bio-comb. form

1808 R. Southey Select. from Lett. (1856) II. 162 This collectanea may be formed into a biobibliographical and critical account.

1880 Athenæum 25 Dec. 845/3 One more instalment will complete the biobibliographical part.

1997 Mercator's World Sept. 53/2 Karrow presents authoritative biobibliographical essays on 88 cartographers and 2,000 of their maps.

1892 Times 25 June 17/6 My interest [in the book] was not diminished..on failing to discover any account of it or the author in the comprehensive biobibliography of Nicolas Antonio.

1918 W. Osler in M. E. Abbott Bibliogr. Sir William Osler's Publ. (1939) 9 What more fascinating..than the story of the book as part of the life of the man who wrote it—the bio-bibliography!

1959 L. M. Harrod Librarians' Gloss. (ed. 2) 39 Biobibliography, a bibliography which contains brief biographical details about the authors.

2006 R. J. W. Evans Austria, Hungary & Habsburgs iv. xv. 265 The incomparable polyhistor Wurzbach, whose enormous bio-bibliographical compilation found room for everyone.

1947 Amer. Psychologist 2 413/2 This scale contains 40 patriarchal items, 40 liberal or feminist items meaning male-female equality, and a bio-data sheet.

1971 Hindustan Times Weekly (New Delhi) 4 Apr. 8/6 (advt.) Candidates with agricultural spraying experience need only apply..giving complete bio-data, qualifications and experience.

1987 Indian Bookworm's Jrnl. Winter 4/1 Articles—not less than 4500 words—are required. A brief bio-data of the author should be sent in with the typescript.

1989 M. Moffatt Coming of Age in New Jersey i. 3 We started exchanging the innocent biodata that Americans spontaneously verbalize under such circumstances.

2002 Sunday Times of India 15 Sept. (Matrimonials section) 12/1 Match for Jatav girl 25/6′4″ fair graduate English Stenographer in Central Govt. Please send biodata.

1976 U.S. Patent 3,948,259 23/1 Bioabsorbable microspherules having contraceptive drugs..can be delivered to the canals of the Fallopian tubes.

1997 Real Life Winter 9/2 Researchers are investigating the..system as a bioabsorbable and biocompatible scaffold for cell growth.

2007 Irish Independent (Nexis) 13 Aug. Trials of the new bioabsorbable implant..found that it effectively sealed holes in more than 50 patients, with no adverse effects reported.

1956 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 223 236 The inhibition of the enzymic activities was observed, whether thrombin was produced by the bioactivation of prothrombin or by autocatalytic generation in high concentrations of sodium citrate.

1969 Proc. Western Pharmacol. Soc. 12 87 The bioactivation products are hypothesized to be tranylcypromine and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid.

2007 R. E. C. Wildman Handbk. Nutraceuticals & Functional Foods iv. 82 The anticancer benefits attributed to garlic are also associated with the ability of its allyl sulfur compounds to suppress carcinogen bioactivation.

1962 S. W. F. Hanson in G. V. E. Thompson Space Res. & Technol. 30 On Venus there could be elementary forms of life in certain layers of the surrounding clouds—a ‘bio-aerosol’.

1987 Atmospheric Environment 21 279/2 Environmental controls can give rise to bioaerosols and combustion by-products.

2001 H. Holmes Secret Life Dust v. 68 The tests to determine if a person is allergic to fungal spores are more difficult... That particular clan of ‘bioaerosols’ has been grievously ignored.

1950 Science 31 Mar. 344/2 Ecology of bioagents.

1999 Spokesman-Rev. (Spokane, Washington) (Nexis) 15 Oct. b3 These bioagents..can reduce seed production by 95 percent, thus cutting the weed population considerably.

2005 Wall St. Jrnl. 25 Apr. (Central ed.) a15/6 Faster detection, followed by rapid treatment, could save the lives of those exposed to anthrax or other bioagents.

1954 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 59 392/1 Human biology, a quarterly journal of research devoted to human genetics, growth and aging, bioanthropology, demography, and the like.

2000 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 30 Apr. xiv. 12/1 Peru is where the institute does its field work and where it plans to open a course on bioanthropology research methods.

1973 Trans. Amer. Soc. Artif. Internal Organs 19 365 (title) Bio-artificial liver: a combined system of hemodialysis and baboon liver perfusion.

1976 Trans. Amer. Soc. Artific. Internal Organs 22 693 (title) Toward a bioartificial drug metabolizing system: gel immobilized liver cell microsomes.

2000 Cutting Edge: Encycl. Adv. Technol. 16/1 In the short to medium term, researchers see a bioartificial kidney or liver as a potential ‘bridge’ organ that will support the function of a damaged organ while a living donor organ is being sought.

2005 Health Technol. & Decision Making (OECD) viii. 131 Technologies..such as bio-artificial organs and gene therapy are still in the research phase.

1956 A. Vucinich Soviet Acad. Sci. 53 Biochemistry, radioactive chemistry, bioastronomy, chemical physics..are but a few of the new sciences.

1991 World Press Rev. Jan. 67/1 Once regarded as simply a whim of certain visionary scientists, bioastronomy—the study of life beyond Earth;—is now accepted as a valid discipline.

