responsen.

Brit.

/rᵻˈspɒns/, U.S.

/rəˈspɑns/,

/riˈspɑns/

Forms: Middle English respons (plural), Middle English respouns, Middle English respounse, Middle English–1500s respons, Middle English–1600s responce, Middle English– response; Scottish pre-1700 rasponsis (plural), pre-1700 responce, pre-1700 respons, pre-1700 responssis (plural), pre-1700 rispons, pre-1700 1700s– response.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French respouns, response; Latin respōnsum.

Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman respouns, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French respuns, respons (masculine; French répons , now only in restricted liturgical and typographical use), also (formally a feminine derivative of this word) Anglo-Norman respounse, respunse, respounce and Old French, Middle French response, Anglo-Norman and Middle French responce (feminine; French réponse ) reply (11th cent.; also from 12th cent. in spec. legal uses), liturgical responsory (12th cent.), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin respōnsum (neuter) answer, reply, reply to an argument, answer given by an oracle, answer given by a jurisconsult to a legal query, in post-classical Latin also liturgical responsory (12th cent.; 13th cent. in a British source), use as noun of neuter of past participle of respondēre respond v. Compare also classical Latin responsus (masculine) harmonious relationship, correspondence, congruity (Vitruvius), action of answering a question (2nd cent. a.d.) < respōns- , past participial stem of respondēre + -tus , suffix forming verbal nouns. Compare respond n., respoun n., and also respond v., respound v.Compare Old Occitan respos (12th cent.), responsa (14th cent.), Catalan respons (14th cent.), Spanish responso (13th cent.; now only in sense ‘responsory for the dead’), Portuguese responso (13th cent.), Italian responso (a1527). In sense 3 probably after French réponse (1753 in this sense).

a. Answer or reply given in speech or writing. Frequently in to make (also give, etc.) response; also in response (to).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun]

swarec1175

responsec1300

answeringc1330

respoun?a1400

replicationc1405

resolutiona1500

replyal1548

replying1548

reply1577

respondence1590

interlocution1597

reanswer1599

responsure1600

answerage1642

c1300 Life & Martyrdom Thomas Becket (Harl. 2277) (1845) l. 825 In a chambre faste iloke alle hi were ibrouȝt, That hi ne scholde ascapie noȝt er hi respounse [a1325 Corpus Cambr. responce; c1300 Laud answere] sede.

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 169 Respons þei gaf him þere, ‘þei were men of mistere’.

c1475 ( in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1911) 26 516 (MED) For a more pleinere confutacioun of thame [sc. youre articuls], I shall answere singulerly to every poynte that nedith respons.

1597 King James VI & I Daemonologie iii. vi. 79 Then Samuel was a Witch: For the Deuill resembled his shape, and played his person in giuing response to Saule.

1644 R. Boothby True Declar. Intollerable Wrongs 4 A great indignity to my self in particular, not to make responce thereunto which I performed in my own Apologie or defence.

1698 L. Meriton Pecuniæ obediunt Omnia (new ed.) 22 He'll..make response, that he could not you find.

1762 Notus-Notarius 37 To this harangue our man o' D——se, Was just about to make response.

1848 Jrnl. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc. 3 150 I did not let the matter pass without response, but after a few observations, related the following anecdote.

1882 Ballou's Monthly Mag. Aug. 146/1 In response to his interrogations, I recommended this township as an almost anchoretic asylum.

1976 New Yorker 8 Mar. 90/3 She found waiting for her on the kitchen table the mail in response to the registered letters she had sent to the United States senators.

2005 Independent 30 May 30/1 Those with high IQ but found to have limited diversity of response to questions such as what one could do with a brick.

b. An answer or response of this kind.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun] > an answer, response

answerOE

response?a1400

replication1414

recorda1450

responsal?a1475

responsion?a1475

repliquec1475

responsivec1487

replyal1548

replica?1552

reply1560

avoure1596

interlocution1597

respond1600

responsum1610

returna1616

respondency1617

reasona1635

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 11652 Þe chartere þei schewed þer barons & said, ‘Suilk ere Arthure respons.’

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 98 What was his respons writen, I ne sauh no herd.

1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1901) I. i. xix. 109 It is said þat Turnus was na thing satifyit on his respons.

1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. xix. 170 Ye haue a figuratiue speach which the Greeks cal Antipophora, I name him the Responce.

1673 W. Cave Primitive Christianity i. vii. 192 The Author of the Questions and Responses.

1675 R. Baxter Catholick Theol. i. i. 113 He..needeth no more of mine for the confutation of his vain responses.

1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 266. ⁋4 I heard an old and a young Voice repeating the Questions and Responses of the Church-Catechism.

1751 J. Harris Hermes i. viii. 151 And hence the near affinity of this Interrogative Mode with the Indicative, in which last its Response or Return is mostly made.

1798 S. T. Coleridge Anc. Marinere vi, in W. Wordsworth & S. T. Coleridge Lyrical Ballads 35 But..speak again, Thy soft response renewing.

1836 Tait's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 29/1 I wearied exceedingly for a response from Mr Ettles.

1869 A. Harwood tr. E. de Pressensé Early Years Christianity iii. iii. 404 We know the response of ancient philosophy to this question.

1911 Catholic Encycl. XII. 783/2 Rescripts, responses of the pope or a Sacred Congregation, in writing, to queries or petitions of individuals.

1974 B. Watson tr. K. Pan in Courtier & Commoner in Anc. China 17 Because of his glib and witty responses, the emperor was fond of asking him questions.

2002 S. S. Petronio Boundaries of Privacy i. 23 Some men might answer every question with a polite response.

c. A message, sign, or answer given by an oracle or other supernatural source.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun] > an answer, response > oracular

answerOE

responsea1522

oracle1657

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) x. i. l. 76 Sa feill responsis of the goddis abufe.

a1572 J. Knox Hist. Reformation Scotl. in Wks. (1848) II. 357 The erle..was laid in the tolbuyth..that the response which his wyffis wyttches had gevin mycht be fulfilled.

1622 in H. Paton Dundonald Parish Rec. (1936) 512 A cowmoun consulter with witches..and ane seiker of help and responssis of thame.

1654 H. Hammond Of Fundamentals (1849) vi. §9. 94 The oracles,..from giving responses in verse, descended to prose.

1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 37 He that demands the response, roles it [sc. a piece of wood] three times.

1762 W. Warburton Doctr. Grace i. v. 25 In the Mosaic dispensation.., where the church was conducted in every step, at first by oracular responses, and afterwards by..Prophets.

1768 J. Macpherson Crit. Diss. xv. 239 To Bridget the greatest number of their churches were dedicated: from Bridget they had oracular responses.

a1822 P. B. Shelley tr. P. Calderon Scenes from Magico Prodigioso in Posthumous Poems (1824) 369 Consider the ambiguous responses Of their oracular statues.

