resistantadj.n.¹

Brit.

/rᵻˈzɪst(ə)nt/, U.S.

/rəˈzɪst(ə)nt/,

/riˈzɪst(ə)nt/

Forms: 1500s resistante, 1500s resistaunt, 1500s resistaunte, 1500s– resistant; also Scottish pre-1700 resistand.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French resistant.

Etymology: < Middle French resistant (c1370 as adjective, 1480 as noun; French résistant ), use as adjective of present participle of resister resist v. Compare earlier resistent adj. and the Romance parallels cited at that entry. With use as noun compare earlier resister n. and later resistent n. With sense B. 1 compare résistant n.² and discussion at that entry.

A. adj.

a. That makes or offers resistance or opposition; tending to resist someone or something; unyielding; not susceptible. Frequently with to.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [adjective] > resisting

rebel1340

resisting?a1425

repugnantc1443

rebela1450

resistentc1450

obstant1486

resistanta1513

reluctant1604

renitent1604

resistive1605

resistful1614

outstandingc1650

withstanding1711

unamenable1771

recalcitrating1870

a1513 J. Irland Meroure of Wyssdome f. 352^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue (at cited word) Quhen thai are inobedient and resistant to his justice and lawis He suld punys thame.

1548 W. Patten Exped. Scotl. f. 46 It is a spirite or breath..running in the clowdes that causeth the thunder: and after it hath contended wyth the resistant matter brasteth out.

1578 J. Banister Hist. Man viii. f. 111 ^v Collumbus also not seemyng obstinately resistaunt in this matter, sayth, if any such [nerve] be, it is to be imagined at the extreme part of the Spinal marey.

1610 J. Guillim Display of Heraldrie iii. xvii. 159 The rending and ruine of all that were resistant.

1665 K. Digby Two Treat. (new ed.) i. ix. 83 The force of the Agent in counterpoises, ought to be encreased as much as the line of extent of the medium..doth exceed the line of extent of the medium, along which the resistant [1644 resistent] body is to be moved.

1725 J. Sedgwick New Treat. Liquors v. 64 Exposing the Body to Cold..or drinking Water cold, is look'd upon as wholsome and beneficial, it making the Parts more firm, stable and resistant.

a1774 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued (1831) IV. 216 It is the essence of matter to be solid, that is, resistant and moveable.

1834 Boston Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 29 Oct. 188 The tumor was hard at the posterior part, and resistant to the touch.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. v. 252 Each portion of the ice is surrounded by a resistant mass.

1884 Contemp. Rev. Oct. 528 The pressure of resistant wills now becomes incalculable.

1928 A. Gesell Infancy & Human Growth v. 102 There were many other items..which were clinically evident to the observer but resistant to concrete formulation.

1950 V. L. S. Charley Recent Adv. Fruit Juice Prod. 77 Mould and yeast spores..are more resistant and often survive heat treatment.

1989 H. Lee Willa Cather i. 3 She is a resistant subject, even an obstructive one.

2000 Amer. Prospect 6 Nov. 39/2 E-mail users may become increasingly resistant to unwelcome propaganda.

b. Able to withstand disease, infection, or attack by pests.In early use: spec. (of a vine) not susceptible to phylloxera.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > [adjective] > of health: good > resistant to disease, etc.

strongeOE

stalworthc1175

starka1250

stiff1297

stalworthyc1300

vigorousc1330

stoura1350

lustyc1374

marrowya1382

sturdyc1386

crank1398

robust1490

vigorious1502

stalwart1508

hardy1548

robustious1548

of force1577

rustical1583

marrowed1612

rustic1620

robustic1652

solid1741

refractory1843

salted1864

resistant1876

saulteda1879

1876 Nature 26 Oct. 584/2 Study of comparative analyses of several varieties of American [vine] stocks, resistant and non-resistant.

1898 Yearbk. U.S. Dept. Agric. 1897 399 The..cross yielded the Golden Clairette, a valuable new sort [of vine], apparently highly resistant to Phylloxera.

1925 Scribner's Mag. July 1/1 Genetics has made possible better strains of livestock... Disease is less to be feared because of resistant stocks.

1953 R. W. Fairbrother Text-bk. Bacteriol. (ed. 7) ix. 103 Algerian sheep..are considered to be more resistant to anthrax than other types of sheep.

