| 释义 |
retainern.1 Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Probably partly a borrowing from French. Probably partly formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: French reteiner ; retain v., -er suffix4. Etymology: Probably partly < Anglo-Norman reteiner, Anglo-Norman and Middle French retenir detention, withholding (14th cent.), retaining, engaging in employment (14th cent.), use as noun of the infinitive of retenir retain v., and partly < retain v. + -er suffix4. Compare later retainder n., and compare also retention n., retainment n., retaining n., retain n.The α. forms apparently result from association with agent nouns showing variation between -er suffix2 (or -er suffix1) and -our suffix; compare especially the form variation shown by retainer n.2, although this is first attested later. Similar variation is shown also by retainder n. The rare form reteynures (plural) probably reflects association with words in -ure suffix1. the mind > possession > retaining > [noun] 1453–4 (Electronic ed.) Parl. Mar. 1453 §17. m. 23 Provided also, that this acte extende not..to eny assignement, graunte or reteignour made..to eny persone..uppon the seid .xv. me. 1472–3 (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1472 1st Roll §59. m. 2 The same lettres patentes, as to the reteyner, havyng and perceyvyng of custumes. 1642 tr. J. Perkins v. §303. 134 The wife shall be endowed of the third part of the rent by way of retainer. 1768 W. Blackstone III. 18 The one [instance being] that of retainer, where a creditor is made executor or administrator to his debtor. 1846 J. Bateman (ed. 3) App. 270 There was no averment that..the goods were put up to sale at the request of the defendant or on his retainer, and that there was no retainer shewn at the time of the request to put up the goods to sale. 1899 J. G. Woerner II. xliv. 851 That an executor de son tort cannot be permitted to protect himself against liability by a retainer for his own demand..is self-evident. 1908 E. Manson I. 849 A debt in respect of which an executor has exercised his right of retainer must be treated as a debt paid by him, and not as money remaining in his hands. 2. society > occupation and work > working > labour supply > [noun] > recruitment or hiring 1467–8 (Electronic ed.) Parl. June 1467 §41. m. 39 That all resceyvers, and every reteyner by indenture or other writyng, othe or promyse, of eny persone..other then to be menyall servaunt or officer..be..voide. 1541 T. Elyot xxix. f. 66 Whan he herd that one of them had done wronge to a poore olde woman, he discharged hym of his retayner, and gaue him to the woman to be her bondman. 1641 (new ed.) f. 81v The reteiner of those two Chaplaines remaineth, and they without new reteiner may take two Benefices. 1642 tr. J. Perkins xi. §715. 311 The retainer of a servant according unto the Statute of Laborers upon condition is good without deed. 1783 18 There is no reason that the retainer of chaplains, which serve for the instruction of souls, should be determined by the marriage. the mind > possession > supply > [noun] > provision of means of support or livelihood > of dependants or adherents 1487 (Electronic ed.) Parl. Nov. 1487 §23. m. 10 By the unlawfull reteyners and retinews made..by the seid officers. 1503–4 c. 14 §1 That all his statutes..made ayenst such as make unlaufull reteynours and such as so be reteyned..be pleynly observed. 1548 f. xxxix Wilde Weleshmen, whome he..had rather..compelled by lordely and streite commaundemente then by liberall wayges and gentle reteynoure. 1593 R. Cosin (rev. ed.) iii. vi. 59 Iustices at their Sessions of Peace, were authorized to examine all such by their discretion, as they should thinke to bee suspected of any Reteinour. society > occupation and work > working > career > [noun] > establishment in a position > fact of being retained 1767 J. T. Atkyns 2 525 (note) It appearing that this discovery..had been made before the retainer of him as solicitor, the court were of opinion, that he might be sworn. 1775 J. Rayner 116 The meaning of ‘before Retainer’, must be that such Discovery..is..not within the Rule of Secrecy. 