replacementn.

1794 E. Donovan Instr. collecting & preserving Subjects Nat. Hist. 64 Fossil shells..are the most durable part of a collection; being either chalky, casts of stone, or replacements of sparry matter.

1868 Sci. Amer. 23 May 323/1 Ivory was..the favourite..substitute for a decayed molar. Volney, Chateaubriand, and the elder Pitt, were not ashamed to make their countenances look sightly by these artificial replacements.

1894 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 50 383 The hypothesis that the rock is a siliceous replacement of a limestone.

1934 H. G. Wells Exper. in Autobiogr. I. ii. 62 He..sold little, I think, but jam-pots and preserving jars to the gentlemen's houses round about, and occasional..table glass and replacements.

1954 W. Faulkner Fable 4 The original regiment had been raised in this district... And most of its subsequent replacements had been drawn from this same district.

2008 Daily Tel. 28 Jan. 24/3 The midwife was on a day off and her replacement examined my daughter's mouth and told me that she'd got tongue-tie.

1933 J. M. Castello Theory & Pract. Fencing i. ii. iii. 42 The best way to avoid the replacement of the adversary is by making a quick direct return after the parry.

1971 I. Butykai tr. I. Lukovich Electr. Foil Fencing i. 20 Fencers show a definite preference for angular attacks, replacement thrusts and ripostes.

1995 N. Evangelista Encycl. Sword at Remise Also called a rimessa and a ‘replacement’.

1884 Leeds Mercury 23 May 7/5 Whether the Inchclutha was not insured at a less sum than half her replacement cost.

1936 J. M. Keynes Gen. Theory Employment xi. 135 The price which would just induce a manufacturer newly to produce an additional unit of such assets, i.e. what is sometimes called its replacement cost.

1977 Time 24 Jan. 44/3 Proponents of replacement-cost accounting argue that the machine should be carried on the books at the price of a new machine.

2004 Which? July 27/3 Collision damage waiver (CDW). Prevents you from being charged the full cost of any repairs to the hire car (or replacement cost) after an accident.

1932 Autobody Trimmer & Painter Feb. 43/2 The automobile has a short replacement cycle.

2003 J. Given Turning off Television iii. 47 Colour take-up was no doubt assisted by the timing of the replacement cycle: aging, monolithic, black-and-white-sets..were embarrassing fashion statements in the living rooms of the late 1970s.

1967 P. R. Cox in R. Platt & A. S. Parkes Social & Genetic Infl. Life & Death 149 (caption) Age-distribution of hypothetical populations with the same mortality and (i) replacement fertility; (ii) double replacement fertility.

1998 Independent 12 Jan. i. 11/7 If present rates are maintained, stability—what is called ‘replacement fertility’—will be reached as early as 2016.

1892 Manch. Guardian 30 June 6/4 More sales are reported of goods on the spot, but reductions were being forced, and prices had fallen below replacement level.

1960 G. A. Kelly Overpopulation i. 21 Population growth will then come to an end and if fertility has fallen below replacement level there may be net losses of numbers.

2003 Sci. Amer. Sept. 22/2 The ‘baby bust’ of the 1960s and 1970s, which brought births below the replacement level of 2.11 births per woman for the first time in recorded history.

1899 Canad. Mag. June 181/2 Estimating..the replacement period of this capital at fifty-years, the following table shows the total cost per year.

1920 H. A. Gardner Papers on Paint & Varnish xxvi. 336 Such treatment would extend the replacement period [of telegraph poles] and help to conserve forests.

2008 Dayton (Ohio) Daily News (Nexis) 19 Oct. a18 She has done much to control costs in the office, including..extending the replacement period for computers from three years to five.

1915 Janesville (Wisconsin) Daily Gaz. 14 Sept. 4/1 Because of that contingency experts of the navies of the world figure in the replacement price of the gun in each shot.

2008 Gloucestershire Echo (Nexis) 18 July 10 Compile an inventory of damaged items, including, where possible, age, manufacturer, model, model number, date of purchase and replacement price.

1897 Rep. Proc. 31st Ann. Convent. Master Car-builders' Assoc. 327 The replacement rate of $1..should be used to cover these knuckles.

1913 H. R. Seager Princ. Econ. xi. 186 We will assume an annual replacement rate of ten per cent.

1968 J. A. Pechman et al. Social Security iv. 66 The ratio of benefits to such earnings is called the ‘replacement rate’.

1989 Jrnl. Econ. Lit. 26 1693/2 A replacement rate stabilizing in 2020–25 with a resulting population of 10.6 billion.

2007 E. Whitehouse Pensions Panorama v. 31 Half of the 10 countries have replacement rates at average earnings of 80 per cent or more.

1907 Proc. Amer. Soc. Testing Materials 7 203 This replacement ratio of one to twenty-one was obtained by reducing both roads to the same number of locomotives for the same period of time.

1936 Southern Econ. Jrnl. 2 45 The nation, with a barely positive net replacement ratio of 1.08, is adjusting itself to stability of population.

1960 Rev. Econ. & Statistics 42 349/1 Widely varying notions prevail as to the proportion of earnings lost from joblessness that were replaced by unemployment compensation. Yet an assessment of the economic impact of the program..depends in considerable measure on that replacement ratio.

1993 J. B. Williamson & F. C. Pampel Old-age Security in Compar. Perspective v. 104 Why does the United States rank lower with respect to pension effort than with respect to replacement ratio?

2004 H. S. Klein Population Hist. U.S. iv. 117 Because of their lower mortality, the 1870 cohort of women in fact achieved a higher replacement ratio than the earlier cohorts.

1914 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 53 216 This theory may be called the reproduction or replacement theory. It resembles the competitive theory in respect to its use of present prices and present condition for determining the ‘value’ of the physical plant.

1929 Accounting Rev. 4 99/1 A market or replacement theory of value assumes a going concern.

1940 Econometrica 8 34 The main structure of replacement theory may be completed by mentioning the liquidating rule... This..states that liquidation should take place, when the difference between income and outgo drops below the rate of interest on the liquidating or break-up value of the enterprise.

1959 M. Sasieni et al. Operations Res. v. 102 Replacement theory is concerned with situations in which efficiency tends to worsen in time, and in which it can be restored to a previous level by some kind of remedial action. The problem is to determine the times at which such remedial action should be taken, in order to minimize some appropriate measure of effectiveness.

1964 Jrnl. Accounting Res. 2 153 The late Dutch professor Limperg must be credited with initial and untiring efforts toward adopting the replacement theory of value for accounting purposes.

2005 Jrnl. Operational Res. Soc. 56 275 The treatment took into consideration the particular aspects of refractory lining construction and maintenance and replacement theory and models as they relate to small EAF [= electric arc furnace] steel making.

1902 Amer. Jrnl. Insanity Oct. 206 Wagner..has therefore suggested the replacement therapy of thyroidin as the proper treatment of myoclonus in general.

1954 Amer. Jrnl. Med. 16 157/2 Replacement therapy with the most specific plasma fraction of antihemophilic globulin available today..is totally without effect in plasma thromboplastin component deficiency.

1992 Independent 12 May 15/1 Patches are being used to treat conditions such as angina and travel sickness and to administer hormone replacement therapy.

2005 Sunday Tel. (Sydney) 7 Aug. (Queensland ed.) 12/2 One in three smokers are more likely to quit if offered free or subsidised nicotine replacement therapy (NRT).