1989 Horticulture Oct. 72/4 As for pests and diseases, this floriferous sunflower is generally resistant.

2007 Canad. Gardening Summer 69/1 Nannyberry is resistant to the viburnum beetle, which feasts upon the foliage of many other viburnums.

c. Insensitive to the action of an antibiotic, a pesticide, potentially harmful treatment, etc.

ΚΠ

1884 Lancet 9 Aug. 252/1 The organism is one of the largest bacilli, and when grown on cultivating materials outside the body it forms spores, which are extremely resistant to heat and chemical antiseptics.

1913 L. C. Parkes & H. R. Kenwood Hygiene & Public Health (ed. 5) xi. 602 There is evidence that some of the more resistant organisms (B. anthracis) may resist boiling for longer periods.

1958 Nursing (St. John Ambulance Assoc.) xv. 193 Streptomycin is the specific drug for treating tuberculosis, but its use is complicated by the fact that the organisms gradually become resistant to it.

1972 S. Brubaker To live on Earth i. 3 As more pesticides are used, resistant pest strains develop.

2004 J. Playfair Living with Germs (2007) ix. 233 The one encouraging feature is that, in the absence of antibiotics, the resistant strains usually grow slightly less well than the ‘normal’ susceptible ones.

d. Designating starch that is not easily degraded by enzymes and so is minimally absorbed by the body during digestion; esp. in resistant starch.Resistant starch may occur naturally in foods or be produced by cooking or other processing.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > carbohydrates > sugars > polysaccharides > [adjective] > of the nature of starch

amylaceous1830

amyloid1857

resistant1983

1983 H. Englyst et al. in Analyst 107 307 Starch made resistant to α-amylase digestion by food processing is..measured as ‘resistant starch’.

1999 S. Owen Indonesian Regional Food & Cookery (rev. ed.) 236 Nutritionists now say that cooked rice, like bread, contains a useful amount of ‘resistant starch’, which acts like fibre in the digestive system.

2000 A. Weil Eating Well for Optimum Health 120 If you experience flatulence from beans, avoid those varieties with the highest content of resistant carbohydrate.

2008 Prevention Mar. 84/1 Resistant starch has the potential to become the next hot nutrition trend.

2. Used as the second element in adjectival compounds, with the first element indicating that against which resistance is offered.For more established compounds, as abrasion-, acid-, crease-, disease-, drought-, drug-, fire-, heat-, shock-, water-resistant, etc., see the first element.

ΚΠ

1858 Sketch Bk. St. Louis 229 The list of letters and certificates which he has received in praise of the fire-resistant qualities would fill a volume much larger than this.

1896 Bull. N. Y. Agric. Experiment Station No. 100. 67 I hope to..make further inquiry into the whole subject of rust-resistant varieties.

1906 E. W. Hilgard Soils xxv. 526 Chlorosis..renders many of the American phylloxera-resistant vines useless to the viticulturists of France.

1937 Amer. Home Apr. 141/2 (advt.) Long-stemmed sweet peas; yellows-resistant cabbage.

1957 Times Lit. Suppl. 22 Mar. 174/3 His sympathies are so one-sidedly Jewish that he sometimes makes a reader sales-resistant.

1986 Consumer Reports Oct. 683/1 Since none of them have a child-resistant closure, keep all of them away from the enterprising young.

2008 Guardian 26 Aug. 21/1 Exploiting submerged rot-resistant hardwoods such as ebony, wawa or odum trees in Lake Volta..could slow deforestation.

B. n.¹

1. A person who or thing which resists (something or someone); a resister; (in later use esp.) a member of a resistance movement. Cf. résistant n.²

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] > opposition or resistance > that which or one who resists

resistant1548

resister1577

resistent1602

society > authority > lack of subjection > rebelliousness > sedition > [noun] > organized covert opposition > member of

resister1943

resistant1944

1548 W. Patten Exped. Scotl. sig. E.iiii A small sort of resistauntes might haue bene able to kepe doun a great number of cummers vp.

1571 R. Reynolds Chron. Noble Emperours f. 217^v By mayne force he pearced thorow y^e enemyes, making a notable slaughter of the resistantes.

1602 W. Watson Decacordon Ten Quodlibeticall Questions 2 The thunder-bolt fell vpon the afflicted Priests.., striking all resistants with Ecclesiasticall censures.

1659 J. Pearson Expos. Apostles Creed vi. 577 According to the degrees of power in the Agent and the Resistant, is an action perform'd or hindered.

1792 J. Weaver Free Thoughts 27 God..knew also, by what treasures of wrath, by what severities he would at length overcome these obstinate resistants.