1869 H. F. Tozer Res. Highlands of Turkey II. 219 The ancient oracle..from which..the Greeks of his time used to seek responses.

1919 E. L. White Song of Sirens (ed. 2) 130 Any doubt expressed by the votaries or by the spectators, was also held to vitiate the oracle and nullify the response.

2004 R. Waterfield in C. J. Tuplin Xenophon & his World iii. 94 His philosophical mission..was triggered by the response the Delphic oracle gave to his friend Chaerephon.

2. Christian Church.

a. = responsory n. 1a.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > church music > hymn > kinds of hymn > anthem > [noun] > responsory

responda1387

responsec1410

respouna1425

responsory?a1475

responsary?1567

responsive?1789

society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > religious or devotional > [noun] > responsory

responda1387

responsec1410

respouna1425

responsory?a1475

anthem1555

responsary?1567

responsive?1789

c1410 tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 83 Robert..made..þat respons [L. responsorium] of þe vigil of þe Nativite.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 200 In the Feest of the Crossis Fynding at the first euensong, whanne this response..is sungen..it is seid in the prose forth with therto folewing thus [etc.].

1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 107 Thys fyrste responce ys songe in faythe and in praysynge of the blyssed Trynyte.

1592 tr. F. Du Jon Apocalypsis xix. 3 The song of the Antiphonie or response.

1688 P. Rycaut tr. G. de la Vega Royal Comm. Peru viii. xii. 1001 A high Pedestal was raised, whereon to repose the Body, whilst the Responses were singing.

1786 T. Busby Compl. Dict. Music Response,..the name of a kind of anthem sung in the Roman church after the morning lesson.

1836 Tracts for Times No. 75 Lesson 8. (Homily continued.)..Response 8 (used on the Sundays after Trinity).

1879 T. F. Simmons Lay Folks Mass Bk. 200 The laity..were not allowed to read the lessons in church, nor to say the Alleluia, but only the psalms and the responses (responsoria), without the Alleluia.

1965 Musical Times 106 465/1 His four-part Responses for Holy Week..are simple in design.

1997 Cathedral Music Autumn–Winter 8/2 Several local composers have supplied settings of new responses, but the choir still has ample opportunity to wallow in the glories of those set by Byrd, Ayleward, Ebdon and Smith.

b. = responsory n. 1b.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > parts of service > response > [noun]

answer1440

R1497

responda1555

response1578

interlocution1597

responsory1621

responsora1649

antiphona1652

responsala1652

cathisma1850

responsor1944

1578 E. Hellowes tr. A. de Guevara Bk. Inuention Art of Nauigation sig. C.iiij That response or answere of the dead, which saieth: Memento mei, Deus, quià ventus est vita mea.

1587 J. Bridges Def. Govt. Church of Eng. viii. 616 In those publike praiers which the pastor speaketh onelie in all the peoples name, the people nowe and then did giue their responses in their courses.

1597 in J. Stuart Misc. Spalding Club (1841) I. 146 Making thair thy inchantmentis and responsis to the Deuill thy maister, and thair casting ouer thy shulderis yerd and stane.

1642 M. H. Answer to Calfines Messe of Pottage 5 It [sc. the Common Prayer] is nothing but an unformed heap of disorder... Of short shreds patched up together,..and much tossing or driving the Service between the Priest and the people, praying with the Priest, or repeating his prayer, and adding some responses and answers.

1659 H. Hammond Paraphr. & Annot. Psalms (xxxi. 6 Annot.) 169/1 Observing their responses most superstitiously.

1710 R. Steele Tatler No. 213. ⁋2 [He] was seen soon after reading the Responses with great Gravity at Six of Clock Prayers.

1797 A. Radcliffe Italian I. xi. 309 He fancied her voice spoke in a part of the plaintive response delivered by the nuns.

1810 G. Crabbe Borough ii. 17 Where Priest and Clerk with joint exertion strive..; That, by his periods eloquent and grave, This, by responses, and a well-set stave.

1886 J. Ruskin Præterita I. xi. 354 The responses of the morning prayer.

1910 Musical Times 51 91/1 The response to the succeeding eight petitions also ends on the tonic.

2002 S. Brett Torso in Town (2003) xx. 164 The congregation were mostly regulars. At least they were very prompt on belting out the liturgical responses.

3. Music. The answer to the subject in a fugue. Cf. answer n. 9b.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > piece of music > type of piece > piece in specific form > [noun] > fugue > answer

reply1597

answer1737

response1765

comes1838

repercussion1872

risposta1876

1765 J. Gregory Compar. View State & Faculties of Man iii. 98 They must all understand the stile and design of the composition, and be able to make the responses in the fugue with proper spirit.

1797 Encycl. Brit. VII. 491/2 Every fugue finds its response in the part immediately following that which commenced.

1854 L. Cherubini Counterp. & Fugue 63 It may be said that the Response decides the particular kind and nature of the fugue.

1889 A. J. Goodrich Compl. Musical Anal. xxv. 125 Stretto is also used in Fugue, when the response commences before the conclusion of the subject.

1937 E. Pound Let. Apr. (1950) 294 Take a fugue: theme, response, contrasujet. Not that I mean to make an exact analogy of structure.

2005 tr. Castil-Blaze in Music Theory Spectrum 27 108/2 The subject and its response do not exceed the bounds of the scale of the mode in this type of fugue.

a. An action or feeling caused by a stimulus or influence; a reaction.direct, reader-response: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > doing > [noun] > reaction

response1787

reaction1899

1787 A. Yearsley Poems Var. Subj. 38 My sad bosom slow responses beat.

1799 W. Godwin St. Leon III. iii. 74 Feeling..flows impetuously from the heart, without consulting the cooler responses of the understanding.

1816 P. B. Shelley Alastor 39 A pine,..to each inconstant blast Yielding one only response.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. §15. 103 A joyous rush was the creature's first response to the signal.

1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues III. 234 Something which found a response in his own mind seemed to have been lost.

1900 E. Holmes What is Poetry? 65 His poetry..wakes a response in the hearts of others.

1957 Times 9 Dec. p. ii/3 The Government of Northern Ireland Act by which Stormont was established in 1920 was not a response to local demands.

2005 N. Laird Utterly Monkey 131 His response was to kick the metal bin lid so it gonged.

b. Medicine. Reaction, esp. positive or favourable reaction, to medical treatment or a medical procedure; an instance of this.

ΚΠ

1876 Lancet 2 Dec. 807/2 Sometimes patients have died on the third day..without manifesting the slightest response to any remedy whatsoever.

1915 Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. 149 299 Permanent injury to the heart must be assumed to have taken place in late cases, even though prompt response to treatment and apparent cure occurs.

1948 Amer. Jrnl. Med. 4 424/1 Failure to obtain a response to penicillin therapy..constitutes strong evidence that some complication is present.