2005 C. de Duve Singularities xii. 157 Witness the enormous interest in the new discipline, variously known as exobiology, astrobiology, or bioastronomy, that seeks to find evidence of extraterrestrial life.

1974 J. Hersey My Petition for More Space v. 150 Of course these bureaucrats have access to the biobank; he must have punched out my name on a console as soon as I gave it to him.

1996 Jrnl. Molecular Med. 74 297 A causal relationship..could possibly be supported by demonstration of the rate of oxidative DNA damage as an independent risk factor for cancer in a prospective study of biobank material.

2007 Nature 8 Mar. 119/1 Biobanks, which combine genetic and lifestyle data from thousands of people, are increasingly being used to help researchers understand the roots of disease.

1953 Science 10 Apr. 3/1 The realization of this vision entails the study of the whole biobehavioral child in the entire context of this familiocultural milieu.

1990 New Scientist 8 Dec. 28/1 Last month Holger Ursin, a Norwegian psychologist involved in the project, was invited to brief NASA experts at their biobehavioural laboratory in Houston, Texas.

2001 Toronto Star (Nexis) 13 July f3 Unfortunately for humans, dieting and exercising heavily for social reasons can ‘trigger a biobehavioural process that results in self-starvation’.

1966 Spacecraft Sterilization Technol. NASA Techn. Rep. SP–108 vii. 578 The real bottleneck in evaluation of bioburden is our inability to quantitate adequately the internal contamination.

1996 Scotsman (Nexis) 3 Dec. 3 They monitor the bioburden of meat—that is, the presence of bacteria—and there is a threshold which the carcasses mustn't exceed.

2002 Dental Pract. 1 Apr. 32/4 Studies in the USA have shown that there is a ‘bioburden’ remaining on the inside of tubes sterilised in conventional ways.

1912 Lancet 18 May 1345/1 The second part is occupied with a description of the so-called ‘bio-colloids’, the enzymes and the products of immunity-reaction.

1956 Nature 24 Mar. 562/2 General behaviour of biocolloids and polyelectrolytes in aqueous solution.

2002 Ink World (Nexis) 1 Mar. 42 Milk is a biocolloid. The synovial fluids that lubricate joints in our body are colloidal in nature.

1985 Environmental Health Perspectives 61 279/2 This very brief overview of some patterns thus far recognized in biological QSAR [= quantitative structure–activity relationships] at various levels of biocomplexity gives an idea of the types of information that we believe must be stored in a data base if it is to accomplish its purpose.

2000 Nature Conservancy July 7/4 Biologists..[are] seeking to understand how a variety of oaks and their root fungi interact to maintain the ‘biocomplexity’ of the savanna ecosystem.

2003 H. Rolston in W. B. Drees Is Nature ever Evil? viii. 75 It is..difficult to imagine much biodiversity or biocomplexity without life being multicellular.

1981 PR Newswire (Nexis) 31 July BioBrane, the only synthetic bio-composite wound dressing currently available on the market, can be used as a covering over burn wounds.

1996 Science 16 Aug. 892/2 A classic and a widely studied example of a biocomposite is the nacre of abalone shell.

2007 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 19 June f3 One famous 1941 photo shows Ford swinging an ax head into the rear of a car to demonstrate the strength of the soy-based biocomposite used to make the auto body.

1966 National Cancer Inst. Monogr. 21 485 Without the development of new techniques for biocontainment, requiring elimination of all possible hazards associated with infectious agents would effectively stop a large fraction of research now in progress.

1973 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70 3176/2 Building 1, a specially constructed biocontainment facility, was used to maintain untreated LSI-SPF [i.e. pathogen-free] chickens.

2002 Canad. Geographic Sept. 88/2 Canada's first level-4 biocontainment lab..is specially designed and outfitted for research on the world's most dangerous and contagious viruses and bacteria.

1955 AIBS Bull. 5 17/1 Most of these [pharmaceutical] products..require in some phase of manufacture the work of biologists, either for bio-control or, for some part of their synthesis, as..the antibiotics and certain vitamins.

1964 BioScience June 61/1 Special issue on biocontrols and pesticides.

1997 Infection & Immunity 65 4281 B[urkholderia] cepacia is currently being developed as a biocontrol agent for large-scale agricultural release.

2005 A. Burdick Out of Eden (2006) xxi. 274 You might release an insect for biocontrol and it doesn't establish.

1952 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 74 5935/2 Progesterone bioconversion by Rhizopus arrhizus.

1969 New Scientist 25 Sept. (Suppl.) 11/2 The most interesting new prospect for the commercial application of microbial bioconversions.

1984 A. C. Duxbury & A. Duxbury Introd. World's Oceans xv. 500 The use of a plant crop to harness the sun's energy for conversion to a fuel or energy is called bioconversion.

2005 S. Barrett Environment & Statecraft xv. 393 Photosynthesis fixes CO₂, and stores it in the biomass and the soil... Genetic engineering could potentially augment the natural bioconversion process, and make CO₂ biomass storage more durable.

1888 Jrnl. Royal Microsc. Soc. 63 Prof. V. v. Ebner has submitted the spicular skeleton of calcareous sponges to a searching analysis, and comes to the conclusion that the spicules are always ‘bio-crystals’.

