retaliationn.

Brit.

/rᵻˌtalɪˈeɪʃn/, U.S.

/rəˌtæliˈeɪʃ(ə)n/,

/riˌtæliˈeɪʃ(ə)n/

Forms: 1500s retaliacion, 1500s– retaliation, 1600s retailiation, 1600s–1700s retalliation.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin retaliation-, retaliatio.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin retaliation-, retaliatio revenge (from 1520 in continental sources) < classical Latin retāliāt- , past participial stem of retāliāre retaliate v.¹ + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare later retaliate v.¹Close parallels of retaliation n., retaliate v.¹, and related words are not found in Romance languages. Sense 1 does not appear to be paralleled in Latin. (Quot. 1559 at sense 1b does not translate a use of the Latin word.) Semantic association with retail v., retail n.¹, etc. is perhaps possible (perhaps compare retaliate v.²), reciprocity being taken to be characteristic of retailing, but this seems remote. Compare also the rare formations retail n.² and (apparently from the Latin verb stem) retaling n., which shows formal overlap with retailing n. Perhaps compare also Italian ritagliare to avenge (an offence) (16th cent. in an apparently isolated use), spec. sense of ritagliare retail v. (in this case the spec. sense may arise from the literal meaning ‘to cut again’).

†1.

a. Return or recompense for a service, kindness, etc.; requital, reciprocation. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > [noun]

gain-giving1489

retaliation1546

reciprocation1561

counterchange1586

return1591

paying back1598

revying1610

gratuity1614

quida1616

retreat?1615

retortion1636

retortment1649

1546 G. Joye Refut. Byshop Winchesters Derke Declar. f. viii That all the glory myghte be geuen to the grace of god in Christ Which geueth not his glory to any other nether by participation, nor by retaliacion.

1616 R. Gostwick Anatomie Ananias 156 As from God to men in matters of grace and internall benediction, so of men to God for temporall tribute, and thankefull retaliation.

1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ i. v. 10 I pray let me injoy it in that fair proportion, that I desire to return unto you, by way of correspondence, and retaliation.

1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. p. v I entertained Four of each Sex at my own Lodgings once a Month, by way of Retaliation.

b. An act or instance of this; a favour or service given in return; a requital. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > gratitude > [noun] > requital of kindness

retaliation1559

1559 T. Paynell tr. Erasmus Complaint of Peace sig. A.viii^v Α mutuall retaliation or compensatyon of benefytes.

1613 R. N. Christians Manna Pref. sig. **3 I expect a retaliation, charitably to entertaine my charitable meaning.

1656 S. Holland Don Zara i. v. 44 Meaning a retalliation of Love.

1675 E. Cocker Morals 23 He that receives a Courtesie, remains, Till his Retaliation, bound in Chains.

1700 J. Astry tr. D. de Saavedra Fajardo Royal Politician I. 335 'Tis a kind of Avarice to do good in hopes of a Retaliation.

1766 F. Webb Serm. (ed. 2) I. v. 109 To perform any charitable office, under the full expectation of a retaliation of favours, is nothing else but a commutation of good.

a. Repayment (in kind) for injury or insult; reprisal, revenge; retribution. Also in retaliation.massive retaliation: see massive adj. Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [noun] > retaliation or retribution

yieldinga1340

talion1412

retributiona1425

recompensec1425

recompensationa1513

requitement1548

retaliation1581

lex talionis1597

requital1597

retaling1597

taliationa1601

law of retalion1607

talio1611

retail1615

retorsion1637

repercussion1641

retributing1645

reddition1656

retortion1762

poetical justice1796

utu1828

retort1836

quits1865

poetic justice1991

1581 W. Lambarde Eirenarcha i. xii. 67 The Romanes vsed specially, eight sortes of chastisements,..imprisonment, stripes, retaliation,..& death.

1694 E. Phillips tr. J. Milton Lett. of State 235 If intreaty and fair means will nothing avail,..the severity of Retaliation must take its course.

1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. ix. 159 If bare Retaliation..always begets Resentment in the Person upon whom we retaliate, what would that Excess do?

1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul ii. ii. 166 Retaliation thus exercised, of course leads to new disputes.

1858 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. (ed. 2) IV. xviii. 9 Where justice could only be executed by crime, each act of violence provoked fresh retaliation.

