reproductionn.
/ˌriːprəˈdʌkʃn/, U.S. /ˌriprəˈdəkʃ(ə)n/ 1.
a. The action or process of forming, creating, or bringing into existence again; an instance of this.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] > creating again
regenerationc1384
re-creation?a1425
new-making1495
repullulation1623
remaking1625
reproductiona1640
regermination1646
recasting1687
regenesis1833
a1640 T. Jackson Μαραν Αθα (1657) xi. xiii. 3427 Their annihilation or dissolution, their re-production or re-union meerly depends upon the Will or Powerful Ordinance of God.
1666 R. Boyle Origine Formes & Qualities 253 The Experiment, recorded by our Author, about the Reproduction of Salt Petre.
1704 Pearson's Expos. Creed (ed. 8) 255 Things immaterial and incorruptible cannot be said to rise again; resurrection implying a reproduction.
1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. iv. xiv. 238 The instantaneous Production and Reproduction of so many Signs.
1764 J. Leland Advantage & Necessity Christian Revelation II. iii. v. 379 There was to be an universal renovation or reproduction of all things.
1845 H. Rogers Ess. (1874) I. iii. 107 We shall as soon see the reproduction of an Aristotle as of a Demosthenes.
1845 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation Introd. 7 A system of taxation acting on capital..destroys alike the desire and the means of reproduction.
1916 Rep. 20th Ann. Meeting (State Bar Assoc. Indiana) 271 If a plant were about to be built it would be built on an entirely different and more efficient plan and with not so much cost as would attend the reproduction of the old plant.
1999 Physics & Fuel Performance of Reactor-based Plutonium Disposition i. 43 Reactors involved in the programme will work without reproduction of weapons-quality plutonium.
b. Law. Originally (Scots Law): the returning of documents or other physical evidence to the custody of the court. Later also: the action of presenting evidence, testimony, etc., for a second or subsequent time. Cf. production n. 4a.
ΚΠ
1650 in Acts Sederunt Scotl. (1790) 65 The..double sua produceit, quhilk, in cais of not reproduction of the principall, the Lords declaires and ordaines to be haldin as the principall.
1789 G. Ferguson Information for J. Robertson 6 The incarcerator of any person for exhibition of papers, or for implementing of writs (captions for reproduction of processes before the inferior courts excepted), shall pay at incarceration.
1826 T. Beveridge Pract. Treat. Forms of Process II. 80 It is their [sc. macers] province, in particular, to enforce the reproduction in the clerk's hands of all the papers and processes borrowed by agents.
1884 N. Carolina Rep. 89 371 There is no well founded objection to the testimony of Lowder;..nor does it lie against the reproduction of the testimony given by the intestate at the former trial.
1909 Northwestern Reporter 120 888/1 No useful purpose would be served by a review or reproduction of the evidence in this opinion.
2006 S. Doolan & M. Agosto in P. W. Iyer Nursing Home Litigation (ed. 2) iv. 61/1 If an attorney repeatedly interrupts a deposition,..a motion to compel reproduction of that witness combined with a motion for sanctions should be brought.
c. Biology. The formation of new tissue; = regeneration n. 3. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > animal body > general parts > [noun] > reproduction of parts
regeneration?a1425
reproduction1728
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) The Reproduction of several Parts of Lobsters, Crabs, &c. makes one of the great Curiosities of natural History.
1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth VIII. 172 We owe the first discovery of this power of reproduction in animals to Mr. Trembley, who first observed it in the polypus.
1884 Mind July 415 The question of the Reproduction of Lost Parts is interesting from several points of view in biology.
1920 J. H. Comstock Introd. Entomol. (ed. 2) iv. 173 The reproduction of lost limbs has been observed in many insects.
d. The action or process of recreating or bringing forth an idea, memory, or other mental phenomenon in the mind again.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of imagination > [noun] > act of imagining > again
reproduction1766
revisioning1905
re-imaging1910
1766 tr. C. Bonnet Contempl. Nature I. Pref. p. xxxvi This reproduction of ideas is owing to the imagination and memory.
1800 R. Fellowes Picture Christian Philos. (ed. 3) 232 (note) I suppose ideas to be..capable of excitement and reproduction.
a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) II. xx. 12 By reproduction..I strictly mean the process of recovering the absent thought from unconsciousness.
1884 J. Sully Outl. Psychol. 477 Fear and anger have their rise in the mental reproduction of some organic pain.
1923 C. E. Seashore Introd. Psychol. x. 141 Our problem in the next few chapters is to examine mental life in the process of re-instatement, re-presentation, re-production, and pre-production of past and future experience.
1942 M. G. Preston in F. P. Clarke & M. C. Nahm Philos. Ess. in Honor of E. A. Singer i. 140 The problem of learning, according to Meumann, was the identification of the special conditions under which the association and reproduction of ideas take place.