1905 J. McCabe tr. E. Haeckel Wonders of Life i. ii. 41 Midway between the organic plasma-products and inorganic crystals we have the bio-crystals, which are formed by the united plastic action of the plasm and the mineral matter.

1989 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 881/1 Proteins that inhibit the growth of biocrystals, such as bone minerals, enamel, cholesterol crystals, and kidney stones.

2000 New Scientist 12 Aug. 7/2 Baier's group is making the crystals in the lab by trickling bacteria-infested ultra-pure water over semiconductor wafers. Bio-crystals form on the surface of the wafers and can be scraped off.

1914 J. G. Adami & J. McCrae Text-bk. Pathol. (ed. 2) iv. 187 We bring together conditions set up by a closely related group of Gram-negative cocci, forms indistinguishable under the microscope possessing like biocultural characters, differing in little save appearance and coloration of the growths upon solid media, and in virulence.

1932 C. J. Warden Evol. Human Behaviour Index 243 Bio-cultural cycles.

1937 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 191 47 The paramount levels of aspiration which people in this culture attempt to attain are concerned with..surviving successfully in accordance with specific bio-cultural standards.

1966 C. Keil Urban Blues 214 It is entirely possible that the most significant aspects of some musical styles are physiological or biocultural.

2001 Fresno (Calif.) Bee (Nexis) 16 Sept. g3 We humans have a biocultural heritage that is unique to our species.

1977 Hearings on Mil. Posture & H. R. 5068 (U.S. House Armed Services Comm., 95th Congr., 1st Session) iii. i. 348 A list of those programs that were adversely impacted... Bio defense materiel.

2001 Nature 4 Oct. 441/2 Senators..say that the US government should spend $1.6 billion next year to bolster public health and biodefence.

2008 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 3 Aug. (Front section) 17/1 ‘Across the spectrum of biothreats we have expanded our capacity significantly,’ said..an assistant secretary at Health and Human Services who oversees the biodefense effort.

1973 Y. L. Meltzer Encycl. Enzyme Technol. 126 The water can be purified in a bio-digester.

1995 Mother Earth News Dec. 12/1 Visitors will be able to..examine hands-on displays, giant composters, bread-breaking solar ovens, solar ice makers, and a biodigester of human waste.

2005 Guardian 21 Nov. i. 7/1 The architects would build 50 metre high walls out of rubble, which would contain ‘bio-digester’ composting tubes.

1965 R. A. Dora et al. Aerospace Med. Assoc. Preprints Sci. Program, 36th Ann. Sci. Meeting 72 (heading) Monitoring the bioeffluents of man to establish space vehicle environmental control.

1983 Science 1 July 13/1 People emit bioeffluents such as acetone, butyric acid, ethyl and methyl alcohol, and other acids and alcohols.

2001 Exotic & Greenhouse Gardening June 82/3 Peace lily (Spathiphyllum wallisii) is especially good at removing benzene, formaldehyde and bioeffluents released by human breathing.

1964 Science 21 Aug. 849/1 (advt.) Biology M.A., bacteria and enzyme system bioelectrochemistry investigations; seeks research opportunity.

1989 H. Menzies Fast Forward vi. 167 The novel technology of bioelectrochemistry might prove to be the breakthrough necessary to make gasohol a meaningful alternative to fossil fuels.

2000 J. O'M. Bockris & A. K. N. Reddy Mod. Electrochem. (ed. 2) IIB. xiv. 1933 What is developing at the frontiers of concepts of reactivity in bioelectrochemistry is a view of biochemical reactions in which interfacial electron transfer..plays an important, sometimes rate-determining role.

1956 Science 23 Nov. 1034/1 By this approach to a study of bio-environmental relationships, the action of each factor on the plant is carefully studied, and then the effect of each is measured as a function of all the other factors.

1975 New Phytologist 75 658 Most space is devoted to bio-environmental control of fungi and bacteria and least to nematodes, insects and viruses.

2000 S. Hvalkof in C. Zerner People, Plants, & Justice iv. 109 The only democratically acceptable and viable solution to the problem of bioenvironmental conservation in areas such as the Amazon is to support indigenous land titling, and the organizing and development of sustainable economies.

1945 M. F. Glaessner Princ. Micropalaeontol. viii. 215 Comparison between rock facies on which geological mapping depends, and bio-facies which is revealed by the distribution of fossils, makes it often possible to recognize true time-stratigraphic relations.

2003 S. S. Beus in S. S. Beus & M. Morales Grand Canyon Geol. (ed. 2) vii. 114 The few known fossils—crinoids, corals, stromatoporoids, and conodonts typical of nearshore biofacies..—indicate accumulation in shallow, subtidal, open marine conditions.

1941 Proc. 11th Mid-year Meeting Amer. Petrol. Inst. 22 Sect. III (Refining) 67/1 The chart rectangles include bacteria, fungi, algae, etc., combining to agglomerate organic and inorganic matter as deposits of slime or bio-fouling in refinery water circuits.

1989 N.Y. Times 9 Aug. d6/1 Their results may eventually help equipment makers combat ‘biofouling’, the scientific name for what happens when living organisms gum up anything from an offshore oil platform to farm equipment.

