replican.adj.

Brit.

/ˈrɛplᵻkə/, U.S.

/ˈrɛpləkə/

Inflections: Plural replicas, unchanged.

Forms: 1700s– replica, 1800s replico.

Origin: A borrowing from Italian. Etymon: Italian replica.

Etymology: Partly < Italian replica repetition of a word, sentence, musical phrase, etc. (a1555), copy or duplicate of a work of art (a1810) < replicare replicate v., and partly (in sense 2) < Italian replica, 3rd singular present indicative of replicare (in the phrase si replica is repeated, lit. ‘repeats itself’ (a1634 or earlier in musical directions)). Compare post-classical Latin replica reply (a1308 in a British source), French réplique reply (in court), objection (see replique n.), likeness (1480 in Middle French), octave of a note (1703), repetition of a musical phrase (1721), also Old Occitan replica reply (in court) (14th cent.), Catalan rèplica reply, reproduction (1635), Spanish réplica reply, reproduction (late 17th cent.), Portuguese replica reply, reproduction, repetition (1679). With sense 3 compare slightly earlier replicate n. 3.With the form replico compare Italian †replico objection (a1431), repetition (15th cent.), rare in both senses, also < replicare.

†1. A reply, response. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun] > an answer, response

answerOE

response?a1400

replication1414

recorda1450

responsal?a1475

responsion?a1475

repliquec1475

responsivec1487

replyal1548

replica?1552

reply1560

avoure1596

interlocution1597

respond1600

responsum1610

returna1616

respondency1617

reasona1635

?1552 T. Camel Camelles Reioindre to Churchyarde (single sheet) (margin) His replica on.

1617 A. Cooke Worke for Masse-priest sig. B4^v Me thinkes, the Popes Replica, will admit no Replica on the Iesuites part.

2. Music. = repeat n. 1a. Chiefly used in musical directions. Cf. senza replica adv.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > piece of music > section of piece of music > [noun] > repeat or refrain

repeat?c1450

turning1579

reprise1699

replica1724

ripresa1724

ripresa1830

pattern1920

1724 Short Explic. Foreign Words Musick Bks. 63 Replica, the same as Repetatur.

1726 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. (ed. 3) Replica (in Musick Books) signifies to repeat.

?1735 W. Tans'ur Compl. Melody (ed. 2) i. 67 Repetatur, Replica, Replicato, Either of these Terms signify that such a Part, or Strain must be repeated over again.

1740 J. Grassineau tr. S. De Brossard Musical Dict. 198 Replica, Reditta, or Riditta, a repetition, that is, when one part after a silence repeats or runs over the same notes and intervals, and in fact the same song, which some part had gone over before it, during that silence.

1883 G. Grove Dict. Music III. 108/1 Repeat, Repetizione, Replica, in the so-called sonata-form, there are certain sections which are repeated.

1952 P. A. Scholes Conc. Oxf. Dict. Music 493/1 Replica, repeat.

1982 A. Friese & A. Lepak Compl. Timpani Method 6 Replica, repetition.

a. A copy or duplicate of a work of art; esp. a copy made by the original artist.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > work of art > [noun] > types of > copy

copy1574

reproduction1701

replica1824

1824 Lady Morgan Salvator Rosa I. iii. 105 He is said to have reproduced in numerous replicos, the scenery of La Cava.

1859 T. J. Gullick & J. Timbs Painting 193 The replica in the National Gallery, of ‘the Agony in the Garden’.

1887 W. Black Sabina Zembra 31 If Miss Zembra would care to have a little replica of it, I should be happy to do that for her.

1903 Burlington Mag. July 224/2 Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse, painted by the Duchess of Buckingham, from the original now at Grosvenor House, of which a genuine replica hangs at Dulwich.

1970 M. D. Peterson Thomas Jefferson & New Nation vi. 345 The Adamses actually got the replica,..while the original went to Jefferson two years later with Brown's portrait of Adams.