1970 Exper. Cell Res. 62 418/1 A wide spectrum of response would be expected in a larger patient series.

1993 Chatelaine (Canada) Mar. 42/1 Women's smaller blood vessels are traditionally blamed for poorer response to CAD treatments.

2003 Which? Aug. 45/2 The most clinically useful thing about genetic tests in future may be their ability to predict response to treatments.

c. The reaction of a mechanical or electrical device to a stimulus or range of stimuli; the output provided by a mechanical or electrical system as a result of a given input.frequency, power, step response, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > processes > [noun] > response to signal

response1878

power response1962

1878 T. A. Edison U.S. Patent 208,299 1/2 A feeble tone will produce but a feeble electrical response on the line.

1911 H. M. Hobart Dict. Electr. Engin. II. 630/1 The receiver must be sharply tuned so that the variations of frequency may be sufficient to make an appreciable difference in the strength of its response.

1936 R. S. Glasgow Princ. Radio Engin. ix. 237 An untuned amplifier is one that gives fairly uniform response over a wide range of frequencies.

1961 G. Millerson Technique Television Production iii. 41 Where the tube's response to red is excessive, this may be held back with an appropriate green or blue filter.

1989 P. Horowitz & W. Hill Art of Electronics (ed. 2) xiii. 899/2 It has a rising curve of response versus frequency across the IF bandwidth.

2008 Australian (Nexis) 14 Nov. 36 The response of the engine to the fuel and the temperature at which the engine is operating is within where we expect it to be.

d. Physiology. The fact of responding physiologically or neurologically to a stimulus on the part of a person or animal; a physiological or neurological reaction of an organism, organ, cell, etc., to a stimulus. Cf. reaction n. 3a, 3b.avoidance, conditioned, galvanic skin, habit, immune, movement response, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > [noun] > return action or operation

repercussion1603

reacting1611

recussion1754

reaction1771

reagency1793

reverberation1797

retroaction1799

response1887

snap-back1972

the mind > emotion > [noun] > emotional reaction to stimulus

respondence1846

response1887

reaction1899

the mind > mental capacity > psychology > experimental psychology > stimulus-response > response > [noun]

reaction1860

response1887

respondent1937

1887 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 1 172 Distinguishing reflex and automatic activity from conscious volitional motion; and the subcortical perception of sensations, which always results in an automatic response, from the cortical perception of sensations, which is always conscious.

1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VII. 229 The quick normal response of the undegenerate muscle-fibres to the negative closure.

1922 Sci. Monthly Apr. 388 If the same weak stimulation be frequently repeated, a full muscular response will follow.

1942 Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. 135 736 The muscular reactions during a tonic-clonic response to electrical stimulation of the motor cortex.

1965 in J. Money Sex Research 101 Three women were able to achieve orgasmic response by breast manipulation alone.

1992 Age & Ageing 21 47/1 The impaired ventilatory response of elderly people to hypoxia.

2008 Atlantic Monthly July 97/1 My brain's response to these pictures..would uncover my actual inclinations and predispositions.

5. Oxford University. In plural = responsion n. 3. rare. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > examination > [noun] > university examinations

fellowship examination1787

collections1799

responsions1810

response1813

little go1816

great go1820

Previous Examination1824

school1826

smalls1836

senate-house examination1837

tripos1842

honours examination1851

biennial1853

great1854

moderations1857

Mods1858

professional1890

Trip1909

previous1950

1813 Oxf. Univ. Cal. p. ii Feb. 21, Responses commence.

1980 J. Lees-Milne H. Nicolson i. 12 By September 1903 Harold had already passed Responses in Latin and Greek.

6. Bridge. A bid made on the basis of a partner's preceding bid.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > bridge > [noun] > actions or tactics > call > bidding > bid > other types of bid

ask1872

overcall1890

rescue bid1912

game-goer1913

reverse bid1915

denial1916

rebid1916

overbid?1917

rescue?1917

under-call1923

jump1927

invitation1928

score-bid1928

approach1929

pre-empt1929

one-over-one1931

response1931

cue-bid1932

psychic1932

asking bid1936

reverse1936

shut-out1936

under-bid1945

controlled psychic1959

relay bid1959

raise1964

psych1965

multi1972

splinter bid1977

1931 Times 10 Feb. 17/6 (heading) Partner's response to approach bid.

1939 N. de V. Hart Bridge Players' Bedside Bk. x. 52 South's response of Six Clubs showed first round control of clubs.

1976 Times 1 May 12/6 A minimum response can be shown only by a rebid of the suit.

2006 E. Kantar Bridge for Dummies (ed. 2) iii. xii. 178 Because your partner has changed suits, your partner has made an unlimited response, so you dare not pass.

Compounds

C1. General attributive, chiefly in sense 4.

response curve n. See also dose–response adj. at dose n. Additions.

ΚΠ

1901 Proc. Royal Soc. 70 167 Under the continued action of radiation, the response curve exhibits a negative twitch at the beginning.

1936 R. S. Glasgow Princ. Radio Engin. xiii. 402 The volume controls..vary the magnitude of the signal voltage..without changing the frequency-response curve of the set.

2005 R. L. Phillips Pricing & Revenue Optimization iii. 53 This kind of consumer behavior generates a response curve of the general form shown.

response movement n. [after German Antwortsbewegung ( F. L. Goltz Beiträge zur Lehre von dem Functionen der Nervencentren des Frosches (1869) iv. 91)]

ΚΠ

1892 C. C. Van Liew & O. Beyer tr. T. Ziehen Introd. Physiol. Psychol. i. 14 Goltz has termed the automatic movements ‘response-movements’.

2002 D. E. Meyer et al. in T. A. Polk & C. M. Seifert Cognitive Modeling iv. 115 Each motor processor only has the capacity to prepare and initiate one response movement at a time.

response pattern n.

ΚΠ

1920 Psychol. Rev. 27 206 These response patterns have been developed in the individual's previous experience.

1998 S. Dingo Dingo ii. 19 A..response pattern learned and practised since birth resulting in behaviour which doesn't slot neatly into the Western way of communicating.

C2.

response bias n. chiefly Psychology a systematic tendency for respondents in a questionnaire, psychological test, etc., to give responses which do not reflect their true beliefs, typically because a question is phrased in a leading manner or because a given response is considered more socially acceptable; spec. a tendency to give a positive response (cf. response set n.); a bias in a voluntary survey caused by a greater likelihood of reply in people who give a particular response.

ΚΠ

1944 D. G. Humm & K. A. Humm in Jrnl. Psychol. 18 55 (title) Validity of the Humm-Wadsworth temperament scale: with consideration of the effects of subjects' response-bias.

1975 S. G. Paris in F. Restle et al. Cognitive Theory I. xi. 234 A response bias is often observed in young children and, indeed our kindergarten subjects responded affirmatively to 72% of the questions.