1872 J. Yeats Growth Commerce 182 They in ‘retaliation’ attacked the Indian colonies.

a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 960 There is no doubt that some animals, such as elephants and peafowl, resent affront and seek retaliation, even after an interval has elapsed.

1967 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 113 213/2 This behaviour..led to increased anxiety, fear of murderous retaliation, ideas of reference and persecution.

2000 K. Shamsie Salt & Saffron (2001) iii. 23 When he was four he bit the nose off Dadi's stuffed reindeer and Dadi, in retaliation, bit his index finger.

b. An act or instance of this; a reprisal.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [noun] > retaliation or retribution > act or instance of

retaliation1587

counterpace1611

comeback1896

snap-back1972

1587 R. Robinson tr. Urbanus Regius Solace of Sion f. 24 Unto which fanaticall persons also the moste delicate Table of the worde of God is turned into a Snare and Trappe, yea into an offence and Retaliation.

1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall i. 6 Sylla..; who having thus served the body of Marius, could not but fear a retaliation upon his own.

1683 T. Tryon Way to Health 478 We have caused them to be burned as a Sacrifice or Retaliation.

1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall I. xiii. 270 A severe retaliation was inflicted.

1847 L. H. Kerr tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Servia 179 No Servian song commemorates this sanguinary retaliation on the Turks.

1891 Ld. Rosebery Pitt xi. 187 It does not come within the compass of this narrative to describe that insurrection, its massacres and retaliations.

1924 W. Lewis in New Statesman 2 Feb. 474/2 His retaliation would be..as effective as the argument of blood.

1970 D. Brown Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee xix. 439 So prevalent was their belief that the white men would soon disappear.., they made no retaliations.

2003 U.S. News & World Rep. 5 May 16/2 That was the lesson America's foes drew..from ‘pinprick’ retaliations for terrorist attacks.

c. law of retaliation: a retributive form of justice whereby an offender's punishment resembles the offence committed in kind and degree. Cf. lex talionis n.

ΚΠ

1612 Bp. J. Hall Contempl. I. iv. 282 They died by the same means by which they caused the poore Israelitish infants to dye; that law of retaliation which God will not allow to vs, because we are fellow creatures, hee iustly practiseth in vs.

1671 L. Addison W. Barbary xi. 174 In bodily injuries they observe the law of Retaliation, as an Eye for an Eye, a tooth for a tooth, &c. but it is in the power of the maimed party to Receive a pecuniary reparation, or without any satisfaction to remit the wrong.

1701 M. D'Assigny Hist. Earls & Earldom Flanders 48 All Murders and Woundings be punish'd by the Law of Retaliation, that is to say, by a like Punishment, and in the same manner as the Crime.

1832 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 2 199 The law of retaliation is firmly established among the native Brazilians; and, as elsewhere, is a constant source of private feuds and public warfare.

1946 Times 22 Oct. 5/4 Not only is there no place in civilised society for the law of retaliation: it was specifically repudiated by the Founder of Christianity.

1994 18th-cent. Stud. 27 683 The general law of retaliation prevailed among the Israelites in the pre-Mosaic patriarchal era.

Derivatives

retaliˈationist n. and adj. (a) n. a person who advocates retaliation, esp. (in the late 19th and early 20th centuries) an advocate of retaliation in kind against trade tariffs imposed by foreign countries; (b) adj. of or relating to retaliationists or their views.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [noun] > retaliation or retribution > advocate of

retaliationist1881

retributivist1939

1881 Times 13 Aug. 10/2 In stead of being the one-sided freetrader which his expressed views would make him, he would profess himself..a retaliationist.

1881 Nation (N.Y.) 32 381 If the treaty be not concluded soon the retaliationist cry may become too strong to be resisted.

1918 W. H. Dawson Probl. of Peace xiv. 347 Our retaliationists admit this when they say that Germany must be crushed.

1945 Accounting Rev. 20 253/1 Englishmen did not fall for the free traders, retaliationists, imperial preferrers, tariff reformers, or whatever the name was.