1998 R. S. Smith Profit Centers in Industr. Ecol. ii. 74 A powerful disinfectant, ozone can prevent biofouling of heat exchange surfaces and may mitigate scale and corrosion.

1990 D. G. Hessayon (title) Bio Friendly Gardening Guide.

1997 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 12247/1 All of these organisms and/or their by-products are important biofriendly alternatives to toxic, broad-spectrum, conventional pesticides.

2004 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 15 Jan. a29/1 If life were found to have started twice within the solar system, it would signal that the laws of nature are inherently bio-friendly, implying a universe teeming with life.

1978 BioScience 28 497/1 Biological research on aging—biogerontology—is the scientific response to the primitive question, ‘Why do we grow old?’

1995 Nature 3 Aug. 398/1 Biogerontology has emerged suddenly from a scientific backwater to become a fashionable pursuit.

2008 Toronto Sun (Nexis) 11 July 31 Research in basic biogerontology may lead to a pill that slows aging.

1995 Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 145 313 In contrast to other injection methods, this ‘bioidentical’ type of procedure can be safely repeated.

1998 Columbus Disp. (Ohio) (Nexis) 18 Sept. 1 c Isabelle and Houser prescribe hormones obtained ‘from the bacterial fermentation of the Mexican yam’... Buchta described them as ‘bioidentical’.

2005 Sunday Age (Melbourne) (Nexis) 1 June 10 Bioidentical hormones..have been heavily marketed to menopausal women as a safe alternative to conventional hormone replacement therapy.

1983 Science 25 Feb. 1001/3 (advt.) Biomedical engineering endowed professorship... Suggested areas are biomaterials, transducers/electronics, and bioimaging.

1990 Laryngoscope 100 1 Recent advances in bioimaging technology have permitted visualization and reconstruction of computed tomography images in three dimensions.

2006 Metro (Toronto) 31 July 23 (advt.) The division of Biophysics and Bioimaging of Princess Margaret Hospital is looking for healthy females.

1970 P. Handler Biol. & Future of Man xvii. 803 If appropriate agents can be found, bio-insecticides will become increasingly useful.

1988 Biotechnol. Adv. 6 207 A wide spectrum of biologicals are produced from animal cells in culture. Among these biologicals are viral vaccines (human and veterinary),..viral bioinsecticides, [etc.].

2001 G. C. Nelson Genetically Modified Organisms in Agric. vii. 72 It is more difficult for insects to develop resistance because the bioinsecticides can evolve with the insect pests.

1959 Science 6 Mar. 627/1 These groups will address themselves to major problem areas... These areas are..bioinstrumentation for space experimentation, accelerational stress of ballistic rocket system, [etc.].

1973 Med. Jrnl. Austral. 25 Aug. 404/1 A section on bioinstrumentation reviews the electrical hazards of the coronary care unit.

2000 J. M. White & C. M. Porth in V. H. Rice Handbk. Stress, Coping, & Health iv. 70/2 Bioinstrumentation methods such as electrocardiograph recording equipment or blood pressure monitoring machines are commonly used to measure cardiovascular responses to stress.

1977 Business Week 2 May 89/2 In suburban Detroit, Alexander C. Suczek..has adapted a technique called bio-intensive gardening, involving an absolute minimum of space between plantings.

1980 Ecol. Center (Berkeley, Calif.) Newslet. Oct. 4/2 Harvest Festival. Musicians, clowns, food, Peninsula BioIntensive Garden speaker.

1997 Agric. Resources & Environmental Indicators 1996–97 (U.S. Dept. Agric., Econ. Res. Service, Agric. Handbk. No. 712) iii. 192/1 Growers have dramatically increased their use of Bt [= Bacillus thuringiensis] during the 1990s, especially under biointensive and resistance-management programs.

2008 P. Newman & I. Jennings Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems v. 116 Biointensive gardening is probably not sufficient to meet the needs of all city inhabitants.

1959 P. R. White in J. Brachet & A. E. Mirsky Cell I. vii. 310 A major part of this environment [sc. of a cell in culture] is the fluid nutrient which is to bathe the cell, provide its nutriment and..serve as its protector against change in physical state, temperature, light, acidity, against bioinvaders, etc.

1995 Washington Post 9 July a9 (heading) Bio-Invaders pose ecological risk; environmental group cites rapid global spread of ‘exotic’ viruses, pests.

2000 J. Gates Democracy at Risk Introd. p. xxiv A virulent bioinvader, kudzu has taken over millions of acres in the American South, overwhelming the native habitat as it smothers flowering plants and shrubs, driving them to extinction.

1976 B. Dawes Adv. in Parasitol. 14 62 A host of a certain larval stage is facultatively substituted by another one (bioinvasion), and the helminth larvae are relocated.

1992 Copeia 1992 1137/2 Aquatic bioinvasions have increased dramatically over the last decade due largely to transport by ships' ballast water.

2002 W. M. Jastremski in L. Susskind et al. Transboundary Environmental Negotiation xv. 361 The great majority of aquatic bioinvasions are thought to occur because of ballast water exchange.

1976 U.S. Patent 3,982,995 5 The shale sample used for the determination of carbonate carbon had lost 36.5% in weight by bioleaching.