1986 Law & Human Behavior 10 322 Correctly leading questions were included to determine whether participants, particularly adults, developed a response bias.

2007 Chicago Sun-Times (Nexis) 29 Apr. b3 Only about 25 percent of the survey forms were returned, raising the question of response bias: Prisoners who had been raped may have been more likely to return the questionnaire.

response-contingent adj. Psychology designating events experienced by a person or animal which are made rewarding or unpleasant according to the nature of the response to a stimulus, typically as reinforcement or discouragement; relating to or experiencing such events.

ΚΠ

1956 Jrnl. Abnormal & Social Psychol. 53 20/1 Exposure to shock whose offset was contingent on S's moving to the safe end of the apparatus (response-contingent group).

1971 Child Devel. 42 146 Matching responses subsequently may receive favorable response-contingent consequences.

2006 D. Ward Stuttering & Cluttering vi. 104 Response rates may be ‘extinguished’ by judicial manipulation of these stimulus-response relationships, or as they are more generally known, response-contingent stimuli.

response function n. (a) Psychology a context-specific response to a stimulus, relating to its significance to the responder; (b) a mathematical function relating the output or response of an electrical or biological system to the input or stimulus, typically displayed in graphical form.

ΚΠ

1922 R. H. Wheeler & T. D. Cutsforth in Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 33 378 This meaning develops as a dual process consisting (1) of shifting contents which determine the presence or absence of meaning and whether the meaning shall be general or specific—a stimulus function; and (2) of the development of a motor attitude in the presence of these shifting contents which constitutes a recognition of this meaning—a response function.

1938 Brit. Patent 488,835 6/1 The rectified voltage output is a desired function of control signal intensity. This response function depends on the characteristics of the rectifier.

1975 D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. xxv. 25 The radar will respond with reduced gain to targets at other angles, delays, and frequencies. This response function can be expressed as a surface in a four-dimensional coordinate system.

1993 N. W. Smith Greek & Interbehavioral Psychol. viii. 156 A correlative factor with the stimulus function is the response function. They are necessarily interdependent, for they constitute functional relations of the interdependent stimulus object and responding mechanism.

2004 M. Rowan-Robinson Cosmol. (ed. 4) i. 7 (caption) The response function of the human eye, as a function of wavelength.

response probability n. the probability of producing or obtaining a response; spec. the probability of giving a correct response to a question in a questionnaire or test.

ΚΠ

1941 Psychol. Rev. 48 318 The authors are using Dunlap's 1932 definition of beta as the hypothesis that repetition decreases response probability.

1960 W. N. Dember Psychol. of Perception (1970) viii. 287 All of the word-recognition experiments can be interpreted in terms of response-probability.

2001 P. L. Donohue et al. Nation's Rep. Card: Fourth-grade Reading 2000 86/1 Establishing a response probability convention has an impact on the mapping of the test items onto the reading scale.

response rate n. a rate at which a person or thing responds; spec. the proportion of questionnaires in a voluntary survey or study which receive a response, typically expressed as a percentage.

ΚΠ

1919 Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 28 65 The amount of shedding from flowers... The lower response rate could be referred to the lower temperatures which prevailed.

1946 Jrnl. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 41 522 The number of mail questionnaires and field interviews required to achieve a specified precision will vary with the response rate.

1966 Rep. Comm. Inq. (Univ. of Oxf.) II. 351 The figures for Great Britain are from a survey (with a response rate of 53 per cent.).

2002 BusinessWeek 7 Oct. 102/1 It might seem as if the minuscule response rates would doom spammers to failure. Quite the contrary.

response set n. Psychology a systematic tendency for respondents or subjects in psychological tests, questionnaires, etc., consistently to respond in a positive manner or to give the same answer to multiple-choice questions, despite their true beliefs.

ΚΠ

1946 Educ. & Psychol. Measurem. 6 484 A response set, such as gambling versus caution, increases the spread of scores.

1968 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 114 1046/2 Most psychologists bear in mind the idea of response set, to the extent of casting their questionnaire items half and half into positive and negative form, hopefully to foil persistent yeasayers.

2002 J. Waller Becoming Evil 80 The scale encouraged a response set of positive answers.

response time n. the length of time taken for something to respond to a given stimulus, event, or request.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > circuit > [noun] > time taken to change state

time constant1869

response time1911

integrating circuit1948

1911 Psychol. Rev. 18 3 The time required to form the objectively adequate associations is often considerably shorter than the actual response time.

1980 Public Productivity Rev. 4 215 Average response time for murder and manslaughter calls was 6·67 minutes less than the overall mean.

2000 H. W. Thistle & J. W. Barry in C. D. Whiteman Mountain Meteorol. xiv. 292 The response time..of the sensor must be considered when selecting the sampling frequency.

response variable n. Statistics (in the context of experimental results and data analysis) a variable associated with an observed quantity or phenomenon; a dependent variable.

ΚΠ

1942 K. W. Spence in F. A. Moss et al. Compar. Psychol. (rev. ed.) xi. 281 The response variables are usually referred to as the dependent variables.

1977 Radiation Res. 72 279 Multiple sources of variation which might simultaneously influence the response variable.

2005 K. L. Kramer Maya Children 208 Ordinary least squares regression theory assumes that the mean of the response variable is a linear function of the predictor variables.

Derivatives

reˈsponseless adj. giving no response or reply.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [adjective] > lacking an answer

answerless1533

responselessa1809

irresponsive1846

a1809 A. Seward Poet. Wks (1810) II. 128 'Tis then that Poesy, responseless found, Frowns on her pen and throws it on the ground.

1943 N. C. L. Madgett One & Many (1956) 42 Where do we go? To bury love in cold, responseless sod?

2005 G. O. Gabbard et al. Oxf. Textbk. Psychotherapy (2007) ii. xii. 133/1 She was locked as if without air in a bleak, lifeless, emotionally responseless world.

reˈsponser n. a thing which or person who makes a response; a responder.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun] > person answering

replierc1454

respondent1528

answerer1551

repliant1594

replicant1626

responser1791

responder1825

replyist1852

1791 Minute Bk. Lodge Perfect Unanimity in Ars Quatuor Coronatorum (1908) XXI. 31 If persevering in the duties of Philanthropy—If making the charitable hand the responser to the supplicating Tongue, If tempering mercy with justice..were the Characteristics of a Mason.

1845 E. Robinson Whitehall I. xix. 221 Mistress Chaloner looked at him..to ascertain who this lively responser was.

1903 P. E. Burrowes Rev. Ess. ii. 16 The action in all cases is on surfaces, the mental and progressive sensitives being all superficial responsers.