2002 N.Y. Times Mag. 22 Sept. 25 (advt.) Discover how a faithful replica on artist's canvas can enhance any room's beauty..masterpieces from famed museums and little known treasures from private collections.

b. gen. A reproduction or facsimile; a copy or model, esp. a model made on a smaller scale.This usage has been objected to by H. W. Fowler ( Mod. Eng. Usage, 1926, 498/1) and other commentators, who argue that replica should ‘properly’ apply only to copies of works of art (sense 3a).

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [noun] > an imitation

resemblant1484

patterna1500

counterfeiture1548

counterfeit1587

idol1590

reduplication1592

copy1596

module1608

imitationa1616

mockage1615

echo1622

conduplicationa1631

transcript1646

ectype1647

mime1650

duplicating1659

mimicry1688

replication1692

shadow1693

reproduction1701

mimication?1715

repetition1774

replicate1821

autotype1829

replica1841

re-creation1915

retake1922

mock-up1957

reprise1961

the mind > language > linguistics > linguistic unit > use or formation of new words or phrases > [noun] > word or phrase borrowed from other language > naturalized

denizen1578

Hobson-Jobsonism1934

replica1956

1841 H. F. Chorley Music & Manners in France & Germany I. iv. 104 The anecdote of the singer whose voice and pathos saved his life,—a replica of the earlier story of the troubadour Pierre de Castelnau.

1861 Med. Times & Gaz. 2 Feb. 127/2 The Essay on ‘Tetanus’, by Mr. Alfred Poland, is a replica of a paper which has gained considerable credit for its comprehensiveness and..abundance of collected facts.

1885 E. Clodd Myths & Dreams ii. ix. 205 Such theories..often take the form of belief in the soul as a replica of the body.

1899 R. Kipling Stalky & Co. 71 Each house..was a replica of the rest; one straight roof covering all.

1923 Blackwood's Mag. Aug. 256/2 It [sc. the Abyssinian Church] venerates an object called the tabot, which is the replica of the Ark of the Covenant.

1956 E. Haugen in Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. xxvi. 39 The item as pronounced by speakers of A we shall call the model and the diffused item as pronounced by speakers of B we shall call the replica.

1993 High Life (Brit. Airways) Sept. 18/1 There is now a small-scale reconstruction—a sort of historic theme park with..a replica of the tiny ship in which the colonists arrived from England.

Compounds

C1. attributive or as adj.

a. Designating a copy, reproduction, or imitation of a specified thing (or person).

ΚΠ

1898 Boston Daily Globe 22 Jan. 12/8 A very fine replica bust in marble of Powers' ‘Greek Slave’.

1911 Times 18 Oct. 7/6 (advt.) There is no finer collection of Replica Furniture to be seen anywhere than at Whiteley's.

1956 Hartford (Connecticut) Courant 14 Sept. 16/2 A parade of the historic Drum Band of Waterbury, dressed in replica uniforms of Washington's Continental Army.

1963 M. Frayn in M. Sissons & P. French Age of Austerity xv. 336 The orange-girls, dressed up as replica Nell Gwyns.

1987 Advertiser (Adelaide) (Nexis) 9 May Junior speedway uses scaled-down replica speedway bikes on a smaller dirt oval track.

2006 Rugby League World Jan. 18/1 We've had almost 200 pre-orders for home replica shirts, and that's without even advertising them.

b. spec. Designating a firearm made in imitation of an existing type of gun, but which does not fire live ammunition.

ΚΠ

1960 Business Week 20 Aug. 62/3 Armies, whether fighting or merely reenacting, require gobs of supplies... Gun dealer Val Forgett of Bogota, N.J., has already ordered a second run of the 2,000 replica rifles he had produced in Italy on speculation this year.

1971 Times 3 Dec. 6/8 Mr Michael McNair-Wilson..asked..what action had been taken to control the sale of replica firearms in view of the increasing use of all sorts of weapons in crimes of violence.