1992 Biotechnol. Global Econ. viii. 131/1 One area of focus for the Canadians is uranium bioleaching.

2006 S. M. Rao Resource Recovery & Recycling from Metall. Wastes vii. 193 Dissolution of copper from rejected printed wiring boards by bioleaching has been described.

1960 L. G. Augenstine Bioenergetics (Radiation Res. Suppl. 2) 40 One might expect numerous peaks in the glow curves from biomacromolecules since macromolecules should contain numerous regions of charge concentration.

2006 D. Page in L. M. L. Nollet Chromatographic Anal. Environment (ed. 3) viii. 292 Pyrolysis of biomacromolecules is governed by the same general principles as for these simpler synthetic polymers.

1974 J. Shapiro in 10th Ann. Rep. (Water Resources Res. Center, Minnesota Univ.) 65 (title) Bio-manipulation of lakes for elimination of blue-green algae.

1981 Science 17 Oct. 311/1 Trophic dynamics of aquatic ecosystems... Biomanipulation of zooplankton, lake ecosystem dynamics.

2005 Eastern Daily Press (Norwich) (Nexis) 27 July They were told about the various aspects of the Clear Water project, such as the biomanipulation of the water, which has seen fish removed from certain areas and the water flea population encouraged to increase.

1961 P. Gray Encycl. Biol. Sci. 154/1 Contemporary radiobiology..seems to concentrate in three directions [including] the study of the detailed physical changes accompanying the interaction of radiation and biomatter.

2005 N.Y. Times Mag. 25 Sept. 92/1 One approach involves developing custom-made microorganisms that can digest biomatter into alcohol that can then be used to fuel cars.

1983 Mass High Tech 25 Apr. 3/3 (headline) Bio-Park for Worcester.

1988 Smithsonian (Nexis) 1 Apr. 26 (headline) In the bioparks of the future, we will be able to see the natural world from the animals' point of view.

2005 W. L. Fox In Desert of Desire vi. 86 The biopark didn't happen, perhaps in part because the city of Las Vegas has never expressed any serious interest in supporting a zoo.

2007 M. S. Swaminathan in W. T. Greenough et al. Defining Values for Res. & Technol. vii. 105 The first of the bioparks we helped establish was an all-woman biotechnology park.

1977 Technol. Forecasting & Social Change 11 61 Expansion of biological technologies..with improved plant genetics and biopesticides.

1989 Business Rev. Weekly 20 Oct. 85/1 Biopesticides will not shut down the chemical pesticide industry down tomorrow.

2000 Guardian 2 Nov. (Science section) 2/1 Metarhizium anisopliae, a naturally occurring fungus, doesn't hurt bees, beetles or butterflies, nor plants, mammals and people... It is also the basis of a new biopesticide being sprayed over Niger.

1948 Jrnl. Philos. 45 636 These papers were classified very roughly into the following sections: East and West, Man and Religion,..Philosophy of Nature, Biophilosophy, Philosophical Problems of Psychology, [etc.].

1986 R. Sattler (title) Biophilosophy: analytic and holistic perspectives.

2000 Sociol. Theory 18 388 In Deleuze's postbiological biophilosophy, the repetition of the death drive is not entropic but an ongoing process of deterritorializing and reterritorializing.

1988 M. Daly & M. Wilson Homicide vii. 156 Marvin Harris is by no means the only outstanding social scientist suffering from biophobia.

1993 D. W. Orr in S. R. Kellert & E. O. Wilson Biophilia Hypothesis xiv. 416 Biophobia ranges from discomfort in ‘natural’ places to active scorn for whatever is not man-made, managed, or air-conditioned.

2002 W. M. Gesler & R. A. Kearns Culture/Place/Health vii. 135 Humans often react negatively to aspects of nature that may have been risks in the past (e.g. snakes, forests) (biophobia).

2006 U. Segerstråle in J. H. Barkow Missing Revol. iv. 141 The evolutionary paradigm is so far unpopular in the social sciences. Some reasons for this are..ignorance of biological reasoning or outright biophobia.

1986 Nature 20 Nov. 203/3 The project will aim at improving this technology to allow measurement of weak biophoton emissions.

1990 Economist (Nexis) 11 Aug. 81 Dr Humio Inaba..measured for the first time the extremely faint light produced by a germinating soyabean. Such ‘biophotons’ are not the same as the glow from..fireflies.

2002 San Diego Union-Tribune (Nexis) 13 Mar. f1 Teams have spotted increased levels of biophotons where cells are damaged.

1984 Jrnl. Molecular Struct. 115 302 We may expect that biophotonics will offer a possibility for the early detection of diseases.

1995 Appl. Physics Lett. 67 1698/1 Molecular materials comprised of inorganic:organic composites are of considerable interest in applications of emerging technologies such as..biophotonics.

2003 Belfast News Let. (Nexis) 29 Nov. 10 The scientist in question [is] an expert in biophotonics, a new technology that uses light to mark molecular changes.

1933 M. C. Potter Bio-electric Potentials 4 Waller thus showed that biopotential differences are the result of electrical activity.

1943 School Rev. 51 147/1 The crop cycle must be so arranged that the soils are not robbed of their minerals. Only thus can the soils' bio-potentials be maintained.

1968 Ironwood (Mich.) Daily Globe 18 Dec. 16/1 Seven studies are under way at the station as follows:... 6. Biopotential (productivity) of water.