1830 G. Darley Familiar Astron. ix. 222 A very small degree of resistance, indeed, is necessary to throw off a body which strikes obliquely on the resistant.

1885 Cent. Mag. May 47/2 The heroism of martyrs and resistants..serves him for many a song and ballad.

1903 Westm. Gaz. 3 June 7/1 To issue summonses against Nonconformist passive resistants.

1944 Ann. Reg. 1943 172 To the injury of the United Nations and the French resistants.

1959 Sunday Times 22 Mar. 23/7 A disguised and wounded Hungarian resistant.

2005 M. Howe Morocco iii. 83 Resistants organized several unsuccessful attacks on ‘the puppet sultan’ and his master, the Glaoui.

2. In calico-printing, etc.: = resist n. 2. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > colouring > colouring matter > [noun] > dye > resist

resist1815

reserve1824

resistant1860

1860 C. O'Neill Chem. Calico Printing, Dyeing, & Bleaching xv. 141 Citric acid, whether in pure crystals or in lime juice, is the best resistant for iron and alumina mordants.

1879 Spons' Encycl. Manuf. i. 50 The first crops of citric acid crystals..are used largely by the calico-printer as a ‘resistant’ for iron and alumina mordants.

1995 P. Caspard in D. M. Hafter European Women & Preindustrial Craft ii. vii. 120 Thus applying resistants and painting with blue were carried out by different workers.

Derivatives

reˈsistantly adv. resistingly; with resistance.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [adverb] > resistingly

resistingly1548

obstantly1562

resistantly1612

resistively1884

1612 J. Speed Theatre of Empire of Great Brit. i. x. 19/1 Brightrik..sent the Steward of his house to know their intents, whom resistantly they slew.

1862 Knickerbocker Dec. 545/1 Upon its [sc. a paralysed arm's] being held resistantly by another person, he could both flex and extend it.

