replicaten.

Brit.

/ˈrɛplᵻkeɪt/, U.S.

/ˈrɛpləˌkeɪt/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin replicātus, replicāre.

Etymology: < classical Latin replicātus, past participle of replicāre replicate v. Compare replica n. and the Romance forms cited at that entry. Compare earlier replicate v. and later replicate adj.

†1. Perhaps: a phrase or passage that is repeated or quoted. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1729 T. Odell Smugglers i. 10 She's at her Replicates agen; you wou'd have her learn to read, and see what's come on't now.

2. Music. A tone one or more octaves above or below a given tone.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > interval > [noun] > octave > tone one or more octaves apart

eighth1609

replicate1730

1730 Short Treat. Harmony v. 33 In order to make the Supposition..we begin with a Note higher than the Third..If the Skip of a Third is from the Sixth to the Fourth, we make it, 7th, 6th, 5th, 4th..; and thus we do also with Their Replicates or Octaves.

1731 Treat. Harmony (ed. 2) i. 12 In Compositions of many Parts, the Thirds or their Replicates do best in the Part remotest from the Bass.

1846 E. F. Rimbault in R. North Mem. Musick 34 (note) [Vases] were tuned in harmonical proportions of fourths, fifths, and eights, with their replicates.

1883 W. Pole in G. Grove Dict. Music III. 235/2 Replicates of notes in octaves are found to form parts of all musical scales.

1908 W. L. Hubbard Musical Dict. 434/1 Replique,..the octave of a given tone, a replicate, seldom used.

1971 P. Gossett tr. J. P. Rameau Treat. on Harmony ii. x. 88 The sound included within its octave, of which this last third is only a replicate.

1995 T. S. Christensen Rameau & Musical Thought in Enlightenm. iv. 94 We can accept the octave 1 : 2 as a product of the fundamental sound, as well as its ‘replicates’: 2 : 4 and 4 : 8.

3. A copy or replica; a duplicate.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [noun] > an imitation

resemblant1484

patterna1500

counterfeiture1548

counterfeit1587

idol1590

reduplication1592

copy1596

module1608

imitationa1616

mockage1615

echo1622

conduplicationa1631

transcript1646

ectype1647

mime1650

duplicating1659

mimicry1688

replication1692

shadow1693

reproduction1701

mimication?1715

repetition1774

replicate1821

autotype1829

replica1841

re-creation1915

retake1922

mock-up1957

reprise1961

1821 R. Lascelles University & City of Oxf. at Merton College [The quadrangle] is disfigured, however, by that tower... We shall have a replicate of just such another barbarism at the schools.

1866 J. A. Crowe & G. B. Cavalcaselle New Hist. Painting Italy III. i. 28 Here is a fresco of Christ taken from the cross,..the composition a replicate of that in the picture in Cortona cathedral.

1931 Ann. Appl. Biol. 18 421 Each isolate is an individual line and sub-cultures are merely duplicates or replicates of that isolate or line.

1984 M. J. Taussig Processes in Pathol. & Microbiol. (ed. 2) iii. 238 The retroviruses..are first copied into DNA by reverse transcriptase...The DNA replicate is then integrated with the host chromosomal DNA.

1990 Jrnl. Zool. 220 271 Young reptiles should not be considered merely small replicates of adults.

4. Chiefly Biology. A repetition of a scientific experiment or trial; each of a number of similar parts or procedures which constitute an experiment or trial. Cf. replication n. 1c.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > experiments > [noun] > repetition of

replication1914

replicate1916

the world > action or operation > repeating > [noun] > repetition of an experiment > instance of

replicate1916

1916 Bull. U.S. Dept. Agric. No. 353. 17 The data on the effect of replicating the samples are found in Table IV, where the probable error has been expressed for single samples, replicates of three, and replicates of five and six.

1953 New Biol. 14 85 It was decided that ten replicates, each of 50 ears [of wheat], would probably be sufficient to reveal important changes in population from year to year.

1976 Jrnl. Heredity 67 204/2 Values given represent data from a single pollen sample germinated in replicates as stated.

1997 Conservation Biol. 11 945 We conducted the experiment in 12, 0.2-ha enclosures planted with alfalfa with four replicates for each of two manipulated treatments and a control.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

replicateadj.

Brit.

/ˈrɛplᵻkət/, U.S.

/ˈrɛpləkət/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin replicātus, replicāre.

Etymology: < classical Latin replicātus, past participle of replicāre replicate v. With senses 1 and 2 compare earlier non-replicate adj. and plicate adj. With senses 3 and 4 compare earlier replicate n. and replicated adj. at replicate v. Derivatives.

1. Chiefly Botany.

a. Esp. of a leaf: folded back upon itself so that the upper and lower parts are in contact; reclinate. Also: folded lengthways; having the margins curled upwards or downwards (cf. revolute adj. 2). Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > leaf > [adjective] > having particular shape

creviced1558

bladed1578

curled1578

purled1578

rank-toothed1578

fingered1597

cultellated1657

pounced1681

reduced1682

cuspidate1693

frontated1719

cuspidated1731–7

subrotund1753

acerose1760

hastate1760

involute1760

oblique1760

acerousc1789

strap-spear-shaped1796

immarginate1800

submarginate1807

replicate1812

toothleted1812

angustate1826

palaceous1832

bicrenate1835

basisolute1847

replicative1852

frontate1855

hastile1857

1812 J. Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. II. 321 Cocos nucifera. Leaves pinnate; folioles replicate, ensiform.