2003 B. J. West & L. A. Griffin Biodynamics ix. 216 The biopotential generated at the cell surface is tremendously important to medicine.

1978 Cryobiology 15 594/2 For purposes of biopreservation much lower glycerol concentrations (coupled with low cooling rates) are normally employed.

1990 New Scientist 8 Dec. 26/2 An example of biopreservation, where you move the genes responsible for making an antimicrobial compound such as nisin into bacteria used for cheese manufacture.

1999 Alumnus Apr. 14/2 The new development of biopreservation technologies had made it possible to create a baby whose natural parents died a long time ago.

2003 A. Geis in K. J. Heller Genetically Engineered Food v. 105 Nisin, a lantibiotic, is the best known bacteriocin and the only one approved for biopreservation in food.

2003 V. Mironov in Expert Opinion Biol. Therapy 3 702/2 Printer producing companies..can benefit from the fast development and broad application of their modified ‘bioprinters’.

2015 Business Mirror (Philippines) (Nexis) 9 Feb. Researchers in California and elsewhere also have begun printing living tissue, with the goal of eventually employing these ‘bioprinters’ to create customized kidneys, livers and other organs for people needing transplants.

2004 H. S. Hsieh et al. in Jrnl. Biomolecular Screening 9 93/1 We described a prototype bioprinting system capable of printing 12 unique biological fluids, in parallel, to create arrays.

2015 Straits Times (Singapore) (Nexis) 28 Jan. Mr Fan Mingwei..is using the technology to produce skin cells and human tissue in a new field called 3D bioprinting.

1948 Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. 38 156 Mental organization is conceived as the differential bio-process through which the original potentialities are differentiated in their course from undifferentiated patterns to definitely clear-cut configurations.

1978 Jrnl. Theoret. Biol. 73 29 The nature of charge separation and electron transport can give a deeper insight into molecular machinery, thus making it possible to simulate bioprocesses.

2006 Belleville (Illinois) News-Democrat (Nexis) 24 Feb. An example of a bioprocess would be using yeast to transform corn into ethanol.

1969 BioScience 19 470/1 Summer institute on programming advancements in bioprocessing oriented industries.

1984 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 27 Jan. 9 Bioprocessing includes industrial processes necessary to manufacture beer, antibiotics and many other biological products.

1998 Pop. Sci. Aug. 28 Bioprocessing will enable industry to ‘grow’ drugs and fuels using microorganisms and plants.

2003 Fuel 82 225/2 The first step involved in bioprocessing of coal fines is the attachment of the microbes to the surface of solids.

1951 Biennial Rep. (Fish Comm. State Oregon) 7 Arrangements have been made with the Bioproducts Corporation of Warrenton, Oregon.]

1963 Nature 19 Oct. 288/1 Pasteur institute for veterinary research and bioproducts.

1993 Chem. Engin. Jrnl. 51 7 Examples of chemical engineering principles being applied to products are found in..food, pharmaceuticals and bio-products.

2008 Contra Costa (Calif.) Times (Nexis) 20 May Those [alternative materials] include cardboard, certain plastics..and so-called bioproducts made from plants and water.

1970 Abstr. Papers VI World Congr. Cardiol. 100/2 (title) The concept of bioprostheses.

1986 Jrnl. Surg. Res. 41 381/1 The feasibility of using a glutaraldehyde-stabilized tendon bioprosthesis.

2003 Business Press (Nexis) 20 Jan. The bioprosthesis is meant to replace damaged aortic valves in humans and last longer and perform better than replacement valves made from plastic, metal, cow and pig tissue.

1966 Control Abstr. 1 246/1 (heading) A bio-prosthetic system for joint movement.

1993 Brit. Jrnl. Surg. 80 361/2 Endothelial cell labelling with indium-111 oxine as a marker of cell attachment to bioprosthetic surfaces.

2004 Heart Sounds made Incredibly Easy xii. 161 A patient may receive a mechanical valve or a valve made from biological tissue (bioprosthetic valve)... Bioprosthetic valves may be made from animal..or human tissue.

1974 C. Djerassi et al. in Science 15 Nov. 599/1 Another chemical approach..can best be categorized as the use of ‘biorational’ chemical agents. We have coined this term in order to avoid the great confusion in the literature between chemical and biological control of insects. Typical examples of biorational chemical agents would be pheromones,..insect hormones..and hormone antagonists.

1995 Nova Scotia Agric. Coll. 1995–96 Cal. 112 Biorational approaches to weed control..will be included in discussions.

2008 Florida Times-Union (Nexis) 9 Aug. d1 Make sure you are using biorational pesticides to protect your pollinators so that they can set the fruit.

1980 Enzyme & Microbial Technol. 2 329/1 (caption) Bio-refinery possibilities.

1992 Farmers Guardian 7 Aug. 8/8 The bio-refinery aims to find new non-food outlets for crops.

2007 L. Weiss et al. National Insecurity ii. 57 In Australia there is not one combined sugar-ethanol biorefinery.

1987 K. Opuszynski in R. G. Michael Managed Aquatic Ecosystems iv. 63/1 Apart from bioreserves and periodically drying small basins there are few unmanaged aquatic systems in Europe.