2004 S. Hauwerwas Blackwell Compan. Christian Ethics viii. 106 Since it does not hold together the restorative and reformative aspects of reconciliation, the retaliationist understanding of retribution is not theologically defensible.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	retaliation
释义	retaliationn. Brit. /rᵻˌtalɪˈeɪʃn/, U.S. /rəˌtæliˈeɪʃ(ə)n/, /riˌtæliˈeɪʃ(ə)n/ Forms: 1500s retaliacion, 1500s– retaliation, 1600s retailiation, 1600s–1700s retalliation. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin retaliation-, retaliatio. Etymology: < post-classical Latin retaliation-, retaliatio revenge (from 1520 in continental sources) < classical Latin retāliāt- , past participial stem of retāliāre retaliate v.¹ + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare later retaliate v.¹Close parallels of retaliation n., retaliate v.¹, and related words are not found in Romance languages. Sense 1 does not appear to be paralleled in Latin. (Quot. 1559 at sense 1b does not translate a use of the Latin word.) Semantic association with retail v., retail n.¹, etc. is perhaps possible (perhaps compare retaliate v.²), reciprocity being taken to be characteristic of retailing, but this seems remote. Compare also the rare formations retail n.² and (apparently from the Latin verb stem) retaling n., which shows formal overlap with retailing n. Perhaps compare also Italian ritagliare to avenge (an offence) (16th cent. in an apparently isolated use), spec. sense of ritagliare retail v. (in this case the spec. sense may arise from the literal meaning ‘to cut again’). †1. a. Return or recompense for a service, kindness, etc.; requital, reciprocation. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > [noun] gain-giving1489 retaliation1546 reciprocation1561 counterchange1586 return1591 paying back1598 revying1610 gratuity1614 quida1616 retreat?1615 retortion1636 retortment1649 1546 G. Joye Refut. Byshop Winchesters Derke Declar. f. viii That all the glory myghte be geuen to the grace of god in Christ Which geueth not his glory to any other nether by participation, nor by retaliacion. 1616 R. Gostwick Anatomie Ananias 156 As from God to men in matters of grace and internall benediction, so of men to God for temporall tribute, and thankefull retaliation. 1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ i. v. 10 I pray let me injoy it in that fair proportion, that I desire to return unto you, by way of correspondence, and retaliation. 1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. p. v I entertained Four of each Sex at my own Lodgings once a Month, by way of Retaliation. b. An act or instance of this; a favour or service given in return; a requital. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > gratitude > [noun] > requital of kindness retaliation1559 1559 T. Paynell tr. Erasmus Complaint of Peace sig. A.viii^v Α mutuall retaliation or compensatyon of benefytes. 1613 R. N. Christians Manna Pref. sig. *3 I expect a retaliation, charitably to entertaine my charitable meaning. 1656 S. Holland Don Zara* i. v. 44 Meaning a retalliation of Love. 1675 E. Cocker Morals 23 He that receives a Courtesie, remains, Till his Retaliation, bound in Chains. 1700 J. Astry tr. D. de Saavedra Fajardo Royal Politician I. 335 'Tis a kind of Avarice to do good in hopes of a Retaliation. 1766 F. Webb Serm. (ed. 2) I. v. 109 To perform any charitable office, under the full expectation of a retaliation of favours, is nothing else but a commutation of good. 2. a. Repayment (in kind) for injury or insult; reprisal, revenge; retribution. Also in retaliation.massive retaliation: see massive adj. Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [noun] > retaliation or retribution yieldinga1340 talion1412 retributiona1425 recompensec1425 recompensationa1513 requitement1548 retaliation1581 lex talionis1597 requital1597 retaling1597 taliationa1601 law of retalion1607 talio1611 retail1615 retorsion1637 repercussion1641 retributing1645 reddition1656 retortion1762 poetical justice1796 utu1828 retort1836 quits1865 poetic justice1991 1581 W. Lambarde Eirenarcha i. xii. 67 The Romanes vsed specially, eight sortes of chastisements,..imprisonment, stripes, retaliation,..& death. 1694 E. Phillips tr. J. Milton Lett. of State 235 If intreaty and fair means will nothing avail,..the severity of Retaliation must take its course. 1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. ix. 159 If bare Retaliation..always begets Resentment in the Person upon whom we retaliate, what would that Excess do? 1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul ii. ii. 166 Retaliation thus exercised, of course leads to new disputes. 1858 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. (ed. 2) IV. xviii. 9 Where justice could only be executed by crime, each act of violence provoked fresh retaliation. 