1832 J. Lindley Introd. Bot. 410 Replicate; when the upper part is curved back and applied to the lower, as in the Aconite.

1848 S. V. Wood Monogr. Crag Mollusca 88 Shell ovate..outer lip sharp, with a slightly replicate inner lip, forming a minute umbilicus.

1850 Ogilvie's Imperial Dict. II. 584/3 Replicate, in bot. folded; plaited, so as to form a groove or channel; as in the legumen of the astragalus hypoglottis.

1876 J. Harley Royle's Man. Materia Med. (ed. 6) 394 Stigma simple or triple, minute and replicate.

1911 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 328/2 The leaf [sc. in bud] taken individually is either folded longitudinally from apex to base, as in the tulip-tree, and called reclinate or replicate; or [etc.].

1998 Novon 8 1/2 Obtegomeria may be distinguished..by the combination of stiffly ascending, consistently replicate leaves (i.e., so strongly revolute that the lower surface is completely hidden) [etc.].

b. Of the transverse walls in certain freshwater algae: having a collar-like ingrowth of thickened material.

ΚΠ

1882 M. C. Cooke Brit. Fresh-water Algæ I. 94 The number of British species in which the cells have replicate ends is much less than of those with truncate ends.

1955 G. M. Smith Cryptogamic Bot. (ed. 2) I. ii. 19 Fragmentation is especially frequent in species of Spirogyra that have an annular infolding of the transverse walls (replicate end walls).

1992 E. G. Bellinger Key to Common Algae 28 Four main groups [of species of Spirogyra] can be separated based on..the structure of the cross walls. (i) (a) Cross walls simple... (b) Cross walls replicate—i.e. where a collar of thickened wall material occurs on either side of the septum [etc.].

†2. Entomology. Of an insect's wing: folding back when not in use; = replicatile adj. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > parts of insects > [adjective] > of general parts > capable of being folded back

replicatile1825

replicate1836

1836 W. E. Shuckard tr. H. Burmeister Man. Entomol. i. ii. 29 (glossary) Complicated (complicatus), is a part laid longitudinally in folds; replicate (replicatus), when the apex bends round, and the part is thereby refolded.

1890 Cent. Dict. Replicate,..noting wings which have a joint in the costal margin by means of which the outer part folds or rather slides back on the base, as the posterior wings of most beetles.

3. That is a replica or copy; duplicate. Cf. replicate n. 3.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [adjective] > that is a copy

fashionate1593

duplicate1812

replicative1825

replicate1895

1895 Church Q. Rev. Oct. 167 A replicate self,..constructing a universe, which is like mine, and, indeed, all but identical.

1957 Jrnl. Farm Econ. 39 62 Each respondent indirectly made three comparisons at an interview by ranking an original and a replicate set of chops or photographs.

1970 J. Blish Spock must Die! xiii. 99 Provided that the replicate entity didn't booby-trap it.

1984 N. Fjallbrant & I. Malley User Educ. in Libraries (BNC) 137 Each [centre] holds a replicate collection of teaching materials.

2008 Gazette (Montreal) (Nexis) 12 July b3 Customs regulations require the replicate guns be made of clear plastic, so as not to cause confusion with real guns.

4. Chiefly Science. That is a replicate or repetition of an experiment or trial, or a replicate of an experimental sample. Cf. replicate n. 4.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > experiments > [adjective] > of the repetition of

replicate1915

the world > action or operation > repeating > [adjective] > repeated > specifically of an experiment

replicate1915

replicated1926

1915 E. V. Wilcox in Bull. Montana Agric. Exper. Station No. 108. 194 The spring wheat was sown in replicate plats on April 9.

1941 U.S. Patent 2,232,662 2/1 (table) Percent mortality (average of five replicate tests).

1978 Nature 3 Aug. 459/1 The Institute of Petroleum method recommends that 24 replicate runs are carried out to obtain reasonable statistics.

1990 Which? Oct. 562/2 There were ten replicate samples for every treatment.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

replicatev.

Brit.

/ˈrɛplᵻkeɪt/, U.S.

/ˈrɛpləˌkeɪt/

Forms: late Middle English replecate, 1500s replicat (Scottish), 1500s replycate, 1500s– replicate.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin replicāt-, replicāre.

Etymology: < classical Latin replicāt-, past participial stem (see -ate suffix³) of replicāre to fold or bend back, to unroll (a book), to turn over in one's mind, reflect on, (in legal use) to make a replication, in post-classical Latin also to reply (3rd cent.), to repeat, recount again (4th cent.) < re- re- prefix + plicāre to fold (see fold v.¹; compare plicate v.). Compare Middle French repliquer to repeat, reiterate, to reply, respond (all 13th cent. in Old French; French répliquer ); also Old Occitan replicar (c1350), Catalan replicar (1367), Spanish replicar (13th cent.), Portuguese replicar (1292), Italian replicare (a1321). Compare earlier reply v. With sense 2 compare also earlier replique v. Compare later plicate v.

a. transitive. Originally: †to repeat (words, a sound, etc.); to reiterate; also intransitive (obsolete). In later use also: to repeat, reproduce (an action or act); to make or do again or similarly. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > repeating > repeat (an action) [verb (transitive)]

renovela1325

reiterate?a1425

replicate?a1425

repeat?1440

iter1530

iterate?1548

redouble1580

redo1598

second1610

answer1613

renewa1616

ingeminate1625

reiter1634

double1645

reperform1651

rename1665

rehandle1697

retracta1699

rehearse1700

re-enact1819

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 2 Albucasis..put his speciale þinges in þam [sc. books]; Forsoþ in toto continente..he replecated [?c1425 Paris replied; L. replicauit] þe same.