1866 D. Maclachlan (ed. 3) I. i. iv. 156 The giving of such notice was part of the common law duty of the defendants, to be implied from their retainer as Commission Agents. 1879 W. F. Finlason (new ed.) III. 1880 It was pleaded that his retainer as chaplain was only to do divine service. 1903 66 555/2 The appellant filed a petition setting forth the facts of his retainer as attorney. 1994 D. G. Burley vi. 216 The business elite..initially had some reservations about Wood because of his retainer as legal counsel for the Buffalo and Lake Huron. society > law > legal profession > [noun] > authorization to act for client 1772 T. Jefferson 14 Oct. (1997) I. 272 Appear for def[endant] under his general retainer. 1836 J. Chitty III. i. 117 Since the Stamp Duty on the Warrant has been repealed, no retainer fee is allowed. 1856 (ed. 6) II. 472/1 Although it is not indispensable that the retainer should be in writing,..it is very expedient. 1874 B. V. Abbott 1st Ser. II. 340/1 A mere parol retainer is sufficient to authorize an attorney to commence a suit. 1903 7 Mar. 19/2 An action by a client for damages for the alleged negligence of a solicitor while acting upon the client's retainer does not die with the solicitor. 1930 12 63 A German advocate is not authorized by his retainer to refer. 2007 M. G. Cochrane (ed. 4) ii. 28 Ask that a provision be incorporated into the retainer that places a ceiling on the fee that can be charged without further consultation and a further written retainer. 3. society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for labour or service > fee for services rendered > [noun] > payment to secure services if required 1750 Jan. 10/1 The half-pay must be looked on as a retainer, and a gentleman's accepting of it, must be looked on as an engagement, that he shall be ready to serve the publick again in the same station. 1805 9 Mar. 356 Each soldier should be allowed a daily pay, which..should be considered as a retainer for his services at home, if wanted. 1891 N. Gould 111 I'm paying you a big retainer for the Melbourne events. 1939 D. Thomas July (1987) 391 Can you get from Dent's..some money..as a retainer for the promise of my future books? 1978 S. Brill ix. 327 Milano is most probably getting similar retainers from several Teamster locals. 1985 3 Mar. (Colour Suppl.) 53/1 This is designer-label land where the window boxes have electronic water sprinklers and the cat's manicurist is on a retainer. 2005 (National ed.) 30 Oct. i. 1/3 One of a new breed of ‘concierge’ or ‘boutique’ doctors who, in exchange for a yearly cash retainer, lavish time, phone calls and attention on patients. society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for labour or service > fee for services rendered > [noun] > fee of professional person > barrister's fee 1770 S. Foote i. 17 It is like a retainer in Michaelmas term for the summer assizes. 1775 G. Wilson 375 Having accepted a retainer, the law acts upon him, and he then becomes bound to do all acts in the cause for his client. 1784 G. Horne xiv. 215 You are men of too much sense..to be found on the side of Jannes and Jambres, or to take a retainer from Simon Magus. 1841 XXI. 272/1 A retainer, if for a particular cause, and for a particular stage of that cause, is called a common retainer, and it now consists in the payment of the sum of one guinea. 1849 Dec. 687/1 He had not, like his leader, received a retainer securing his services to the cause of agitation. 1869 6 July A general retainer gives to the person who so retains a counsel the right to a refusal of his services. 1914 14 Apr. 854/2 When a solicitor sends a brief in a case to be tried, it is accompanied by a retainer, and there is marked upon the brief the per diem fee. 1952 Nov. 31/2 Some lawyers work almost solely on retainer fees, a fixed amount paid monthly or yearly, for which they do anything that comes up without additional charge. 2004 S. Margulies ii. 19 Laura signed the agreement and paid the retainer with money borrowed from her father. society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > hire or rent > rent (land or real property) > [noun] > other rents 1970 1 Oct. 1/6 Landlords generally require either full rent for the weeks before term begins, or else charge a retainer to keep the flat. 1985 6 July 25/2 If a student pays a reduced rent during the summer vacation, this can qualify for standard housing benefit but a retainer paid to secure the right to move back at the beginning of next term will not qualify. 