1974 Amer. Ethnologist 1 112 The Jews of Yemen slowly and resistantly adapted to life in Israel.

2004 M. Hames-Garcia Fugitive Thought iv. 183 Clark's death results from the prisoners' giving themselves over to an oppressive society, rather than practicing freedom resistantly.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	resistant
释义	resistantadj.n.¹ Brit. /rᵻˈzɪst(ə)nt/, U.S. /rəˈzɪst(ə)nt/, /riˈzɪst(ə)nt/ Forms: 1500s resistante, 1500s resistaunt, 1500s resistaunte, 1500s– resistant; also Scottish pre-1700 resistand. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French resistant. Etymology: < Middle French resistant (c1370 as adjective, 1480 as noun; French résistant ), use as adjective of present participle of resister resist v. Compare earlier resistent adj. and the Romance parallels cited at that entry. With use as noun compare earlier resister n. and later resistent n. With sense B. 1 compare résistant n.² and discussion at that entry. A. adj. 1. a. That makes or offers resistance or opposition; tending to resist someone or something; unyielding; not susceptible. Frequently with to. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [adjective] > resisting rebel1340 resisting?a1425 repugnantc1443 rebela1450 resistentc1450 obstant1486 resistanta1513 reluctant1604 renitent1604 resistive1605 resistful1614 outstandingc1650 withstanding1711 unamenable1771 recalcitrating1870 a1513 J. Irland Meroure of Wyssdome f. 352^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue (at cited word) Quhen thai are inobedient and resistant to his justice and lawis He suld punys thame. 1548 W. Patten Exped. Scotl. f. 46 It is a spirite or breath..running in the clowdes that causeth the thunder: and after it hath contended wyth the resistant matter brasteth out. 1578 J. Banister Hist. Man viii. f. 111 ^v Collumbus also not seemyng obstinately resistaunt in this matter, sayth, if any such [nerve] be, it is to be imagined at the extreme part of the Spinal marey. 1610 J. Guillim Display of Heraldrie iii. xvii. 159 The rending and ruine of all that were resistant. 1665 K. Digby Two Treat. (new ed.) i. ix. 83 The force of the Agent in counterpoises, ought to be encreased as much as the line of extent of the medium..doth exceed the line of extent of the medium, along which the resistant [1644 resistent] body is to be moved. 1725 J. Sedgwick New Treat. Liquors v. 64 Exposing the Body to Cold..or drinking Water cold, is look'd upon as wholsome and beneficial, it making the Parts more firm, stable and resistant. a1774 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued (1831) IV. 216 It is the essence of matter to be solid, that is, resistant and moveable. 1834 Boston Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 29 Oct. 188 The tumor was hard at the posterior part, and resistant to the touch. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. v. 252 Each portion of the ice is surrounded by a resistant mass. 1884 Contemp. Rev. Oct. 528 The pressure of resistant wills now becomes incalculable. 1928 A. Gesell Infancy & Human Growth v. 102 There were many other items..which were clinically evident to the observer but resistant to concrete formulation. 1950 V. L. S. Charley Recent Adv. Fruit Juice Prod. 77 Mould and yeast spores..are more resistant and often survive heat treatment. 1989 H. Lee Willa Cather i. 3 She is a resistant subject, even an obstructive one. 2000 Amer. Prospect 6 Nov. 39/2 E-mail users may become increasingly resistant to unwelcome propaganda. b. Able to withstand disease, infection, or attack by pests.In early use: spec. (of a vine) not susceptible to phylloxera. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > [adjective] > of health: good > resistant to disease, etc. strongeOE stalworthc1175 starka1250 stiff1297 stalworthyc1300 vigorousc1330 stoura1350 lustyc1374 marrowya1382 sturdyc1386 crank1398 robust1490 vigorious1502 stalwart1508 hardy1548 robustious1548 of force1577 rustical1583 marrowed1612 rustic1620 robustic1652 solid1741 refractory1843 salted1864 resistant1876 saulteda1879 1876 Nature 26 Oct. 584/2 Study of comparative analyses of several varieties of American [vine] stocks, resistant and non-resistant. 1898 Yearbk. U.S. Dept. Agric. 1897 399 The..cross yielded the Golden Clairette, a valuable new sort [of vine], apparently highly resistant to Phylloxera. 1925 Scribner's Mag. July 1/1 Genetics has made possible better strains of livestock... Disease is less to be feared because of resistant stocks. 1953 R. W. Fairbrother Text-bk. Bacteriol. (ed. 7) ix. 103 Algerian sheep..are considered to be more resistant to anthrax than other types of sheep. 1989 Horticulture Oct. 72/4 As for pests and diseases, this floriferous sunflower is generally resistant. 2007 Canad. Gardening Summer 69/1 Nannyberry is resistant to the viburnum beetle, which feasts upon the foliage of many other viburnums. c. Insensitive to the action of an antibiotic, a pesticide, potentially harmful treatment, etc. ΚΠ 1884 Lancet 9 Aug. 252/1 The organism is one of the largest bacilli, and when grown on cultivating materials outside the body it forms spores, which are extremely resistant to heat and chemical antiseptics. 1913 L. C. Parkes & H. R. Kenwood Hygiene & Public Health (ed. 5) xi. 602 There is evidence that some of the more resistant organisms (B. anthracis) may resist boiling for longer periods. 1958 Nursing (St. John Ambulance Assoc.) xv. 193 Streptomycin is the specific drug for treating tuberculosis, but its use is complicated by the fact that the organisms gradually become resistant to it. 1972 S. Brubaker To live on Earth i. 3 As more pesticides are used, resistant pest strains develop. 