2004 Sunday News (Lancaster, Pa.) (Nexis) 28 Nov. 4 A..draft plan on managing state forests has triggered a firestorm of controversy with its talk of bioreserves and old-growth timber.

1949 A. L. Copley in Proc. Internat. Congr. Rheol. i. 47 These problems may develop eventually in a science branch of its own for which I should like to propose for the sake of convenience the term 'bio-rheology'. It may be predicted that bio-rheological inquiries into the nature and origin of life will grow in scope and volume.

1961 Nature 19 Aug. 757/1 A seminar on biorheology and microcirculation was opened..at the Medical School.

1983 Q. Rev. Biol. 58 303/2 Introductory articles deal with the antigenicity of mucins and their biorheology, especially as they relate to pharmacological agents.

2003 A. Cano in H. P. G. Schneider Menopause xxv. 140/2 A basic tenet in a first approach to biorheology is that a flow of blood within the cylindrical geometry of a vessel follows the rules of laminar flow.

1976 BioScience 26 290/3 Office of Biosafety, Atlanta.

1989 Nature 18 May 237/2 The UV germicidal lamps in most biosafety hoods quickly damage any DNA left on exposed surfaces.

2003 Washington Post 12 Mar. (Home ed.) a19/1 Virologists call the world's most lethal disease organisms Level 4 pathogens. Experiments with them are confined to Biosafety Level 4, or BSL-4, labs. Those labs need to be sealed, pressurized areas designed to prevent pathogens from escaping, even in a nuclear blast.

1957 Daily Rev. (Hayward, Calif.) 11 Oct. 4/3 A Russian space scientist claimed today that the Soviet Union shortly will launch a ‘biosatellite’ carrying animals into space.

1966 Daily Tel. 19 Dec. 1/4 They were millions of insects and bacteria in a ‘biosatellite’ that went astray.

2004 Smithsonian Aug. 112/1 In 2006, scientists from three universities will launch the Mars Biosatellite Gravity Program: the first mission to study the effects of Martian gravity on mammals.

1995 Exobiological Strategy for Mars Explor. (NASA Techn. Rep. SP-530) 2/2 The search for ancient life on Mars will involve a logically designed sequence of missions, each of which will focus on defining ever more closely where and how biosignatures may be found.

2002 Times Educ. Suppl. 27 Sept. 16/1 The researchers used a biosignature—a physical and/or chemical marker of life—to compare the crystals in the Mars meteorite with those produced from bacteria on Earth.

2007 M. Endl & W. D. Cochran in L.-A. McFadden et al. Encycl. Solar Syst. (ed. 2) xlvii. 902/2 Of particular interest will be whether the spectra also include so-called biosignatures, like absorption by molecular oxygen (or ozone) or methane.

1966 T. C. Poulter in McGraw-Hill Yearbk. Sci. & Technol. 13/1 The now rapidly expanding fields of biological acoustics (bioacoustics) and biological sonar (biosonar).

1991 Frederick (Maryland) Post 17 Oct. c2/1 Insects, birds and mammals use ultrasonic sounds to communicate and biosonar or echolocation for night-time orientation.

2000 L. Crane Ninth Day of Creation 502 Dolphins were able to use their biosonar to successfully discriminate between a pair of similar but distinct objects.

1942 Ecology 23 399/2 The ecological system composed of the ‘biocenosis + biotop’ has been termed the holocoen by Friedrichs ('30) and the biosystem by Thienemann ('39).

1960 Biometrics 16 642 In uptake and retention studies, the biosystem can often be thought of as comprising K distinct compartments with constant rates of passage of particles from any compartment to a different compartment.

1983 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 28 June 9 The biosystem in the sea, as on land, should be stable. Scientists now believe it's important not to remove the predators.

2006 J. McDevitt Odyssey ii. 15 Because the biosystem was so ancient, it was of intense interest to researchers, who..were forever scrabbling about on the surface of the world, collecting samples to be taken to the orbiter.

1986 Philadelphia Inquirer 15 Aug. e16 The Fly, nominally a remake of the 1958 original, makes that one look like a Victorian parlor game. This one's a mesmerizing, nauseating and fantastic experiment in bio-terror.

1992 Amer. Jrnl. Internat. Law 86 851/2 The ambivalence of the world community toward a legal regime genuinely empowered to curb bioterror and biodeath propensities was again demonstrated.

2003 Science 19 Dec. 2054/1 The results, once published in a top-tier medical journal, would help solidify..defenses against bioterror.

1987 J. McDermott Killing Winds xvi. 252 Since the intimidating powers of biological weapons are so uncomfortably clear, bioterrorism is a sensitive subject that few want to discuss or face.

1991 Atlantic May 48/1 To engage in bioterrorism requires only..a sophisticated understanding of the properties of various edible plants, medicinal herbs, toxins and venoms, and infectious and pharmaceutical agents.

2005 Daily Tel. 28 Feb. 11/4 Botulinum toxin is particularly attractive as a bio-terrorism weapon because it is 10 million times more poisonous than cyanide.

1987 J. McDermott Killing Winds xvi. 255 If the bioterrorist uses a human disease, the FBI would investigate and enlist the help of the Centers for Disease Control.