1993 J. E. Turner et al. Villages Astir ix. 278 The respondents who were born in a city were less likely to have tried to influence local policies than were the respondents of village birth. This pattern is understandable, especially when we consider the rural responsers.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	response
释义	responsen. Brit. /rᵻˈspɒns/, U.S. /rəˈspɑns/, /riˈspɑns/ Forms: Middle English respons (plural), Middle English respouns, Middle English respounse, Middle English–1500s respons, Middle English–1600s responce, Middle English– response; Scottish pre-1700 rasponsis (plural), pre-1700 responce, pre-1700 respons, pre-1700 responssis (plural), pre-1700 rispons, pre-1700 1700s– response. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French respouns, response; Latin respōnsum. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman respouns, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French respuns, respons (masculine; French répons , now only in restricted liturgical and typographical use), also (formally a feminine derivative of this word) Anglo-Norman respounse, respunse, respounce and Old French, Middle French response, Anglo-Norman and Middle French responce (feminine; French réponse ) reply (11th cent.; also from 12th cent. in spec. legal uses), liturgical responsory (12th cent.), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin respōnsum (neuter) answer, reply, reply to an argument, answer given by an oracle, answer given by a jurisconsult to a legal query, in post-classical Latin also liturgical responsory (12th cent.; 13th cent. in a British source), use as noun of neuter of past participle of respondēre respond v. Compare also classical Latin responsus (masculine) harmonious relationship, correspondence, congruity (Vitruvius), action of answering a question (2nd cent. a.d.) < respōns- , past participial stem of respondēre + -tus , suffix forming verbal nouns. Compare respond n., respoun n., and also respond v., respound v.Compare Old Occitan respos (12th cent.), responsa (14th cent.), Catalan respons (14th cent.), Spanish responso (13th cent.; now only in sense ‘responsory for the dead’), Portuguese responso (13th cent.), Italian responso (a1527). In sense 3 probably after French réponse (1753 in this sense). 1. a. Answer or reply given in speech or writing. Frequently in to make (also give, etc.) response; also in response (to). ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun] swarec1175 responsec1300 answeringc1330 respoun?a1400 replicationc1405 resolutiona1500 replyal1548 replying1548 reply1577 respondence1590 interlocution1597 reanswer1599 responsure1600 answerage1642 c1300 Life & Martyrdom Thomas Becket (Harl. 2277) (1845) l. 825 In a chambre faste iloke alle hi were ibrouȝt, That hi ne scholde ascapie noȝt er hi respounse [a1325 Corpus Cambr. responce; c1300 Laud answere] sede. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 169 Respons þei gaf him þere, ‘þei were men of mistere’. c1475 ( in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1911) 26 516 (MED) For a more pleinere confutacioun of thame [sc. youre articuls], I shall answere singulerly to every poynte that nedith respons. 1597 King James VI & I Daemonologie iii. vi. 79 Then Samuel was a Witch: For the Deuill resembled his shape, and played his person in giuing response to Saule. 1644 R. Boothby True Declar. Intollerable Wrongs 4 A great indignity to my self in particular, not to make responce thereunto which I performed in my own Apologie or defence. 1698 L. Meriton Pecuniæ obediunt Omnia (new ed.) 22 He'll..make response, that he could not you find. 1762 Notus-Notarius 37 To this harangue our man o' D——se, Was just about to make response. 1848 Jrnl. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc. 3 150 I did not let the matter pass without response, but after a few observations, related the following anecdote. 1882 Ballou's Monthly Mag. Aug. 146/1 In response to his interrogations, I recommended this township as an almost anchoretic asylum. 1976 New Yorker 8 Mar. 90/3 She found waiting for her on the kitchen table the mail in response to the registered letters she had sent to the United States senators. 2005 Independent 30 May 30/1 Those with high IQ but found to have limited diversity of response to questions such as what one could do with a brick. b. An answer or response of this kind. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun] > an answer, response answerOE response?a1400 replication1414 recorda1450 responsal?a1475 responsion?a1475 repliquec1475 responsivec1487 replyal1548 replica?1552 reply1560 avoure1596 interlocution1597 respond1600 responsum1610 returna1616 respondency1617 reasona1635 ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 11652 Þe chartere þei schewed þer barons & said, ‘Suilk ere Arthure respons.’ ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 98 What was his respons writen, I ne sauh no herd. 1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1901) I. i. xix. 109 It is said þat Turnus was na thing satifyit on his respons. 1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. xix. 170 Ye haue a figuratiue speach which the Greeks cal Antipophora, I name him the Responce. 1673 W. Cave Primitive Christianity i. vii. 192 The Author of the Questions and Responses. 1675 R. Baxter Catholick Theol. i. i. 113 He..needeth no more of mine for the confutation of his vain responses. 1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 266. ⁋4 I heard an old and a young Voice repeating the Questions and Responses of the Church-Catechism. 1751 J. Harris Hermes i. viii. 151 And hence the near affinity of this Interrogative Mode with the Indicative, in which last its Response or Return is mostly made. 1798 S. T. Coleridge Anc. Marinere vi, in W. Wordsworth & S. T. Coleridge Lyrical Ballads 35 But..speak again, Thy soft response renewing. 1836 Tait's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 29/1 I wearied exceedingly for a response from Mr Ettles. 1869 A. Harwood tr. E. de Pressensé Early Years Christianity iii. iii. 404 We know the response of ancient philosophy to this question. 1911 Catholic Encycl. XII. 783/2 Rescripts, responses of the pope or a Sacred Congregation, in writing, to queries or petitions of individuals. 1974 B. Watson tr. K. Pan in Courtier & Commoner in Anc. China 17 Because of his glib and witty responses, the emperor was fond of asking him questions. 2002 S. S. Petronio Boundaries of Privacy i. 23 Some men might answer every question with a polite response. c. A message, sign, or answer given by an oracle or other supernatural source. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun] > an answer, response > oracular answerOE responsea1522 oracle1657 a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) x. i. l. 76 Sa feill responsis of the goddis abufe. a1572 J. Knox Hist. Reformation Scotl. in Wks. (1848) II. 357 The erle..was laid in the tolbuyth..that the response which his wyffis wyttches had gevin mycht be fulfilled. 1622 in H. Paton Dundonald Parish Rec. (1936) 512 A cowmoun consulter with witches..and ane seiker of help and responssis of thame. 1654 H. Hammond Of Fundamentals (1849) vi. §9. 94 The oracles,..from giving responses in verse, descended to prose. 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 37 He that demands the response, roles it [sc. a piece of wood] three times. 1762 W. Warburton Doctr. Grace i. v. 25 In the Mosaic dispensation.., where the church was conducted in every step, at first by oracular responses, and afterwards by..Prophets. 