2004 J. Playfair Living with Germs (2007) ix. 233 The one encouraging feature is that, in the absence of antibiotics, the resistant strains usually grow slightly less well than the ‘normal’ susceptible ones. d. Designating starch that is not easily degraded by enzymes and so is minimally absorbed by the body during digestion; esp. in resistant starch.Resistant starch may occur naturally in foods or be produced by cooking or other processing. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > carbohydrates > sugars > polysaccharides > [adjective] > of the nature of starch amylaceous1830 amyloid1857 resistant1983 1983 H. Englyst et al. in Analyst 107 307 Starch made resistant to α-amylase digestion by food processing is..measured as ‘resistant starch’. 1999 S. Owen Indonesian Regional Food & Cookery (rev. ed.) 236 Nutritionists now say that cooked rice, like bread, contains a useful amount of ‘resistant starch’, which acts like fibre in the digestive system. 2000 A. Weil Eating Well for Optimum Health 120 If you experience flatulence from beans, avoid those varieties with the highest content of resistant carbohydrate. 2008 Prevention Mar. 84/1 Resistant starch has the potential to become the next hot nutrition trend. 2. Used as the second element in adjectival compounds, with the first element indicating that against which resistance is offered.For more established compounds, as abrasion-, acid-, crease-, disease-, drought-, drug-, fire-, heat-, shock-, water-resistant, etc., see the first element. ΚΠ 1858 Sketch Bk. St. Louis 229 The list of letters and certificates which he has received in praise of the fire-resistant qualities would fill a volume much larger than this. 1896 Bull. N. Y. Agric. Experiment Station No. 100. 67 I hope to..make further inquiry into the whole subject of rust-resistant varieties. 1906 E. W. Hilgard Soils xxv. 526 Chlorosis..renders many of the American phylloxera-resistant vines useless to the viticulturists of France. 1937 Amer. Home Apr. 141/2 (advt.) Long-stemmed sweet peas; yellows-resistant cabbage. 1957 Times Lit. Suppl. 22 Mar. 174/3 His sympathies are so one-sidedly Jewish that he sometimes makes a reader sales-resistant. 1986 Consumer Reports Oct. 683/1 Since none of them have a child-resistant closure, keep all of them away from the enterprising young. 2008 Guardian 26 Aug. 21/1 Exploiting submerged rot-resistant hardwoods such as ebony, wawa or odum trees in Lake Volta..could slow deforestation. B. n.¹ 1. A person who or thing which resists (something or someone); a resister; (in later use esp.) a member of a resistance movement. Cf. résistant n.² ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] > opposition or resistance > that which or one who resists resistant1548 resister1577 resistent1602 society > authority > lack of subjection > rebelliousness > sedition > [noun] > organized covert opposition > member of resister1943 resistant1944 1548 W. Patten Exped. Scotl. sig. E.iiii A small sort of resistauntes might haue bene able to kepe doun a great number of cummers vp. 1571 R. Reynolds Chron. Noble Emperours f. 217^v By mayne force he pearced thorow y^e enemyes, making a notable slaughter of the resistantes. 1602 W. Watson Decacordon Ten Quodlibeticall Questions 2 The thunder-bolt fell vpon the afflicted Priests.., striking all resistants with Ecclesiasticall censures. 1659 J. Pearson Expos. Apostles Creed vi. 577 According to the degrees of power in the Agent and the Resistant, is an action perform'd or hindered. 1792 J. Weaver Free Thoughts 27 God..knew also, by what treasures of wrath, by what severities he would at length overcome these obstinate resistants. 1830 G. Darley Familiar Astron. ix. 222 A very small degree of resistance, indeed, is necessary to throw off a body which strikes obliquely on the resistant. 1885 Cent. Mag. May 47/2 The heroism of martyrs and resistants..serves him for many a song and ballad. 1903 Westm. Gaz. 3 June 7/1 To issue summonses against Nonconformist passive resistants. 1944 Ann. Reg. 1943 172 To the injury of the United Nations and the French resistants. 1959 Sunday Times 22 Mar. 23/7 A disguised and wounded Hungarian resistant. 2005 M. Howe Morocco iii. 83 Resistants organized several unsuccessful attacks on ‘the puppet sultan’ and his master, the Glaoui. 2. In calico-printing, etc.: = resist n. 2. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > colouring > colouring matter > [noun] > dye > resist resist1815 reserve1824 resistant1860 1860 C. O'Neill Chem. Calico Printing, Dyeing, & Bleaching xv. 141 Citric acid, whether in pure crystals or in lime juice, is the best resistant for iron and alumina mordants. 1879 Spons' Encycl. Manuf. i. 50 The first crops of citric acid crystals..are used largely by the calico-printer as a ‘resistant’ for iron and alumina mordants. 1995 P. Caspard in D. M. Hafter European Women & Preindustrial Craft ii. vii. 120 Thus applying resistants and painting with blue were carried out by different workers. Derivatives reˈsistantly adv. resistingly; with resistance. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [adverb] > resistingly resistingly1548 obstantly1562 resistantly1612 resistively1884 1612 J. Speed Theatre of Empire of Great Brit. i. x. 19/1 Brightrik..sent the Steward of his house to know their intents, whom resistantly they slew. 1862 Knickerbocker Dec. 545/1 Upon its [sc. a paralysed arm's] being held resistantly by another person, he could both flex and extend it. 1974 Amer. Ethnologist 1 112 The Jews of Yemen slowly and resistantly adapted to life in Israel. 2004 M. Hames-Garcia Fugitive Thought iv. 183 Clark's death results from the prisoners' giving themselves over to an oppressive society, rather than practicing freedom resistantly. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.¹a1513
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resistantadj.n.1

Derivatives

resistantadj.n.¹