1996 Independent 17 July i. 1/5 The banning of de-activated and replica weapons.

2005 Herald-Times (Bloomington, Indiana) 6 May a2/5 Stolen were replica Beretta 9 mm handguns, gas masks, training batons, riot helmets and suits.

C2.

replica method n. Science = replica technique n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [noun] > cast or impression > techniques for producing

rupography1838

electrotype1840

electrotyping1842

replica method1941

replica technique1942

1941 Jrnl. Appl. Physics 12 695/2 One basic advantage of the replica methods as compared to the direct methods of surface observation with the electron microscope.

1951 V. E. Cosslett Pract. Electron Microsc. ix. 214 Electron microscopy has to be content with the indirect alternative of replica methods, in which an impression is taken from a surface on to a thin film which may then be examined by transmission in the usual way.

2003 J. I. Goldstein Scanning Electron Microsc. & X-ray Microanalysis (ed. 3) xii. 580 Replica methods have been used for SEM samples too large (e.g., orthopedic implants) or too volatile (e.g., light oils on sample surface) for direct imaging.

replica plate n. Microbiology a plate of culture medium which has been inoculated with bacteria or fungi transferred from a master plate by means of a disc of velvet or similar material which covers the surface of the plate, thus preserving the original distribution of colonies.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > laboratory analysis > material > [noun] > culture or medium

culture1880

blood culture1881

cultivation1881

culture medium1883

pure culture1883

agar1885

broth1885

subculture1885

tube-culture1886

bouillon1887

stab-culture1889

streak culture1892

blood agar1893

microculture1893

shake culture1894

streak plate1895

broth culture1897

slant1899

plating1900

stock culture1903

touch preparation1908

tissue culture1912

plaque1924

slope1925

agar-agar1929

isolate1931

MacConkey1938

auxanogram1949

lawn1951

monolayer1952

replica plate1952

1952 J. Lederberg & E. M. Lederberg in Jrnl. Bacteriol. 63 401 A single initial plate may be used to imprint more than one fabric if carry~over from one replica plate to another vitiates serial transfer.

1977 Physiologia Plantarum 39 140/2 The cells..then grow with the same arrangement on the replica plate as on the master plate.

2005 A. J. F. Griffiths et al. Introd. Genetic Anal. (ed. 8) xiv. 463/2 The position of an absent colony on the replica plate is used to retrieve the mutant from the master.

replica plating n. Microbiology the technique of using replica plates, typically with selective culture media (containing different antibiotics, lacking various nutrients, etc.) that allow specific microbial mutations to be identified.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > laboratory analysis > processes > [noun] > culturing

culture1880

cultivation1881

plate culture1885

plate cultivation1886

test-tube culture1886

plating1898

subculturing1899

test-tube cultivation1899

explantation1915

replica plating1952

1952 J. Lederberg & E. M. Lederberg in Jrnl. Bacteriol. 63 399 (heading) Replica plating and indirect selection of bacterial mutants.

1970 D. A. Hopwood in J. R. Norris & D. W. Ribbons Methods in Microbiol. III. a. vi. 404 A particularly interesting application of replica plating is in isolating bacterial variants of changed potentiality for sexual reproduction.

2005 A. J. F. Griffiths et al. Introd. Genetic Anal. (ed. 8) xiv. 463/2 Replica plating has become an important technique of microbial genetics.

replica technique n. Science a method which involves the production of a replica for examination or comparison; spec. a method of using thin plastic film to produce a cast of an etched surface for subsequent examination with an electron microscope.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [noun] > cast or impression > techniques for producing

rupography1838

electrotype1840

electrotyping1842

replica method1941

replica technique1942

1942 Adv. in Colloid Sci. 1 374 (heading) Replica techniques.

1966 D. G. Brandon Mod. Techniques Metallogr. 50 Surface replica techniques..increase the resolution available to the metallographer by a factor of 100 over that obtainable by optical microscopy.