1768 J. Macpherson Crit. Diss. xv. 239 To Bridget the greatest number of their churches were dedicated: from Bridget they had oracular responses. a1822 P. B. Shelley tr. P. Calderon Scenes from Magico Prodigioso in Posthumous Poems (1824) 369 Consider the ambiguous responses Of their oracular statues. 1869 H. F. Tozer Res. Highlands of Turkey II. 219 The ancient oracle..from which..the Greeks of his time used to seek responses. 1919 E. L. White Song of Sirens (ed. 2) 130 Any doubt expressed by the votaries or by the spectators, was also held to vitiate the oracle and nullify the response. 2004 R. Waterfield in C. J. Tuplin Xenophon & his World iii. 94 His philosophical mission..was triggered by the response the Delphic oracle gave to his friend Chaerephon. 2. Christian Church. a. = responsory n. 1a. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > church music > hymn > kinds of hymn > anthem > [noun] > responsory responda1387 responsec1410 respouna1425 responsory?a1475 responsary?1567 responsive?1789 society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > religious or devotional > [noun] > responsory responda1387 responsec1410 respouna1425 responsory?a1475 anthem1555 responsary?1567 responsive?1789 c1410 tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 83 Robert..made..þat respons [L. responsorium] of þe vigil of þe Nativite. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 200 In the Feest of the Crossis Fynding at the first euensong, whanne this response..is sungen..it is seid in the prose forth with therto folewing thus [etc.]. 1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 107 Thys fyrste responce ys songe in faythe and in praysynge of the blyssed Trynyte. 1592 tr. F. Du Jon Apocalypsis xix. 3 The song of the Antiphonie or response. 1688 P. Rycaut tr. G. de la Vega Royal Comm. Peru viii. xii. 1001 A high Pedestal was raised, whereon to repose the Body, whilst the Responses were singing. 1786 T. Busby Compl. Dict. Music Response,..the name of a kind of anthem sung in the Roman church after the morning lesson. 1836 Tracts for Times No. 75 Lesson 8. (Homily continued.)..Response 8 (used on the Sundays after Trinity). 1879 T. F. Simmons Lay Folks Mass Bk. 200 The laity..were not allowed to read the lessons in church, nor to say the Alleluia, but only the psalms and the responses (responsoria), without the Alleluia. 1965 Musical Times 106 465/1 His four-part Responses for Holy Week..are simple in design. 1997 Cathedral Music Autumn–Winter 8/2 Several local composers have supplied settings of new responses, but the choir still has ample opportunity to wallow in the glories of those set by Byrd, Ayleward, Ebdon and Smith. b. = responsory n. 1b. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > parts of service > response > [noun] answer1440 R1497 responda1555 response1578 interlocution1597 responsory1621 responsora1649 antiphona1652 responsala1652 cathisma1850 responsor1944 1578 E. Hellowes tr. A. de Guevara Bk. Inuention Art of Nauigation sig. C.iiij That response or answere of the dead, which saieth: Memento mei, Deus, quià ventus est vita mea. 1587 J. Bridges Def. Govt. Church of Eng. viii. 616 In those publike praiers which the pastor speaketh onelie in all the peoples name, the people nowe and then did giue their responses in their courses. 1597 in J. Stuart Misc. Spalding Club (1841) I. 146 Making thair thy inchantmentis and responsis to the Deuill thy maister, and thair casting ouer thy shulderis yerd and stane. 1642 M. H. Answer to Calfines Messe of Pottage 5 It [sc. the Common Prayer] is nothing but an unformed heap of disorder... Of short shreds patched up together,..and much tossing or driving the Service between the Priest and the people, praying with the Priest, or repeating his prayer, and adding some responses and answers. 1659 H. Hammond Paraphr. & Annot. Psalms (xxxi. 6 Annot.) 169/1 Observing their responses most superstitiously. 1710 R. Steele Tatler No. 213. ⁋2 [He] was seen soon after reading the Responses with great Gravity at Six of Clock Prayers. 1797 A. Radcliffe Italian I. xi. 309 He fancied her voice spoke in a part of the plaintive response delivered by the nuns. 1810 G. Crabbe Borough ii. 17 Where Priest and Clerk with joint exertion strive..; That, by his periods eloquent and grave, This, by responses, and a well-set stave. 1886 J. Ruskin Præterita I. xi. 354 The responses of the morning prayer. 1910 Musical Times 51 91/1 The response to the succeeding eight petitions also ends on the tonic. 2002 S. Brett Torso in Town (2003) xx. 164 The congregation were mostly regulars. At least they were very prompt on belting out the liturgical responses. 3. Music. The answer to the subject in a fugue. Cf. answer n. 9b. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > piece of music > type of piece > piece in specific form > [noun] > fugue > answer reply1597 answer1737 response1765 comes1838 repercussion1872 risposta1876 1765 J. Gregory Compar. View State & Faculties of Man iii. 98 They must all understand the stile and design of the composition, and be able to make the responses in the fugue with proper spirit. 1797 Encycl. Brit. VII. 491/2 Every fugue finds its response in the part immediately following that which commenced. 1854 L. Cherubini Counterp. & Fugue 63 It may be said that the Response decides the particular kind and nature of the fugue. 1889 A. J. Goodrich Compl. Musical Anal. xxv. 125 Stretto is also used in Fugue, when the response commences before the conclusion of the subject. 1937 E. Pound Let. Apr. (1950) 294 Take a fugue: theme, response, contrasujet. Not that I mean to make an exact analogy of structure. 2005 tr. Castil-Blaze in Music Theory Spectrum 27 108/2 The subject and its response do not exceed the bounds of the scale of the mode in this type of fugue. 4. a. An action or feeling caused by a stimulus or influence; a reaction.direct, reader-response: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > doing > [noun] > reaction response1787 reaction1899 1787 A. Yearsley Poems Var. Subj. 38 My sad bosom slow responses beat. 1799 W. Godwin St. Leon III. iii. 74 Feeling..flows impetuously from the heart, without consulting the cooler responses of the understanding. 1816 P. B. Shelley Alastor 39 A pine,..to each inconstant blast Yielding one only response. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. §15. 103 A joyous rush was the creature's first response to the signal. 1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues III. 234 Something which found a response in his own mind seemed to have been lost. 1900 E. Holmes What is Poetry? 65 His poetry..wakes a response in the hearts of others. 1957 Times 9 Dec. p. ii/3 The Government of Northern Ireland Act by which Stormont was established in 1920 was not a response to local demands. 2005 N. Laird Utterly Monkey 131 His response was to kick the metal bin lid so it gonged. b. Medicine. Reaction, esp. positive or favourable reaction, to medical treatment or a medical procedure; an instance of this. ΚΠ 1876 Lancet 2 Dec. 807/2 Sometimes patients have died on the third day..without manifesting the slightest response to any remedy whatsoever. 1915 Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. 149 299 Permanent injury to the heart must be assumed to have taken place in late cases, even though prompt response to treatment and apparent cure occurs. 1948 Amer. Jrnl. Med. 4 424/1 Failure to obtain a response to penicillin therapy..constitutes strong evidence that some complication is present. 1970 Exper. Cell Res. 62 418/1 A wide spectrum of response would be expected in a larger patient series. 1993 Chatelaine (Canada) Mar. 42/1 Women's smaller blood vessels are traditionally blamed for poorer response to CAD treatments. 