1605 A. Munday tr. G. Affinati Dumbe Divine Speaker v. 46 The words of the Euangelist Saint Iohn, where most highly he saith: Quod factum est, in ipso vita erat. Which more cleerely he replicateth in his wonderfull Apocalips, saying [etc.].

1607 R. Parker Scholasticall Disc. against Antichrist ii. x. 142 Our crosse commemorateth the popish crosse, replicateth in action the popish crossing.

1715 tr. Abp. Cambray Pastoral Let. 137 Yet I must replicate here, and say, it includes all natural Love, only considered as an imperfect Affection.

1770 P. Hiffernan Dramatic Genius iv. 105 Nought is heard but rapture all around, And echo joys to replicate the sound.

a1818 M. G. Lewis Effusions of Sensibility in Life & Corr. (1839) 263 He dared to replicate his proposition, wounding my ears a second time by mentioning the odious price he exacted.

1845 Southern Q. Rev. Oct. 291 This is the only work preceding Audubon deserving notice, except that of De Kay,..in which the worst errors of Desmarest and Harlan..are replicated.

1991 Afr. Affairs 90 554 Those concerned worried that the mistakes of the World Bank would be replicated.

b. transitive. To make a replica of (an object, picture, design, etc.); to duplicate, copy exactly.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > imitate [verb (transitive)] > repeat in a copy

counterfeit1362

to take out1530

take1538

reduplicate1570

imitate1590

counter-make1595

ingeminate1625

replicate1661

recopy1684

takea1715

reproduce1838

duplicate1860

facsimile1862

carbon copy1914

the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > imitate [verb (transitive)] > repeat in a copy > copy exactly

replicate1661

carbon copy1914

1661 T. White Devotion & Reason i. i. 7 If I should say they [sc. saints] were either replicated, or at least by divers Ubications in two places, he might easily rap me over the fingers, and tell me such solutions are fit for more Metaphysical Schools.

1721 W. Darrell Treat. Real Presence II. ii. ix. 147 Concluding our gracious King is replicated, because his Pictures are multiplied.

1825 J. N. Brewer Beauties of Ireland I. 439 The tall and slender windows were replicated in such quick succession, and brought so near to each other, that the intervals were merely mullions.

1882 W. Sharp D. G. Rossetti iii. 234 The Proserpina has been replicated five or six times.

1911 Rec. of Past 10 222 These two [coins] were again replicated upon a ‘first brass’.

1970 Computers & Humanities 4 233 The index entries that have been generated in this way, using the computer's ability to replicate strings of characters, are sorted into alphabetic sequence.

2004 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 17 June d8/6 The new monogrammers can replicate designs with great detail.

c. Biology.

(a) intransitive and transitive (reflexive). Of a living organism or its genetic material: to reproduce, to give rise to a copy of (itself).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > [verb (intransitive)] > changes or actions of genes or chromosomes

restitute1945

replicate1952

splice1975

1899 G. Tyrrell in Month Aug. 127 This complex germ, which is a lion or a horse in small—itself the elaboration of æons of Evolution—can replicate itself with ease and rapidity.

1952 Jrnl. Hygiene 50 243 On entry into a susceptible cell the virus elementary body became disintegrated into a number of independent genetic units which then replicated in the cell.

1958 New Scientist 10 July 341/1 A characteristic of living matter is its ability to replicate itself.

1969 Listener 10 July 34/1 Arthropods survive, replicate, live off their environment.

1979 K. Arms & P. S. Camp Biol. xvi. 244 Other phages..may either replicate and lyse the cell they invade, or may instead enter a dormant phase.

1993 Sci. Amer. June 35/2 If a centrosome does not replicate, a bipolar mitotic spindle cannot form, and so the cell cannot divide.

2004 R. Dawkins Ancestor's Tale 131 The gene called Alu is..a short, virus-like piece of DNA that replicates itself around the genome, as a sort of parasite.

(b) transitive. To produce a copy of (genetic material or a living organism); to cause to undergo replication.

ΚΠ

1956 Lancet 11 Aug. 310/2 The important part played by the cell in replicating the virus from the original viral particle.

1968 H. Harris Nucleus & Cytoplasm i. 7 The other possibility which could account for the persistence of this information in the enucleate cell is that the relevant RNA might be replicated in the cytoplasm.

1989 Times Lit. Suppl. 12 May 503 Any entity that replicates copies of itself..can potentially take part in a selection process.

2005 C. de Duve Singularities ix. 116 When such a virus infects a cell, its RNA is first replicated into a double-stranded structure called the replicative form.

d. transitive. To create or constitute a reproduction of (an object, situation, event, etc.); to represent or recreate in a similar form or manner but in a different context, circumstance, etc.; to imitate.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > imitate [verb (transitive)]

evenlecheOE

resemble?c1400

imitate1534

sequest1567

succeed1577

act1599

pattern1601

similize1606

like1613

echoa1616

sample1616

ape1634

transcribe1646

copy1648

copy1649

mime1728

borrowa1847

to make likea1881

replicate1915

1915 Hist. Sessional Papers Province Ont. 47 xi. 192 In the afternoon there was a race, six and a half miles long, by the athletes of the Y.M.C.A., intended to replicate the historic run of the Creoles from Fort St. John.

