A slackening of the tempo; a slowing down. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > duration of notes > tempo > [noun] > increase or decrease accelerando1786 retardation1786 ritardando1838 ritard1859 allargando1873 stringendo1937 ritenuto1955 1786 T. Busby Compl. Dict. Music sig. O^v Primo Tempo,..an expression used after a retardation or acceleration of the time, to signify that the first motion of the measure is resumed. 1834 Penny Cycl. II. 549/2 A tempo, in music..signifies, that after any change in motion, by retardation or acceleration, the original movement is to be restored. 1853 E. S. Sheppard Charles Auchester II. 180 The slightest possible retardation at its close brought us to the refrain of the simple adagio. 1904 D. G. Mason Masters in Music III. 206 This well-known and exceedingly popular polka-mazurka depends for its seductiveness..on the slight retardations and accelerations in tempo of which it is full. 1952 Musical Q. 38 397 An actual change of tempo, a true acceleration or retardation, is possible only in much narrower limits. 2001 Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) (Nexis) 27 July 45 Every tune has a tempo, of course, but that is altered by..acceleration and retardation of the time. 4. Psychology and Education. Cf. retarded adj. 2. a. More fully mental retardation. The condition, apparent before the age of 18 years, of having below-average intellectual capacity, accompanied by deficits in adaptive functioning; spec. the condition of having an IQ below 70. The condition is subdivided into the categories mild, moderate, severe, and profound. Mental retardation and mental impairment are currently the preferred terms for this condition (replacing both mental deficiency and mental handicap), but neither term enjoys universal approval. ΚΠ 1892 C. A. Rhodes Dis. Children 143 The affection of the nervous system..is manifest by paralysis more or less localized, epilepsy, hydrocephalous, idiocy, and mental retardation. 1907 A. Ross Diefendorf Clin. Psychiatry (rev. ed.) 43 Mental retardation can..produce a form of confusion of thought, through the slowing of the process of comprehension and mental elaboration. 1951 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 51 745/1 Kernicterus is frequently fatal, but if the infant does survive, evidences of motor disability in later infancy and mental retardation are usually present. 1975 E. E. Balthazar & H. A. Stevens Emotionally Disturbed, Mentally Retarded i. 3 The problems imposed by mental retardation and adaptive behavior. 1989 USA Today (Nexis) 10 Jan. (News section) 8 a A criminal's retardation certainly ought to be a factor that judges and juries weigh in passing sentence. 2003 V. Patel Where there is no Psychiatrist viii. 157 Children with mild mental retardation may..show emotional and behavioural problems in the classroom... Children with more severe mental retardation often have brain damage. b. North American. Education. In a child: the fact or condition of falling below the attainment level expected at a particular age, or of being held back as a result of failure to progress at the expected rate. Also: the measure by which a child lags behind the expected standard; a delay in progress of a specified number of years. Cf. retard n. 4a. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > psychology > developmental psychology > acquisition of knowledge > learning impairment > [noun] retardation1907 moronism1913 learning disability1920 subnormality1935 1907 Psychol. Clinic I. 98 The failure of many pupils to be promoted regularly from grade to grade—retardation—has been a subject for..serious consideration. 1914 W. B. Drummond tr. A. Binet & T. Simon Mentally Defective Children ii. 16 According to a convention..we regard as defective in intelligence a child who shows a retardation of three years, when he himself is nine years of age or more. 1937 C. L. Burt Backward Child iv. 78 Thus, at the age of 10, the borderline for backwardness is a retardation of 1½ years (not, as is so commonly stated, of 2 years), or, in terms of the ratio, 15 per cent. 1974 D. B. Tyack One Best Syst. 243 Retardation rates were generally lower for those children of all nationalities whose parents spoke English..and whose fathers had lived for long periods in the United States. 1998 Overcoming Failure at School (O.E.C.D.) i. ii. 64/1 In theory, it is easy to calculate school retardation rates on the basis of the theoretical age of the pupils in a given grade and the identification of pupils one year or more over that age. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1437
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