2003 L. Lawlor Challenge of Bergsonism ii. 41 The reproduction of memories in consciousness is capricious.
e. Political Economy. The action or capacity of enabling productive economic activity (cf. productive adj. 4); (esp. in Marxist theory) the cyclical recurrence or perpetuation of conditions which allow this. Also: an instance of this. simple reproduction n. [after German einfache Reproduktion (1872 or earlier)] reproduction in which the amount of capital remains constant, part of the profit beyond that needed to maintain the capital stock being spent on consumption (consumption n. 7), in order to maintain the current rate of production. enlarged reproduction n. (also expanded reproduction, etc.) [after German erweiterte Reproduktion (1872 or earlier)] reproduction in which part of the profit is reinvested into additional means of production, with the aim of achieving future economic growth.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy > specific theories or doctrines > value, accumulation, or reproduction of capital
reproduction1766
capital accumulation1863
organic composition of capital1887
primitive accumulation1887
primitive socialist accumulation1950
1766 tr. V. de R. de Mirabeau Oeconomical Table i. iv. 51 Lessening the stock, is lessening the reproduction, and of course the income.
1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. ii. v. 442 No equal quantity of productive labour employed in manufactures can ever occasion so great a reproduction . View more context for this quotation
1836 G. Ramsay Ess. Distribution of Wealth ii. ii. 91 Every augmentation, therefore, in the national stock destined for reproduction, comes, in the progress of society, to have less and less influence upon the condition of the labourer.
1887 S. Moore & E. Aveling tr. K. Marx Capital II. xxiii. 579 If this revenue serve the capitalist only as a fund to provide for his consumption..then..simple reproduction will take place.
1887 S. Moore & E. Aveling tr. K. Marx Capital II. xxiii. 582 The value of the capital advanced divided by the surplus-value annually consumed, gives the number of years, or reproduction periods [etc.].
1939 Rev. Econ. Stud. 7 32 According to Marx's analysis, in the case of enlarged reproduction, if gross investment..is not larger than c1 + c2..there would be no net accumulation of capital at all.
1955 M. Dobb Econ. Theory & Socialism xvi. 266 These examples were designed to show the relations which would need to hold for expanded reproduction (i.e. a process of annual net investment) to take place and continue of its own momentum.
1970 B. Brewster tr. L. Althusser & E. Balibar Reading Capital iii. iii. 266 The analysis of reproduction destroys the appearance..of a ‘free’ contract between the worker and the capitalist.
1998 J. Bascom Losing Place (2003) v. 92 Whether rural cultivators attain simple reproduction or expanded reproduction (leading to capital accumulation) is contingent on where their household is located compared to others.
f. The action or process of producing a text, image, etc., again in the form of a copy, esp. in print. Cf. reproduction proof n. and reproduction rights n. at Compounds 2.colour-, photoreproduction: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [noun] > action of repeating in a copy or making a copy
replication1692
reproducing1705
multiplication1715
reproduction1793
re-creation1915
1793 New Ann. Reg. 1792 Biogr. Anecd. & Characters 30/1 We owe, however, to a subsequent editor, the reproduction of this, with other curiosities of the Warburtonian school.
1856 E. E. Kay & H. R. V. Johnson Rep. Cases in Chancery II. 285 Having regard to the international treaties, the Plaintiff reserves his right of reproduction, which is a sufficiently apt word in this case.
1870 W. A. Copinger Law of Copyright in Works of Lit. vi. 101 Copyright may be infringed..by reproduction under an abridged form.
1883 R. Haldane Workshop Receipts 2nd Ser. 181/1 Autographs for reproduction must be written with ink or pencil.
1890 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 247 For the photographer who is exclusively occupied with reproduction photography, this is fully satisfactory.
1925 Geogr. Jrnl. 66 558 The general introduction of photo-mechanical reproduction of coloured maps has brought a number of problems in its train.
1957 W. H. Kerry Freehand Drawing & Pict. Illustr. for Draughtsmen i. 8 For reproduction by printing block process.., a very good paper for most purposes is Whatman's water-colour sketch board or paper.
2008 Ottawa Citizen (Nexis) 15 Apr. d1 In 2006, London's famed Victoria and Albert Museum became the first museum to drop charges for the reproduction of images in scholarly books and magazines.
g. The process of reproducing sound; the degree of fidelity with which this is done.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > audibility > sound magnification or reproduction > [noun] > reproducer > reproduction
reproduction1908
1908 Sears, Roebuck Catal. No. 117. 195/2 The Type FH Harvard Disc Talking Machine... Perfectly uniform speed, essential to perfect reproduction, is obtained.