1958 Word 14 365 It is worth considering whether a formalized investigation replicating the game [of ‘Twenty Questions’] would not produce a valid and economical description of a vocabulary.

1977 Times 19 Nov. 14/4 Striations that could be replicated with modern but not ancient tools.

1998 T. Lynch Still Life in Milford 112 He keeps trying to replicate that day in late September.

e. transitive. Chiefly Science. To repeat (an experiment or trial), esp. so as to obtain a consistent result; to confirm or corroborate (an experimental finding).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > repeating > repeat (an action) [verb (transitive)] > an experiment or computing procedure

replicate1917

re-run1922

the world > matter > chemistry > experiments > make an experiment [verb] > repeat

replicate1917

1917 Bull. Agric. Exper. Station Nebraska No. 160. 39 All tests were replicated ten times each year, except the unselected seed, which was replicated 30 times.

1969 Sci. Jrnl. Dec. 49/2 Beveridge..replicated Thouless' experimental finding of differential cultural susceptibility to phenomenal regression.

1994 S. Romaine Lang. in Society iii. 69 Sociolinguists have been able to build up a comprehensive picture of social dialect differentiation in..other places, where these studies have since been replicated.

2004 R. Carlisle Sci. Amer. Inventions & Discov. iv. 167 Charles wrote of his findings to Joseph Gay-Lussac,..who replicated the experiments.

†2. intransitive and transitive (with direct speech as object). To answer, reply. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > answer > answer [verb (transitive)]

andwurdec885

aqueathOE

answerOE

swarec1175

respoundc1300

replyc1425

replique1477

reanswer1523

replicate1535

undersay1579

rejoin1581

resolve1586

return1597

repone1614

resounda1617

repart1631

remoot1676

reason1841

to get back to1963

the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [verb (intransitive)] > in rejoinder

replicate1535

unjoinc1540

rejoin1548

rejourna1641

rejoinder1659

1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 651 Quhen he had schawin his mynd to him in plane, This ilk Makdufe he replicat agane.

1599 T. Nashe Lenten Stuffe 73 They..like rattes, smothered in the holde, poorely replicated..with hunger, and hope, and thirst wee content our selues.

1820 T. G. Wainewright in London Mag. June 630 ‘Anything you please Sir,’ replicated the waitère.

1825 T. Doubleday Babington iii. i. 69 What dost thou think me? thou answer'st not; I will replicate for thee—a Jesuit!

1842 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Aug. 167/2 ‘Commanda,’ he replicates, ‘che niuno desidera la donna, o roba d'altrui!’

†3. transitive. To fold or turn back. Also figurative. Cf. plicate v. 1. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > folding or folded condition > fold [verb (transitive)] > back

replyc1425

replicate1649

to turn back1683

retroflex1954

1649 J. Bulwer Pathomyotomia ii. iv. 165 The bordering skin..being replicated upon it selfe by a voluntary motion, shuts the Eye according to the timorous endeavour of the mind.

1777 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. (ed. 4, octavo) IV. vi. 118 Aperture wrinkled; upper part replicated.

1834 E. Griffith et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom XII. 455 The intestine is very long, replicated several times.

1880 J. Muirhead tr. Gaius Institutes iv. 329 It becomes necessary to introduce yet another clause..for the pursuer's benefit, which is called a replication, because thereby the force of the exception is replicated and destroyed.

1881 P. Robinson Under Punkah 92 Better for him had his arms remained feet, his ears never been replicated.

Derivatives

ˈreplicated adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > repeating > [adjective] > repeated

iterate1471

redoubled1540

reiterate1561

repeated1577

iterated1605

replicated1635

renewing1715

re-echoeda1764

reiterated1827

the world > space > relative position > folding or folded condition > [adjective] > folded or folding back

revolved?1611

replicated1635

turned-back1861

retroflexing1898

the world > action or operation > repeating > [adjective] > repeated > specifically of an experiment

replicate1915

replicated1926

1635 J. Hayward tr. G. F. Biondi Donzella Desterrada 127 Him, who by replicated good-turnes proclaimed..her faults and ingratitude.

1869 C. Heavysege Saul (new ed.) i. 43 Fire answering to fire as sound to sound, As though to match the replicated peals.

1926 Jrnl. Min. Agric. 33 506 A replicated experiment provides a valid estimate of error.

1995 J. Shreeve Neandertal Enigma (1996) vi. 132 They filled a wooden box with dirt, threw in some replicated flints, and stomped on them for a while.

ˈreplicating adj. and n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [adjective] > reproducing or repeating in a copy

duplicating1659

repetitious1757

facsimile1767

replicating1769

polygraphic1805

duplicate1812

1769 J. Hazard Conquest Quebec 18 The grateful Sounds Of replicating Shouts.

1856 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 12 348 It may even be difficult to draw a line between the effects of these two replicating and fracturing forces.

1918 W. R. Benét Burglar of Zodiac & Other Poems 46 The replicating drumsticks rattled To the cymbals clashing.

1971 Nature 13 Aug. 502/1 Cellulose acetate replicating tape is used to prepare negative replicas of the etched surfaces.