1996 New Scientist 11 May 32/1 Many experts say that it is no longer a question of whether a major bioterrorist attack will occur, but when.

1999 N.Y. Times 21 Oct. a24/3 The United States reserves the right to launch a nuclear strike against a bioterrorist nation.

2006 Economist (Nexis) 2 Sept. At the moment a bioterrorist would be better advised to use an existing ‘weaponised’ pathogen (there are plenty) than to make a new one from scratch.

1984 McGraw-Hill's Biotechnol. Newswatch 2 July 7/1 Because of this presumed Soviet bio-threat..the Department of Commerce (DoC) should restrict export to Eastern bloc countries of ‘militarily critical’ biotechnology equipment and supplies.

1984 in L. A. Cole Clouds of Secrecy (1988) xi. 144 The facility presumably would not be involved with open air testing, but would be used to test military equipment and ‘provide laboratory support for biothreat studies’.

2008 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 3 Aug. 17/1 Across the spectrum of biothreats we have expanded our capacity significantly.

1951 D. F. Marsh Outl. Fund. Pharmacol. Index 215 Biotransformation of drugs.

1983 A. G. Renwick in T. H. Grenby et al. Devel. Sweeteners—2 vii. 180 With the development of more sophisticated analytical techniques, it became apparent that cyclamate underwent some biotransformation in the body.

1988 Daily Tel. 27 Oct. 13/8 Biotransformation harnesses natural enzymes for the chemical industry.

2008 Bioresource Technol. 99 4590/1 Biotransformations of these compounds [sc. terpenes] remain of great commercial interest for the food and perfume industry.

1950 H. L. Jacobs in W. Staniar Plant Engin. Handbk. 1603 If the waste organics originate in chemical processes, they will probably be ‘sterile,’ and inoculation with sewage prior to biotreatment will be required.

1974 Environ. Sci. & Technol. 8 697/3 The biotreatment systems have been the state-of-the-art of municipal wastewater treatment for years, but their large-scale use in chemical plants is still relatively new.

2008 Jrnl. Hazardous Materials 154 485/1 Since azo dyes are potentially reduced under anaerobic conditions, and biological processes are the preferred choice for wastewater treatment, biotreatments based on anaerobic–aerobic sequences are currently under investigation.

1971 Ann. Rev. Ecol. & Systematics 2 460 The same pattern, though not quite so clearly shown, occurs in the biovolume of the protozoans.

2008 T. A. Forge & M. Tenuta in M. R. Carter & E. G. Gregorich Soil Sampling & Methods of Anal. (ed. 2) xliv. 579 Membrane filter techniques have become popular for fungal biovolume measurement.

1950 Galaxy Sci. Fiction Dec. 69/1 It is hush-hush, top-secret stuff…Anyone knowing bio-war developments would understand.

1982 Christian Sci. Monitor 11 Feb. (Eastern ed.) 2/5 (heading) Pakistan expels American after Soviet biowar claim.

1993 A. Toffler & H. Toffler War & Anti-war iii. xiv. 122 It is now known that work on offensive bio-war weapons continued in the Soviet Union long after it signed a 1972 treaty outlawing such arms.

2001 Birmingham Post (Electronic ed.) 13 Oct. The only example we have of an anthrax epidemic was at Sverdlovsk, Russia in 1979 when spores escaped from a military factory. It is generally remembered as a terrifying example of what could happen during a biowar.

1951 A. Yuwiler in Astounding Sci. Fiction June 114/2 The panacealike antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents have been evolved just in time to afford a practical method for waging the most insidious and deadly type of warfare conceivable, Bio-Warfare.

1971 It 2 June 3/2 The Army Germ Warfare Testing Centre at Desert, Utah, announced it was..changing its title to ‘Defensive Bio-Warfare Research’.

1997 N. DeMille Plum Island xii. 137 A good day for the bio-warfare gentlemen is a day when their scientists can genetically engineer the FMD [= foot and mouth disease] virus to infect humans.

2001 Toronto Star 13 Jan. a17/2 The fearsome virus..is closely related to smallpox, raising fears the technology could be used in biowarfare.

1962 H. B. Piper in Analog Sci. Fact & Sci. Fiction Nov. 47 Bio-weapons; a man-made plague that had gotten out of control and all but depopulated the planet.

1995 L. Garrett Coming Plague (new ed.) xvii. 603 By 1993 some 125 nations had signed the Bioweapons Convention.., yet the agreement had no teeth.

2001 Chicago Tribune 12 Sept. i. 3/1 U.S. intelligence has focused on countering the kind of attacks that had happened: truck bombs, explosives hidden in airplane luggage, and bio-weapons released in crowds.

1988 Grocer 6 Aug. 124/2 Sudmilch is the largest producer to launch a ‘bio’ fruit yogurt in the UK.]

1989 Marketing 8 June 4/5 Existing bio yoghurts have not been marketed within the diet sector.

1994 Biotechnol. Adv. 12 626 A relatively new addition to the range is 'bioyoghurt' which contains additional bacteria such as Lactobacillus acidophilus and members of the genus Bifidobacterium.

2006 E. Wilson Goddess vii. 409 Live bio-yogurt is a good anti-ageing food as it's full of probiotics or ‘good bacteria’ essential for healthy digestion.