2005 L. Hodgkinson (ed. 5) 256 They may pay a summer retainer worth half the rent, at most. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022). retainern.2 Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: retain v., -er suffix1. Etymology: < retain v. + -er suffix1. Compare Anglo-Norman retenour detainer (14th cent.). Compare earlier retainer n.1, retainder n.With β. forms compare -our suffix, -or suffix. 1. society > authority > subjection > service > servant > retainer or follower > [noun] 1508 in H. Maule (1874) II. 275 Hereafter I become man and retainer, both in houshald and out-with houshald till the said Sir Thomas. 1540 T. Cromwell in R. B. Merriman (1902) II. 267 I resayuyd thayr Chyldren and Freendes not as Retaynours. 1598 J. Florio The retainer doth some seruice, that now and then but holds your Honors styrrop. 1607 J. Cowell sig. Lll3v/2 Retainer..signifieth in the common law, a seruant not meniall nor familiar, that is not continually dwelling in the house of his Lord or Master, but onely vsing, or bearing his name or liuery. 1661 E. Leigh 156 Henry the seventh..conceiving, that those which exalted him [sc. the nobles] might cast him down, did abate their power, and made Statutes against Retainers. 1732 J. Swift 18 Since you could see me treated so, an old Retainer of your House. 1759 W. Robertson Hist. Scotl. vi, in (1813) I. 439 This design was revealed to the two earls by one of Morton's retainers. 1815 M. Elphinstone ii. viii. 254 None have resided there but great men and their retainers, who are drawn thither by the court. 1878 W. Stubbs (ed. 2) III. xxi. 551 A swarm of armed retainers whom the lord could not control, and whom he conceived himself bound to protect. a1933 J. Galsworthy (1934) ii. vi. 371 She lingered to speak to an old retainer at the bottom of the aisle. 1982 S. K. Penman (1984) i. iv. 59 Cecily Neville stood with her daughter..surrounded by retainers clad in the blue and murrey of York. 2001 J. McGowan (2006) xi. 358 Their ghosts and the ghosts of their retainers often remained in the crumbling ‘big houses’ and deserted mansions. 1567 T. Drant tr. Horace Pistles in tr. Horace sig. Gviij It shal concerne your honor to to haue to write mens acts. Retayners to the musies house, and famouse for their facts. 1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher ii. iv. 111 Where Powres are your Retainers, and your words (Domestickes to you) serue your will. View more context for this quotation 1651 R. Baxter 25 All Church-members are Christians, that is, retainers to Christ. 1705 J. Addison 207 It is incredible how great a Multitude of Retainers to the Law there are at Naples. 1757 S. Foote i. 5 I, like you, have long been a Retainer of the Muses, as you may see by their Livery. 1831 C. Lamb Peter's Net in Oct. 138 In those days every Morning Paper, as an essential retainer to its establishment, kept an author. 1864 J. C. Geikie vi. 122 For the benefit of our four-footed retainers. 1908 M. J. Cawein III. 428 Her Grace, the Spring!.. Winds, her retainers; and the rains Her yeomen. 1933 B. Smith iii. 77 From being officers of wide discretion in conserving the public peace, the constables sank to the status of retainers to the justices. 1999 25 Feb. 89/3 The film's antiheroine is Courtney Shayne..a vicious vixen who rules Reagan High along with a trio of faithful retainers. society > armed hostility > warrior > camp follower > [noun] 1784 i. Hist. Europe 15/1 They were incumbered with such a multitude of sutlers, servants, and various retainers, that the camp..contained above 38,000 persons. 1788 325 All sutlers and retainers to the camp..shall be subject to orders according to the rules and discipline of war. 1802 R. Watson (ed. 3) i. 22 It was necessary, mean while, to send out his cavalry, and the retainers of his camp, in search of forage and provisions. 