2003 Which? Aug. 45/2 The most clinically useful thing about genetic tests in future may be their ability to predict response to treatments. c. The reaction of a mechanical or electrical device to a stimulus or range of stimuli; the output provided by a mechanical or electrical system as a result of a given input.frequency, power, step response, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > processes > [noun] > response to signal response1878 power response1962 1878 T. A. Edison U.S. Patent 208,299 1/2 A feeble tone will produce but a feeble electrical response on the line. 1911 H. M. Hobart Dict. Electr. Engin. II. 630/1 The receiver must be sharply tuned so that the variations of frequency may be sufficient to make an appreciable difference in the strength of its response. 1936 R. S. Glasgow Princ. Radio Engin. ix. 237 An untuned amplifier is one that gives fairly uniform response over a wide range of frequencies. 1961 G. Millerson Technique Television Production iii. 41 Where the tube's response to red is excessive, this may be held back with an appropriate green or blue filter. 1989 P. Horowitz & W. Hill Art of Electronics (ed. 2) xiii. 899/2 It has a rising curve of response versus frequency across the IF bandwidth. 2008 Australian (Nexis) 14 Nov. 36 The response of the engine to the fuel and the temperature at which the engine is operating is within where we expect it to be. d. Physiology. The fact of responding physiologically or neurologically to a stimulus on the part of a person or animal; a physiological or neurological reaction of an organism, organ, cell, etc., to a stimulus. Cf. reaction n. 3a, 3b.avoidance, conditioned, galvanic skin, habit, immune, movement response, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > [noun] > return action or operation repercussion1603 reacting1611 recussion1754 reaction1771 reagency1793 reverberation1797 retroaction1799 response1887 snap-back1972 the mind > emotion > [noun] > emotional reaction to stimulus respondence1846 response1887 reaction1899 the mind > mental capacity > psychology > experimental psychology > stimulus-response > response > [noun] reaction1860 response1887 respondent1937 1887 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 1 172 Distinguishing reflex and automatic activity from conscious volitional motion; and the subcortical perception of sensations, which always results in an automatic response, from the cortical perception of sensations, which is always conscious. 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VII. 229 The quick normal response of the undegenerate muscle-fibres to the negative closure. 1922 Sci. Monthly Apr. 388 If the same weak stimulation be frequently repeated, a full muscular response will follow. 1942 Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. 135 736 The muscular reactions during a tonic-clonic response to electrical stimulation of the motor cortex. 1965 in J. Money Sex Research 101 Three women were able to achieve orgasmic response by breast manipulation alone. 1992 Age & Ageing 21 47/1 The impaired ventilatory response of elderly people to hypoxia. 2008 Atlantic Monthly July 97/1 My brain's response to these pictures..would uncover my actual inclinations and predispositions. 5. Oxford University. In plural = responsion n. 3. rare. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > examination > [noun] > university examinations fellowship examination1787 collections1799 responsions1810 response1813 little go1816 great go1820 Previous Examination1824 school1826 smalls1836 senate-house examination1837 tripos1842 honours examination1851 biennial1853 great1854 moderations1857 Mods1858 professional1890 Trip1909 previous1950 1813 Oxf. Univ. Cal. p. ii Feb. 21, Responses commence. 1980 J. Lees-Milne H. Nicolson i. 12 By September 1903 Harold had already passed Responses in Latin and Greek. 6. Bridge. A bid made on the basis of a partner's preceding bid. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > bridge > [noun] > actions or tactics > call > bidding > bid > other types of bid ask1872 overcall1890 rescue bid1912 game-goer1913 reverse bid1915 denial1916 rebid1916 overbid?1917 rescue?1917 under-call1923 jump1927 invitation1928 score-bid1928 approach1929 pre-empt1929 one-over-one1931 response1931 cue-bid1932 psychic1932 asking bid1936 reverse1936 shut-out1936 under-bid1945 controlled psychic1959 relay bid1959 raise1964 psych1965 multi1972 splinter bid1977 1931 Times 10 Feb. 17/6 (heading) Partner's response to approach bid. 1939 N. de V. Hart Bridge Players' Bedside Bk. x. 52 South's response of Six Clubs showed first round control of clubs. 1976 Times 1 May 12/6 A minimum response can be shown only by a rebid of the suit. 2006 E. Kantar Bridge for Dummies (ed. 2) iii. xii. 178 Because your partner has changed suits, your partner has made an unlimited response, so you dare not pass. Compounds C1. General attributive, chiefly in sense 4. response curve n. See also dose–response adj. at dose n. Additions. ΚΠ 1901 Proc. Royal Soc. 70 167 Under the continued action of radiation, the response curve exhibits a negative twitch at the beginning. 1936 R. S. Glasgow Princ. Radio Engin. xiii. 402 The volume controls..vary the magnitude of the signal voltage..without changing the frequency-response curve of the set. 2005 R. L. Phillips Pricing & Revenue Optimization iii. 53 This kind of consumer behavior generates a response curve of the general form shown. response movement n. [after German Antwortsbewegung ( F. L. Goltz Beiträge zur Lehre von dem Functionen der Nervencentren des Frosches (1869) iv. 91)] ΚΠ 1892 C. C. Van Liew & O. Beyer tr. T. Ziehen Introd. Physiol. Psychol. i. 14 Goltz has termed the automatic movements ‘response-movements’. 2002 D. E. Meyer et al. in T. A. Polk & C. M. Seifert Cognitive Modeling iv. 115 Each motor processor only has the capacity to prepare and initiate one response movement at a time. response pattern n. ΚΠ 1920 Psychol. Rev. 27 206 These response patterns have been developed in the individual's previous experience. 1998 S. Dingo Dingo ii. 19 A..response pattern learned and practised since birth resulting in behaviour which doesn't slot neatly into the Western way of communicating. C2. response bias n. chiefly Psychology a systematic tendency for respondents in a questionnaire, psychological test, etc., to give responses which do not reflect their true beliefs, typically because a question is phrased in a leading manner or because a given response is considered more socially acceptable; spec. a tendency to give a positive response (cf. response set n.); a bias in a voluntary survey caused by a greater likelihood of reply in people who give a particular response. ΚΠ 1944 D. G. Humm & K. A. Humm in Jrnl. Psychol. 18 55 (title) Validity of the Humm-Wadsworth temperament scale: with consideration of the effects of subjects' response-bias. 1975 S. G. Paris in F. Restle et al. Cognitive Theory I. xi. 234 A response bias is often observed in young children and, indeed our kindergarten subjects responded affirmatively to 72% of the questions. 1986 Law & Human Behavior 10 322 Correctly leading questions were included to determine whether participants, particularly adults, developed a response bias. 2007 Chicago Sun-Times (Nexis) 29 Apr. b3 Only about 25 percent of the survey forms were returned, raising the question of response bias: Prisoners who had been raped may have been more likely to return the questionnaire. response-contingent adj. Psychology designating events experienced by a person or animal which are made rewarding or unpleasant according to the nature of the response to a stimulus, typically as reinforcement or discouragement; relating to or experiencing such events. ΚΠ 1956 Jrnl. Abnormal & Social Psychol. 