2002 T. Itoh in N. Chaffey Wood Formation in Trees vi. 84/1 The lamellation of cellulose microfibrils can be seen by the conventional replica technique.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	replica
释义	replican.adj. Brit. /ˈrɛplᵻkə/, U.S. /ˈrɛpləkə/ Inflections: Plural replicas, unchanged. Forms: 1700s– replica, 1800s replico. Origin: A borrowing from Italian. Etymon: Italian replica. Etymology: Partly < Italian replica repetition of a word, sentence, musical phrase, etc. (a1555), copy or duplicate of a work of art (a1810) < replicare replicate v., and partly (in sense 2) < Italian replica, 3rd singular present indicative of replicare (in the phrase si replica is repeated, lit. ‘repeats itself’ (a1634 or earlier in musical directions)). Compare post-classical Latin replica reply (a1308 in a British source), French réplique reply (in court), objection (see replique n.), likeness (1480 in Middle French), octave of a note (1703), repetition of a musical phrase (1721), also Old Occitan replica reply (in court) (14th cent.), Catalan rèplica reply, reproduction (1635), Spanish réplica reply, reproduction (late 17th cent.), Portuguese replica reply, reproduction, repetition (1679). With sense 3 compare slightly earlier replicate n. 3.With the form replico compare Italian †replico objection (a1431), repetition (15th cent.), rare in both senses, also < replicare. †1. A reply, response. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun] > an answer, response answerOE response?a1400 replication1414 recorda1450 responsal?a1475 responsion?a1475 repliquec1475 responsivec1487 replyal1548 replica?1552 reply1560 avoure1596 interlocution1597 respond1600 responsum1610 returna1616 respondency1617 reasona1635 ?1552 T. Camel Camelles Reioindre to Churchyarde (single sheet) (margin) His replica on. 1617 A. Cooke Worke for Masse-priest sig. B4^v Me thinkes, the Popes Replica, will admit no Replica on the Iesuites part. 2. Music. = repeat n. 1a. Chiefly used in musical directions. Cf. senza replica adv. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > piece of music > section of piece of music > [noun] > repeat or refrain repeat?c1450 turning1579 reprise1699 replica1724 ripresa1724 ripresa1830 pattern1920 1724 Short Explic. Foreign Words Musick Bks. 63 Replica, the same as Repetatur. 1726 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. (ed. 3) Replica (in Musick Books) signifies to repeat. ?1735 W. Tans'ur Compl. Melody (ed. 2) i. 67 Repetatur, Replica, Replicato, Either of these Terms signify that such a Part, or Strain must be repeated over again. 1740 J. Grassineau tr. S. De Brossard Musical Dict. 198 Replica, Reditta, or Riditta, a repetition, that is, when one part after a silence repeats or runs over the same notes and intervals, and in fact the same song, which some part had gone over before it, during that silence. 1883 G. Grove Dict. Music III. 108/1 Repeat, Repetizione, Replica, in the so-called sonata-form, there are certain sections which are repeated. 1952 P. A. Scholes Conc. Oxf. Dict. Music 493/1 Replica, repeat. 1982 A. Friese & A. Lepak Compl. Timpani Method 6 Replica, repetition. 3. a. A copy or duplicate of a work of art; esp. a copy made by the original artist. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > work of art > [noun] > types of > copy copy1574 reproduction1701 replica1824 1824 Lady Morgan Salvator Rosa I. iii. 105 He is said to have reproduced in numerous replicos, the scenery of La Cava. 1859 T. J. Gullick & J. Timbs Painting 193 The replica in the National Gallery, of ‘the Agony in the Garden’. 1887 W. Black Sabina Zembra 31 If Miss Zembra would care to have a little replica of it, I should be happy to do that for her. 1903 Burlington Mag. July 224/2 Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse, painted by the Duchess of Buckingham, from the original now at Grosvenor House, of which a genuine replica hangs at Dulwich. 1970 M. D. Peterson Thomas Jefferson & New Nation vi. 345 The Adamses actually got the replica,..while the original went to Jefferson two years later with Brown's portrait of Adams. 