1992 Sci. Amer. May 34/2 Misalignment of the replicating DNA strands could create a few sequence duplications.

2003 N. Jacobs Intercultural Managem. iv. 148 The transnational model in fact advocates the replicating of best practices.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

n.1729

adj.1812

v.?a1425

单词	replicate
释义	replicaten. Brit. /ˈrɛplᵻkeɪt/, U.S. /ˈrɛpləˌkeɪt/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin replicātus, replicāre. Etymology: < classical Latin replicātus, past participle of replicāre replicate v. Compare replica n. and the Romance forms cited at that entry. Compare earlier replicate v. and later replicate adj. †1. Perhaps: a phrase or passage that is repeated or quoted. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1729 T. Odell Smugglers i. 10 She's at her Replicates agen; you wou'd have her learn to read, and see what's come on't now. 2. Music. A tone one or more octaves above or below a given tone. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > interval > [noun] > octave > tone one or more octaves apart eighth1609 replicate1730 1730 Short Treat. Harmony v. 33 In order to make the Supposition..we begin with a Note higher than the Third..If the Skip of a Third is from the Sixth to the Fourth, we make it, 7th, 6th, 5th, 4th..; and thus we do also with Their Replicates or Octaves. 1731 Treat. Harmony (ed. 2) i. 12 In Compositions of many Parts, the Thirds or their Replicates do best in the Part remotest from the Bass. 1846 E. F. Rimbault in R. North Mem. Musick 34 (note) [Vases] were tuned in harmonical proportions of fourths, fifths, and eights, with their replicates. 1883 W. Pole in G. Grove Dict. Music III. 235/2 Replicates of notes in octaves are found to form parts of all musical scales. 1908 W. L. Hubbard Musical Dict. 434/1 Replique,..the octave of a given tone, a replicate, seldom used. 1971 P. Gossett tr. J. P. Rameau Treat. on Harmony ii. x. 88 The sound included within its octave, of which this last third is only a replicate. 1995 T. S. Christensen Rameau & Musical Thought in Enlightenm. iv. 94 We can accept the octave 1 : 2 as a product of the fundamental sound, as well as its ‘replicates’: 2 : 4 and 4 : 8. 3. A copy or replica; a duplicate. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [noun] > an imitation resemblant1484 patterna1500 counterfeiture1548 counterfeit1587 idol1590 reduplication1592 copy1596 module1608 imitationa1616 mockage1615 echo1622 conduplicationa1631 transcript1646 ectype1647 mime1650 duplicating1659 mimicry1688 replication1692 shadow1693 reproduction1701 mimication?1715 repetition1774 replicate1821 autotype1829 replica1841 re-creation1915 retake1922 mock-up1957 reprise1961 1821 R. Lascelles University & City of Oxf. at Merton College [The quadrangle] is disfigured, however, by that tower... We shall have a replicate of just such another barbarism at the schools. 1866 J. A. Crowe & G. B. Cavalcaselle New Hist. Painting Italy III. i. 28 Here is a fresco of Christ taken from the cross,..the composition a replicate of that in the picture in Cortona cathedral. 1931 Ann. Appl. Biol. 18 421 Each isolate is an individual line and sub-cultures are merely duplicates or replicates of that isolate or line. 1984 M. J. Taussig Processes in Pathol. & Microbiol. (ed. 2) iii. 238 The retroviruses..are first copied into DNA by reverse transcriptase...The DNA replicate is then integrated with the host chromosomal DNA. 1990 Jrnl. Zool. 220 271 Young reptiles should not be considered merely small replicates of adults. 4. Chiefly Biology. A repetition of a scientific experiment or trial; each of a number of similar parts or procedures which constitute an experiment or trial. Cf. replication n. 1c. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > experiments > [noun] > repetition of replication1914 replicate1916 the world > action or operation > repeating > [noun] > repetition of an experiment > instance of replicate1916 1916 Bull. U.S. Dept. Agric. No. 353. 17 The data on the effect of replicating the samples are found in Table IV, where the probable error has been expressed for single samples, replicates of three, and replicates of five and six. 1953 New Biol. 14 85 It was decided that ten replicates, each of 50 ears [of wheat], would probably be sufficient to reveal important changes in population from year to year. 1976 Jrnl. Heredity 67 204/2 Values given represent data from a single pollen sample germinated in replicates as stated. 1997 Conservation Biol. 11 945 We conducted the experiment in 12, 0.2-ha enclosures planted with alfalfa with four replicates for each of two manipulated treatments and a control. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). replicateadj. Brit. /ˈrɛplᵻkət/, U.S. /ˈrɛpləkət/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin replicātus, replicāre. Etymology: < classical Latin replicātus, past participle of replicāre replicate v. With senses 1 and 2 compare earlier non-replicate adj. and plicate adj. With senses 3 and 4 compare earlier replicate n. and replicated adj. at replicate v. Derivatives. 1. Chiefly Botany. a. Esp. of a leaf: folded back upon itself so that the upper and lower parts are in contact; reclinate. Also: folded lengthways; having the margins curled upwards or downwards (cf. revolute adj. 2). Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > leaf > [adjective] > having particular shape creviced1558 bladed1578 curled1578 purled1578 rank-toothed1578 fingered1597 cultellated1657 pounced1681 reduced1682 cuspidate1693 frontated1719 cuspidated1731–7 subrotund1753 acerose1760 hastate1760 involute1760 oblique1760 acerousc1789 strap-spear-shaped1796 immarginate1800 submarginate1807 replicate1812 toothleted1812 angustate1826 palaceous1832 bicrenate1835 basisolute1847 replicative1852 frontate1855 hastile1857 1812 J. Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. II. 321 Cocos nucifera. Leaves pinnate; folioles replicate, ensiform. 1832 J. Lindley Introd. Bot. 410 Replicate; when the upper part is curved back and applied to the lower, as in the Aconite. 1848 S. V. Wood Monogr. Crag Mollusca 88 Shell ovate..outer lip sharp, with a slightly replicate inner lip, forming a minute umbilicus. 1850 Ogilvie's Imperial Dict. II. 584/3 Replicate, in bot. folded; plaited, so as to form a groove or channel; as in the legumen of the astragalus hypoglottis. 1876 J. Harley Royle's Man. Materia Med. (ed. 6) 394 Stigma simple or triple, minute and replicate. 1911 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 328/2 The leaf [sc. in bud] taken individually is either folded longitudinally from apex to base, as in the tulip-tree, and called reclinate or replicate; or [etc.]. 1998 Novon 8 1/2 Obtegomeria may be distinguished..by the combination of stiffly ascending, consistently replicate leaves (i.e., so strongly revolute that the lower surface is completely hidden) [etc.]. b. Of the transverse walls in certain freshwater algae: having a collar-like ingrowth of thickened material. ΚΠ 1882 M. C. Cooke Brit. Fresh-water Algæ I. 94 The number of British species in which the cells have replicate ends is much less than of those with truncate ends. 1955 G. M. Smith Cryptogamic Bot. (ed. 2) I. ii. 19 Fragmentation is especially frequent in species of Spirogyra that have an annular infolding of the transverse walls (replicate end walls). 1992 E. G. Bellinger Key to Common Algae 28 Four main groups [of species of Spirogyra] can be separated based on..the structure of the cross walls. (i) (a) Cross walls simple... (b) Cross walls replicate—i.e. where a collar of thickened wall material occurs on either side of the septum [etc.]. †2. Entomology. Of an insect's wing: folding back when not in use; = replicatile adj. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > parts of insects > [adjective] > of general parts > capable of being folded back replicatile1825 replicate1836 1836 W. E. Shuckard tr. H. Burmeister Man. Entomol. i. ii. 29 (glossary) Complicated (complicatus), is a part laid longitudinally in folds; replicate (replicatus), when the apex bends round, and the part is thereby refolded. 1890 Cent. Dict. Replicate,..noting wings which have a joint in the costal margin by means of which the outer part folds or rather slides back on the base, as the posterior wings of most beetles. 3. That is a replica or copy; duplicate. Cf. replicate n. 3. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [adjective] > that is a copy fashionate1593 duplicate1812 replicative1825 replicate1895 1895 Church Q. Rev. Oct. 167 A replicate self,..constructing a universe, which is like mine, and, indeed, all but identical. 1957 Jrnl. Farm Econ. 39 62 Each respondent indirectly made three comparisons at an interview by ranking an original and a replicate set of chops or photographs. 1970 J. Blish Spock must Die! xiii. 99 Provided that the replicate entity didn't booby-trap it. 1984 N. Fjallbrant & I. Malley User Educ. in Libraries (BNC) 137 Each [centre] holds a replicate collection of teaching materials. 2008 Gazette (Montreal) (Nexis) 12 July b3 Customs regulations require the replicate guns be made of clear plastic, so as not to cause confusion with real guns. 4. Chiefly Science. That is a replicate or repetition of an experiment or trial, or a replicate of an experimental sample. Cf. replicate n. 4. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > experiments > [adjective] > of the repetition of replicate1915 the world > action or operation > repeating > [adjective] > repeated > specifically of an experiment replicate1915 replicated1926 1915 E. V. Wilcox in Bull. Montana Agric. Exper. Station No. 108. 194 The spring wheat was sown in replicate plats on April 9. 1941 U.S. Patent 2,232,662 2/1 (table) Percent mortality (average of five replicate tests). 1978 Nature 3 Aug. 459/1 The Institute of Petroleum method recommends that 24 replicate runs are carried out to obtain reasonable statistics. 1990 Which? Oct. 562/2 There were ten replicate samples for every treatment. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). replicatev. Brit. /ˈrɛplᵻkeɪt/, U.S. /ˈrɛpləˌkeɪt/ Forms: late Middle English replecate, 1500s replicat (Scottish), 1500s replycate, 1500s– replicate. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin replicāt-, replicāre. Etymology: < classical Latin replicāt-, past participial stem (see -ate suffix³) of replicāre to fold or bend back, to unroll (a book), to turn over in one's mind, reflect on, (in legal use) to make a replication, in post-classical Latin also to reply (3rd cent.), to repeat, recount again (4th cent.) < re- re- prefix + plicāre to fold (see fold v.¹; compare plicate v.). Compare Middle French repliquer to repeat, reiterate, to reply, respond (all 13th cent. in Old French; French répliquer ); also Old Occitan replicar (c1350), Catalan replicar (1367), Spanish replicar (13th cent.), Portuguese replicar (1292), Italian replicare (a1321). Compare earlier reply v. With sense 2 compare also earlier replique v. Compare later plicate v. 1. a. transitive. Originally: †to repeat (words, a sound, etc.); to reiterate; also intransitive (obsolete). In later use also: to repeat, reproduce (an action or act); to make or do again or similarly. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > repeating > repeat (an action) [verb (transitive)] renovela1325 reiterate?a1425 replicate?a1425 repeat?1440 iter1530 iterate?1548 redouble1580 redo1598 second1610 answer1613 renewa1616 ingeminate1625 reiter1634 double1645 reperform1651 rename1665 rehandle1697 retracta1699 rehearse1700 re-enact1819 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 2 Albucasis..put his speciale þinges in þam [sc. books]; Forsoþ in toto continente..he replecated [?c1425 Paris replied; L. replicauit] þe same. 1605 A. Munday tr. G. Affinati Dumbe Divine Speaker v. 46 The words of the Euangelist Saint Iohn, where most highly he saith: Quod factum est, in ipso vita erat. Which more cleerely he replicateth in his wonderfull Apocalips, saying [etc.]. 1607 R. Parker Scholasticall Disc. against Antichrist ii. x. 142 Our crosse commemorateth the popish crosse, replicateth in action the popish crossing. 1715 tr. Abp. Cambray Pastoral Let. 137 Yet I must replicate here, and say, it includes all natural Love, only considered as an imperfect Affection. 1770 P. Hiffernan Dramatic Genius iv. 105 Nought is heard but rapture all around, And echo joys to replicate the sound. a1818 M. G. Lewis Effusions of Sensibility in Life & Corr. (1839) 263 He dared to replicate his proposition, wounding my ears a second time by mentioning the odious price he exacted. 1845 Southern Q. Rev. Oct. 291 This is the only work preceding Audubon deserving notice, except that of De Kay,..in which the worst errors of Desmarest and Harlan..are replicated. 1991 Afr. Affairs 90 554 Those concerned worried that the mistakes of the World Bank would be replicated. b. transitive. To make a replica of (an object, picture, design, etc.); to duplicate, copy exactly. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > imitate [verb (transitive)] > repeat in a copy counterfeit1362 to take out1530 take1538 reduplicate1570 imitate1590 counter-make1595 ingeminate1625 replicate1661 recopy1684 takea1715 reproduce1838 duplicate1860 facsimile1862 carbon copy1914 the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > imitate [verb (transitive)] > repeat in a copy > copy exactly replicate1661 carbon copy1914 1661 T. White Devotion & Reason i. i. 7 If I should say they [sc. saints] were either replicated, or at least by divers Ubications in two places, he might easily rap me over the fingers, and tell me such solutions are fit for more Metaphysical Schools. 1721 W. Darrell Treat. Real Presence II. ii. ix. 147 Concluding our gracious King is replicated, because his Pictures are multiplied. 1825 J. N. Brewer Beauties of Ireland I. 439 The tall and slender windows were replicated in such quick succession, and brought so near to each other, that the intervals were merely mullions. 1882 W. Sharp D. G. Rossetti iii. 234 The Proserpina has been replicated five or six times. 1911 Rec. of Past 10 222 These two [coins] were again replicated upon a ‘first brass’. 1970 Computers & Humanities 4 233 The index entries that have been generated in this way, using the computer's ability to replicate strings of characters, are sorted into alphabetic sequence. 2004 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 17 June d8/6 The new monogrammers can replicate designs with great detail. c. Biology. (a) intransitive and transitive (reflexive). Of a living organism or its genetic material: to reproduce, to give rise to a copy of (itself). ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > [verb (intransitive)] > changes or actions of genes or chromosomes restitute1945 replicate1952 splice1975 1899 G. Tyrrell in Month Aug. 127 This complex germ, which is a lion or a horse in small—itself the elaboration of æons of Evolution—can replicate itself with ease and rapidity. 1952 Jrnl. Hygiene 50 243 On entry into a susceptible cell the virus elementary body became disintegrated into a number of independent genetic units which then replicated in the cell. 1958 New Scientist 10 July 341/1 A characteristic of living matter is its ability to replicate itself. 1969 Listener 10 July 34/1 Arthropods survive, replicate, live off their environment. 1979 K. Arms & P. S. Camp Biol. xvi. 244 Other phages..may either replicate and lyse the cell they invade, or may instead enter a dormant phase. 1993 Sci. Amer. June 35/2 If a centrosome does not replicate, a bipolar mitotic spindle cannot form, and so the cell cannot divide. 2004 R. Dawkins Ancestor's Tale 131 The gene called Alu is..a short, virus-like piece of DNA that replicates itself around the genome, as a sort of parasite. (b) transitive. To produce a copy of (genetic material or a living organism); to cause to undergo replication. ΚΠ 1956 Lancet 11 Aug. 310/2 The important part played by the cell in replicating the virus from the original viral particle. 1968 H. Harris Nucleus & Cytoplasm i. 7 The other possibility which could account for the persistence of this information in the enucleate cell is that the relevant RNA might be replicated in the cytoplasm. 1989 Times Lit. Suppl. 12 May 503 Any entity that replicates copies of itself..can potentially take part in a selection process. 2005 C. de Duve Singularities ix. 116 When such a virus infects a cell, its RNA is first replicated into a double-stranded structure called the replicative form. d. transitive. To create or constitute a reproduction of (an object, situation, event, etc.); to represent or recreate in a similar form or manner but in a different context, circumstance, etc.; to imitate. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > imitate [verb (transitive)] evenlecheOE resemble?c1400 imitate1534 sequest1567 succeed1577 act1599 pattern1601 similize1606 like1613 echoa1616 sample1616 ape1634 transcribe1646 copy1648 copy1649 mime1728 borrowa1847 to make likea1881 replicate1915 1915 Hist. Sessional Papers Province Ont. 47 xi. 192 In the afternoon there was a race, six and a half miles long, by the athletes of the Y.M.C.A., intended to replicate the historic run of the Creoles from Fort St. John. 1958 Word 14 365 It is worth considering whether a formalized investigation replicating the game [of ‘Twenty Questions’] would not produce a valid and economical description of a vocabulary. 