53 20/1 Exposure to shock whose offset was contingent on S's moving to the safe end of the apparatus (response-contingent group). 1971 Child Devel. 42 146 Matching responses subsequently may receive favorable response-contingent consequences. 2006 D. Ward Stuttering & Cluttering vi. 104 Response rates may be ‘extinguished’ by judicial manipulation of these stimulus-response relationships, or as they are more generally known, response-contingent stimuli. response function n. (a) Psychology a context-specific response to a stimulus, relating to its significance to the responder; (b) a mathematical function relating the output or response of an electrical or biological system to the input or stimulus, typically displayed in graphical form. ΚΠ 1922 R. H. Wheeler & T. D. Cutsforth in Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 33 378 This meaning develops as a dual process consisting (1) of shifting contents which determine the presence or absence of meaning and whether the meaning shall be general or specific—a stimulus function; and (2) of the development of a motor attitude in the presence of these shifting contents which constitutes a recognition of this meaning—a response function. 1938 Brit. Patent 488,835 6/1 The rectified voltage output is a desired function of control signal intensity. This response function depends on the characteristics of the rectifier. 1975 D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. xxv. 25 The radar will respond with reduced gain to targets at other angles, delays, and frequencies. This response function can be expressed as a surface in a four-dimensional coordinate system. 1993 N. W. Smith Greek & Interbehavioral Psychol. viii. 156 A correlative factor with the stimulus function is the response function. They are necessarily interdependent, for they constitute functional relations of the interdependent stimulus object and responding mechanism. 2004 M. Rowan-Robinson Cosmol. (ed. 4) i. 7 (caption) The response function of the human eye, as a function of wavelength. response probability n. the probability of producing or obtaining a response; spec. the probability of giving a correct response to a question in a questionnaire or test. ΚΠ 1941 Psychol. Rev. 48 318 The authors are using Dunlap's 1932 definition of beta as the hypothesis that repetition decreases response probability. 1960 W. N. Dember Psychol. of Perception (1970) viii. 287 All of the word-recognition experiments can be interpreted in terms of response-probability. 2001 P. L. Donohue et al. Nation's Rep. Card: Fourth-grade Reading 2000 86/1 Establishing a response probability convention has an impact on the mapping of the test items onto the reading scale. response rate n. a rate at which a person or thing responds; spec. the proportion of questionnaires in a voluntary survey or study which receive a response, typically expressed as a percentage. ΚΠ 1919 Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 28 65 The amount of shedding from flowers... The lower response rate could be referred to the lower temperatures which prevailed. 1946 Jrnl. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 41 522 The number of mail questionnaires and field interviews required to achieve a specified precision will vary with the response rate. 1966 Rep. Comm. Inq. (Univ. of Oxf.) II. 351 The figures for Great Britain are from a survey (with a response rate of 53 per cent.). 2002 BusinessWeek 7 Oct. 102/1 It might seem as if the minuscule response rates would doom spammers to failure. Quite the contrary. response set n. Psychology a systematic tendency for respondents or subjects in psychological tests, questionnaires, etc., consistently to respond in a positive manner or to give the same answer to multiple-choice questions, despite their true beliefs. ΚΠ 1946 Educ. & Psychol. Measurem. 6 484 A response set, such as gambling versus caution, increases the spread of scores. 1968 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 114 1046/2 Most psychologists bear in mind the idea of response set, to the extent of casting their questionnaire items half and half into positive and negative form, hopefully to foil persistent yeasayers. 2002 J. Waller Becoming Evil 80 The scale encouraged a response set of positive answers. response time n. the length of time taken for something to respond to a given stimulus, event, or request. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > circuit > [noun] > time taken to change state time constant1869 response time1911 integrating circuit1948 1911 Psychol. Rev. 18 3 The time required to form the objectively adequate associations is often considerably shorter than the actual response time. 1980 Public Productivity Rev. 4 215 Average response time for murder and manslaughter calls was 6·67 minutes less than the overall mean. 2000 H. W. Thistle & J. W. Barry in C. D. Whiteman Mountain Meteorol. xiv. 292 The response time..of the sensor must be considered when selecting the sampling frequency. response variable n. Statistics (in the context of experimental results and data analysis) a variable associated with an observed quantity or phenomenon; a dependent variable. ΚΠ 1942 K. W. Spence in F. A. Moss et al. Compar. Psychol. (rev. ed.) xi. 281 The response variables are usually referred to as the dependent variables. 1977 Radiation Res. 72 279 Multiple sources of variation which might simultaneously influence the response variable. 2005 K. L. Kramer Maya Children 208 Ordinary least squares regression theory assumes that the mean of the response variable is a linear function of the predictor variables. Derivatives reˈsponseless adj. giving no response or reply. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [adjective] > lacking an answer answerless1533 responselessa1809 irresponsive1846 a1809 A. Seward Poet. Wks (1810) II. 128 'Tis then that Poesy, responseless found, Frowns on her pen and throws it on the ground. 1943 N. C. L. Madgett One & Many (1956) 42 Where do we go? To bury love in cold, responseless sod? 2005 G. O. Gabbard et al. Oxf. Textbk. Psychotherapy (2007) ii. xii. 133/1 She was locked as if without air in a bleak, lifeless, emotionally responseless world. reˈsponser n. a thing which or person who makes a response; a responder. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun] > person answering replierc1454 respondent1528 answerer1551 repliant1594 replicant1626 responser1791 responder1825 replyist1852 1791 Minute Bk. Lodge Perfect Unanimity in Ars Quatuor Coronatorum (1908) XXI. 31 If persevering in the duties of Philanthropy—If making the charitable hand the responser to the supplicating Tongue, If tempering mercy with justice..were the Characteristics of a Mason. 1845 E. Robinson Whitehall I. xix. 221 Mistress Chaloner looked at him..to ascertain who this lively responser was. 1903 P. E. Burrowes Rev. Ess. ii. 16 The action in all cases is on surfaces, the mental and progressive sensitives being all superficial responsers. 1993 J. E. Turner et al. Villages Astir ix. 278 The respondents who were born in a city were less likely to have tried to influence local policies than were the respondents of village birth. This pattern is understandable, especially when we consider the rural responsers. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1300
随便看	crime passionnel crime prevention crime rate crime reduction crime report crime reporter crime scene crime scene investigation crime scene investigator crime sheet crime spree crime statistics crime story crime syndicate crime treatment crime victim crime watch crime wave crime writer crime writing crime-busting crime-preventer crime-promoting crime-ridden crime-stained