1872 J. Yeats Growth Commerce 182 They in ‘retaliation’ attacked the Indian colonies. a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 960 There is no doubt that some animals, such as elephants and peafowl, resent affront and seek retaliation, even after an interval has elapsed. 1967 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 113 213/2 This behaviour..led to increased anxiety, fear of murderous retaliation, ideas of reference and persecution. 2000 K. Shamsie Salt & Saffron (2001) iii. 23 When he was four he bit the nose off Dadi's stuffed reindeer and Dadi, in retaliation, bit his index finger. b. An act or instance of this; a reprisal. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [noun] > retaliation or retribution > act or instance of retaliation1587 counterpace1611 comeback1896 snap-back1972 1587 R. Robinson tr. Urbanus Regius Solace of Sion f. 24 Unto which fanaticall persons also the moste delicate Table of the worde of God is turned into a Snare and Trappe, yea into an offence and Retaliation. 1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall i. 6 Sylla..; who having thus served the body of Marius, could not but fear a retaliation upon his own. 1683 T. Tryon Way to Health 478 We have caused them to be burned as a Sacrifice or Retaliation. 1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall I. xiii. 270 A severe retaliation was inflicted. 1847 L. H. Kerr tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Servia 179 No Servian song commemorates this sanguinary retaliation on the Turks. 1891 Ld. Rosebery Pitt xi. 187 It does not come within the compass of this narrative to describe that insurrection, its massacres and retaliations. 1924 W. Lewis in New Statesman 2 Feb. 474/2 His retaliation would be..as effective as the argument of blood. 1970 D. Brown Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee xix. 439 So prevalent was their belief that the white men would soon disappear.., they made no retaliations. 2003 U.S. News & World Rep. 5 May 16/2 That was the lesson America's foes drew..from ‘pinprick’ retaliations for terrorist attacks. c. law of retaliation: a retributive form of justice whereby an offender's punishment resembles the offence committed in kind and degree. Cf. lex talionis n. ΚΠ 1612 Bp. J. Hall Contempl. I. iv. 282 They died by the same means by which they caused the poore Israelitish infants to dye; that law of retaliation which God will not allow to vs, because we are fellow creatures, hee iustly practiseth in vs. 1671 L. Addison W. Barbary xi. 174 In bodily injuries they observe the law of Retaliation, as an Eye for an Eye, a tooth for a tooth, &c. but it is in the power of the maimed party to Receive a pecuniary reparation, or without any satisfaction to remit the wrong. 1701 M. D'Assigny Hist. Earls & Earldom Flanders 48 All Murders and Woundings be punish'd by the Law of Retaliation, that is to say, by a like Punishment, and in the same manner as the Crime. 1832 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 2 199 The law of retaliation is firmly established among the native Brazilians; and, as elsewhere, is a constant source of private feuds and public warfare. 1946 Times 22 Oct. 5/4 Not only is there no place in civilised society for the law of retaliation: it was specifically repudiated by the Founder of Christianity. 1994 18th-cent. Stud. 27 683 The general law of retaliation prevailed among the Israelites in the pre-Mosaic patriarchal era. Derivatives retaliˈationist n. and adj. (a) n. a person who advocates retaliation, esp. (in the late 19th and early 20th centuries) an advocate of retaliation in kind against trade tariffs imposed by foreign countries; (b) adj. of or relating to retaliationists or their views. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [noun] > retaliation or retribution > advocate of retaliationist1881 retributivist1939 1881 Times 13 Aug. 10/2 In stead of being the one-sided freetrader which his expressed views would make him, he would profess himself..a retaliationist. 1881 Nation (N.Y.) 32 381 If the treaty be not concluded soon the retaliationist cry may become too strong to be resisted. 1918 W. H. Dawson Probl. of Peace xiv. 347 Our retaliationists admit this when they say that Germany must be crushed. 1945 Accounting Rev. 20 253/1 Englishmen did not fall for the free traders, retaliationists, imperial preferrers, tariff reformers, or whatever the name was. 2004 S. Hauwerwas Blackwell Compan. Christian Ethics viii. 106 Since it does not hold together the restorative and reformative aspects of reconciliation, the retaliationist understanding of retribution is not theologically defensible. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1546
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