2002 N.Y. Times Mag. 22 Sept. 25 (advt.) Discover how a faithful replica on artist's canvas can enhance any room's beauty..masterpieces from famed museums and little known treasures from private collections. b. gen. A reproduction or facsimile; a copy or model, esp. a model made on a smaller scale.This usage has been objected to by H. W. Fowler ( Mod. Eng. Usage, 1926, 498/1) and other commentators, who argue that replica should ‘properly’ apply only to copies of works of art (sense 3a). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [noun] > an imitation resemblant1484 patterna1500 counterfeiture1548 counterfeit1587 idol1590 reduplication1592 copy1596 module1608 imitationa1616 mockage1615 echo1622 conduplicationa1631 transcript1646 ectype1647 mime1650 duplicating1659 mimicry1688 replication1692 shadow1693 reproduction1701 mimication?1715 repetition1774 replicate1821 autotype1829 replica1841 re-creation1915 retake1922 mock-up1957 reprise1961 the mind > language > linguistics > linguistic unit > use or formation of new words or phrases > [noun] > word or phrase borrowed from other language > naturalized denizen1578 Hobson-Jobsonism1934 replica1956 1841 H. F. Chorley Music & Manners in France & Germany I. iv. 104 The anecdote of the singer whose voice and pathos saved his life,—a replica of the earlier story of the troubadour Pierre de Castelnau. 1861 Med. Times & Gaz. 2 Feb. 127/2 The Essay on ‘Tetanus’, by Mr. Alfred Poland, is a replica of a paper which has gained considerable credit for its comprehensiveness and..abundance of collected facts. 1885 E. Clodd Myths & Dreams ii. ix. 205 Such theories..often take the form of belief in the soul as a replica of the body. 1899 R. Kipling Stalky & Co. 71 Each house..was a replica of the rest; one straight roof covering all. 1923 Blackwood's Mag. Aug. 256/2 It [sc. the Abyssinian Church] venerates an object called the tabot, which is the replica of the Ark of the Covenant. 1956 E. Haugen in Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. xxvi. 39 The item as pronounced by speakers of A we shall call the model and the diffused item as pronounced by speakers of B we shall call the replica. 1993 High Life (Brit. Airways) Sept. 18/1 There is now a small-scale reconstruction—a sort of historic theme park with..a replica of the tiny ship in which the colonists arrived from England. Compounds C1. attributive or as adj. a. Designating a copy, reproduction, or imitation of a specified thing (or person). ΚΠ 1898 Boston Daily Globe 22 Jan. 12/8 A very fine replica bust in marble of Powers' ‘Greek Slave’. 1911 Times 18 Oct. 7/6 (advt.) There is no finer collection of Replica Furniture to be seen anywhere than at Whiteley's. 1956 Hartford (Connecticut) Courant 14 Sept. 16/2 A parade of the historic Drum Band of Waterbury, dressed in replica uniforms of Washington's Continental Army. 1963 M. Frayn in M. Sissons & P. French Age of Austerity xv. 336 The orange-girls, dressed up as replica Nell Gwyns. 1987 Advertiser (Adelaide) (Nexis) 9 May Junior speedway uses scaled-down replica speedway bikes on a smaller dirt oval track. 2006 Rugby League World Jan. 18/1 We've had almost 200 pre-orders for home replica shirts, and that's without even advertising them. b. spec. Designating a firearm made in imitation of an existing type of gun, but which does not fire live ammunition. ΚΠ 1960 Business Week 20 Aug. 62/3 Armies, whether fighting or merely reenacting, require gobs of supplies... Gun dealer Val Forgett of Bogota, N.J., has already ordered a second run of the 2,000 replica rifles he had produced in Italy on speculation this year. 1971 Times 3 Dec. 6/8 Mr Michael McNair-Wilson..asked..what action had been taken to control the sale of replica firearms in view of the increasing use of all sorts of weapons in crimes of violence. 1996 Independent 17 July i. 1/5 The banning of de-activated and replica weapons. 2005 Herald-Times (Bloomington, Indiana) 6 May a2/5 Stolen were replica Beretta 9 mm handguns, gas masks, training batons, riot helmets and suits. C2. replica method n. Science = replica technique n. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [noun] > cast or impression > techniques for producing rupography1838 electrotype1840 electrotyping1842 replica method1941 replica technique1942 1941 Jrnl. Appl. Physics 12 695/2 One basic advantage of the replica methods as compared to the direct methods of surface observation with the electron microscope. 1951 V. E. Cosslett Pract. Electron Microsc. ix. 214 Electron microscopy has to be content with the indirect alternative of replica methods, in which an impression is taken from a surface on to a thin film which may then be examined by transmission in the usual way. 2003 J. I. Goldstein Scanning Electron Microsc. & X-ray Microanalysis (ed. 3) xii. 580 Replica methods have been used for SEM samples too large (e.g., orthopedic implants) or too volatile (e.g., light oils on sample surface) for direct imaging. replica plate n. Microbiology a plate of culture medium which has been inoculated with bacteria or fungi transferred from a master plate by means of a disc of velvet or similar material which covers the surface of the plate, thus preserving the original distribution of colonies. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > laboratory analysis > material > [noun] > culture or medium culture1880 blood culture1881 cultivation1881 culture medium1883 pure culture1883 agar1885 broth1885 subculture1885 tube-culture1886 bouillon1887 stab-culture1889 streak culture1892 blood agar1893 microculture1893 shake culture1894 streak plate1895 broth culture1897 slant1899 plating1900 stock culture1903 touch preparation1908 tissue culture1912 plaque1924 slope1925 agar-agar1929 isolate1931 MacConkey1938 auxanogram1949 lawn1951 monolayer1952 replica plate1952 1952 J. Lederberg & E. M. Lederberg in Jrnl. Bacteriol. 63 401 A single initial plate may be used to imprint more than one fabric if carry~over from one replica plate to another vitiates serial transfer. 1977 Physiologia Plantarum 39 140/2 The cells..then grow with the same arrangement on the replica plate as on the master plate. 2005 A. J. F. Griffiths et al. Introd. Genetic Anal. (ed. 8) xiv. 463/2 The position of an absent colony on the replica plate is used to retrieve the mutant from the master. replica plating n. Microbiology the technique of using replica plates, typically with selective culture media (containing different antibiotics, lacking various nutrients, etc.) that allow specific microbial mutations to be identified. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > laboratory analysis > processes > [noun] > culturing culture1880 cultivation1881 plate culture1885 plate cultivation1886 test-tube culture1886 plating1898 subculturing1899 test-tube cultivation1899 explantation1915 replica plating1952 1952 J. Lederberg & E. M. Lederberg in Jrnl. Bacteriol. 63 399 (heading) Replica plating and indirect selection of bacterial mutants. 1970 D. A. Hopwood in J. R. Norris & D. W. Ribbons Methods in Microbiol. III. a. vi. 404 A particularly interesting application of replica plating is in isolating bacterial variants of changed potentiality for sexual reproduction. 2005 A. J. F. Griffiths et al. Introd. Genetic Anal. (ed. 8) xiv. 463/2 Replica plating has become an important technique of microbial genetics. replica technique n. Science a method which involves the production of a replica for examination or comparison; spec. a method of using thin plastic film to produce a cast of an etched surface for subsequent examination with an electron microscope. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [noun] > cast or impression > techniques for producing rupography1838 electrotype1840 electrotyping1842 replica method1941 replica technique1942 1942 Adv. in Colloid Sci. 1 374 (heading) Replica techniques. 1966 D. G. Brandon Mod. Techniques Metallogr. 50 Surface replica techniques..increase the resolution available to the metallographer by a factor of 100 over that obtainable by optical microscopy. 2002 T. Itoh in N. Chaffey Wood Formation in Trees vi. 84/1 The lamellation of cellulose microfibrils can be seen by the conventional replica technique. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.?1552
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