1977 Times 19 Nov. 14/4 Striations that could be replicated with modern but not ancient tools. 1998 T. Lynch Still Life in Milford 112 He keeps trying to replicate that day in late September. e. transitive. Chiefly Science. To repeat (an experiment or trial), esp. so as to obtain a consistent result; to confirm or corroborate (an experimental finding). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > repeating > repeat (an action) [verb (transitive)] > an experiment or computing procedure replicate1917 re-run1922 the world > matter > chemistry > experiments > make an experiment [verb] > repeat replicate1917 1917 Bull. Agric. Exper. Station Nebraska No. 160. 39 All tests were replicated ten times each year, except the unselected seed, which was replicated 30 times. 1969 Sci. Jrnl. Dec. 49/2 Beveridge..replicated Thouless' experimental finding of differential cultural susceptibility to phenomenal regression. 1994 S. Romaine Lang. in Society iii. 69 Sociolinguists have been able to build up a comprehensive picture of social dialect differentiation in..other places, where these studies have since been replicated. 2004 R. Carlisle Sci. Amer. Inventions & Discov. iv. 167 Charles wrote of his findings to Joseph Gay-Lussac,..who replicated the experiments. †2. intransitive and transitive (with direct speech as object). To answer, reply. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > answer > answer [verb (transitive)] andwurdec885 aqueathOE answerOE swarec1175 respoundc1300 replyc1425 replique1477 reanswer1523 replicate1535 undersay1579 rejoin1581 resolve1586 return1597 repone1614 resounda1617 repart1631 remoot1676 reason1841 to get back to1963 the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [verb (intransitive)] > in rejoinder replicate1535 unjoinc1540 rejoin1548 rejourna1641 rejoinder1659 1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 651 Quhen he had schawin his mynd to him in plane, This ilk Makdufe he replicat agane. 1599 T. Nashe Lenten Stuffe 73 They..like rattes, smothered in the holde, poorely replicated..with hunger, and hope, and thirst wee content our selues. 1820 T. G. Wainewright in London Mag. June 630 ‘Anything you please Sir,’ replicated the waitère. 1825 T. Doubleday Babington iii. i. 69 What dost thou think me? thou answer'st not; I will replicate for thee—a Jesuit! 1842 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Aug. 167/2 ‘Commanda,’ he replicates, ‘che niuno desidera la donna, o roba d'altrui!’ †3. transitive. To fold or turn back. Also figurative. Cf. plicate v. 1. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > folding or folded condition > fold [verb (transitive)] > back replyc1425 replicate1649 to turn back1683 retroflex1954 1649 J. Bulwer Pathomyotomia ii. iv. 165 The bordering skin..being replicated upon it selfe by a voluntary motion, shuts the Eye according to the timorous endeavour of the mind. 1777 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. (ed. 4, octavo) IV. vi. 118 Aperture wrinkled; upper part replicated. 1834 E. Griffith et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom XII. 455 The intestine is very long, replicated several times. 1880 J. Muirhead tr. Gaius Institutes iv. 329 It becomes necessary to introduce yet another clause..for the pursuer's benefit, which is called a replication, because thereby the force of the exception is replicated and destroyed. 1881 P. Robinson Under Punkah 92 Better for him had his arms remained feet, his ears never been replicated. Derivatives ˈreplicated adj. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > repeating > [adjective] > repeated iterate1471 redoubled1540 reiterate1561 repeated1577 iterated1605 replicated1635 renewing1715 re-echoeda1764 reiterated1827 the world > space > relative position > folding or folded condition > [adjective] > folded or folding back revolved?1611 replicated1635 turned-back1861 retroflexing1898 the world > action or operation > repeating > [adjective] > repeated > specifically of an experiment replicate1915 replicated1926 1635 J. Hayward tr. G. F. Biondi Donzella Desterrada 127 Him, who by replicated good-turnes proclaimed..her faults and ingratitude. 1869 C. Heavysege Saul (new ed.) i. 43 Fire answering to fire as sound to sound, As though to match the replicated peals. 1926 Jrnl. Min. Agric. 33 506 A replicated experiment provides a valid estimate of error. 1995 J. Shreeve Neandertal Enigma (1996) vi. 132 They filled a wooden box with dirt, threw in some replicated flints, and stomped on them for a while. ˈreplicating adj. and n. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [adjective] > reproducing or repeating in a copy duplicating1659 repetitious1757 facsimile1767 replicating1769 polygraphic1805 duplicate1812 1769 J. Hazard Conquest Quebec 18 The grateful Sounds Of replicating Shouts. 1856 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 12 348 It may even be difficult to draw a line between the effects of these two replicating and fracturing forces. 1918 W. R. Benét Burglar of Zodiac & Other Poems 46 The replicating drumsticks rattled To the cymbals clashing. 1971 Nature 13 Aug. 502/1 Cellulose acetate replicating tape is used to prepare negative replicas of the etched surfaces. 1992 Sci. Amer. May 34/2 Misalignment of the replicating DNA strands could create a few sequence duplications. 2003 N. Jacobs Intercultural Managem. iv. 148 The transnational model in fact advocates the replicating of best practices. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1729adj.1812v.?a1425
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