1844 275 All Followers and Retainers of the Camp. 1918 G. Glenn iii. 28 When the Army is abroad, without the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, the Articles apply as well to all camp retainers and persons serving with the army. 1996 H. A. Mayer (1999) iv. 139 American commanders set their female retainers to work at a variety of domestic chores. 2. the mind > possession > retaining > [noun] > one who the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > preservation from injury or destruction > [noun] > preservation in being or maintenance > one who preserves in being or condition 1548 T. Cooper (rev. ed.) Clientellaris, the homage that the clientes make to theyr reteynours. a1555 R. Hutchinson (1560) ii. sig. Gviiv Beware that thou be not..an vniust getter and retainer of worldly commodities. 1583 G. Babington viii. 370 To see that they bring not sinne vppon them, by making them vniust retainers of other mens goods. 1616 G. Markham tr. C. Estienne et al. (rev. ed.) vii. xxii. 679 It is hard to haue one spannell..to be an excellent raunger, an excellent finder, and an excellent retainer. 1681 J. Dalrymple i. xviii. 157 Retention is not an absolute extinction of the Obligation of Re-payment, or Restitution, but rather a Suspension thereof, till Satisfaction be made to the Retainer. 1704 J. Swift ix. 180 One that has forgot the common Meaning of Words, but an admirable Retainer of the Sound. 1779 B. Franklin 501 The point..becomes converted, for a moment from a retainer of the fluid into a mere conductor of it. 1825 14 517 The inciter to mirth, yet the retainer of order. 1855 16 i. 179 Limestone soils..are bad retainers of water. 1882 24 July 2/1 The arbitrator is to impose what conditions he thinks fit on the retainer of enclosures. 1920 Mar. 338/1 On rainy days, and on cold ones, good grub takes the place of sunshine as a general retainer of spirits. 1938 7 May 815/1 The coarse texture and very low organic content render sand a very poor retainer of water. 1999 P. R. Magocsi 604/1 The Mennonites..have traditionally been the most tenacious retainers of the German language and culture. the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > condition of being fast bound or firmly fixed > [noun] > means of fixing securely 1820 (Royal Soc.) 110 211 A flexible gum catheter..was passed into the bladder by the urethra, and kept there by an elastic retainer surrounding the penis. 1867 1 It is not new to combine with a pen and its holder an ink retainer or tongue. 1919 205 732/2 There was an air retainer on every car, and when the retainer was turned up it kept the brakes set by holding the air pressure in the brake cylinder. 1954 R. H. Cochrane (ed. 2) 151 Some rubbing occurs between the balls or rollers and the retainer which keeps them properly spaced. 1975 May 142/1 Tap around circumference of the race until the bearing drops out along with the grease retainer. Throw retainer away. 2005 J. Carruthers 74 After the nut has been properly adjusted, the string retainer should also be reset. the world > health and disease > healing > dentistry > [noun] > a restoration > bridge > part of 1872 48 When we can obtain only small retaining points to build a large filling upon,..the light mallet will be more liable to break the small retainer, or to tear it loose. 1887 S. H. Guilford in W. F. Litch II. ii. 323 These little fixtures can be used as retainers with perfect success and to the exclusion of a more bulky plate. 1956 J. N. Anderson xiii. 128 When making a bridge, the ‘pontic’ or bridging part is joined to the supports or ‘retainers’. 1993 38 229 The resin cements used for bridge cementation adhered well to electrolytically etched retainer surfaces. 1919 C. A. Hawley in 61 451 The retainer as I am now using it consists of a skeleton plate fitting accurately the lingual surfaces of the teeth. 1967 B. Cleary iv. 75 After that she had to fasten a dental rubber band to the retainer she was wearing to straighten her teeth. 1995 (Nexis) 11 June (Real Life section) 23 He suffered a fixed brace to prevent his teeth from becoming distorted, and is now wearing a ‘single line’ retainer brace to complete the job. 2007 F. B. Glenn & W. D. Glenn xviii. 98 This is active treatment time and does not include the time spent wearing retainers, usually an additional year. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.11453 n.21508 |