1946 Penguin Music Mag. Dec. 93 The standard of reproduction with which people appear to be content, even very musical people, is far from satisfactory.
1992 RS Components: Electronic & Electr. Products July–Oct. 976/1 An infinite baffle (enclosed cabinet) speaker with good frequency response for the reproduction of music.
2003 T3 Mar. 131/2 A new audio format that promises richer sound reproduction, DVD-Audio also looks to be guaranteed a healthy future.
2.
a. A copy, an exact equivalent; esp. a copy of a picture or other work of art by means of engraving, photography, or similar processes. Also: an article of furniture, etc., in a style reproduced from an earlier period.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [noun] > an imitation
resemblant1484
patterna1500
counterfeiture1548
counterfeit1587
idol1590
reduplication1592
copy1596
module1608
imitationa1616
mockage1615
echo1622
conduplicationa1631
transcript1646
ectype1647
mime1650
duplicating1659
mimicry1688
replication1692
shadow1693
reproduction1701
mimication?1715
repetition1774
replicate1821
autotype1829
replica1841
re-creation1915
retake1922
mock-up1957
reprise1961
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > [noun] > a print
impression1559
print1585
stamp1613
imprimery1681
reproduction1701
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > work of art > [noun] > types of > copy
copy1574
reproduction1701
replica1824
the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [noun] > action of repeating in a copy or making a copy > of furniture, textiles, etc.
apery1812
reproduction1912
repro1952
knock-off1966
1701 J. Norris Ess. Ideal World I. ii. 50 So many reproductions of one thing, like the image of the same face repeated in a multiplying glass.
1799 H. More Strict. Mod. Syst. Fem. Educ. (ed. 3) II. xiii. 10 The latter compositions become little more than reproductions of the same images.
1807 J. Barlow Columbiad ii. 65 More perfect some, and some less perfect yield Their reproductions in this wondrous field.
1853 J. H. Newman Hist. Sketches (1873) II. i. i. 23 The Huns were but reproductions of the ancient Scythians.
1892 Photogr. Ann. II. 111 The hypothesis as to the nature of heliochromic reproductions.
1912 Cedar Rapids (Iowa) Evening Gaz. 31 Aug. 4/5 (advt.) Many clever reproductions in colonial, chippendale and art-craft designs..are to be seen only at this store.
1957 H. Miller Big Sur & Oranges H. Bosch ii. 88 Passing the rear show window of a department store, we were arrested by a display of Turner's water colors. Reproductions, of course.
2005 Independent (Nexis) 24 June 30 An extreme art-lover might vow never to look at a reproduction again.
b. A representation, expression, or rendition of the essential features of a quality, mood, or other non-material thing.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > representation > [noun] > a representation > of essential features
reproduction1816
1816 Catholicon June 226 Such a one..blest himself by nature with all the sensibilities which are at once the certain indications and reproductions of genius attuned by taste.
1844 R. W. Emerson Commodity in Nature (1849) ii. 11 The useful arts are reproductions or new combinations by the wit of man, of the same natural benefactors.
1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul I. i. v. 98 St. Luke's dramatic reproduction of the vague murmurs of a throng.
1925 L. Hughes Let. 24 June in L. Hughes & C. Van Vechten Remember me to Harlem (2001) 21 Have you heard Bessie Smith's newest release: ‘The Soft Pedal Blues’? It's a wonderful reproduction of the atmosphere of a buffet flat at four in the morning.
1984 J. Morgan Agatha Christie ix. 119 Agatha later painted in Unfinished Portrait a reproduction of her frustrations at this stage in her marriage.
3. Biology. The production by living organisms of new individuals or offspring; the perpetuation of a species by this process; the power of reproducing in this way. Also: the process or mechanism by which this takes place, whether sexual or asexual in nature.sexual reproduction: see sexual adj. 5.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > [noun]
i-streonc893
strainc950
akennessOE
spreadingOE
upspringc1000
akenningOE
akennednessOE
strainc1175
streningc1230
begetc1330
begettingc1330
engendrurec1350
generationa1382
gettinga1382
genderingc1384
multiplicationa1387
increase1390
prolificationa1393
procreationc1395
engenderinga1400
gendrure?a1400
engendure?a1425
progeniturec1429
propagation?1440
teemingc1450
breeda1500
geniturea1500
engenderment1507
progeneration1548
fathering1549
engender1556
race1561
multiplying1599
pullulation1641
progermination1648
reproduction1713
face-making1785
baby-making1827
begettal1864
fertility1866
1713 tr. P. Poiret Divine Œconomy VI. i. 21 The Fecundity of Creatures, as we consider in it barely the Reproduction of themselves, is a Property in them never to be lost, without needing God's continual Concourse.
1749 tr. J. Offray de la Mettrie Man a Machine 35 At fourteen or fifteen years of age, he scarce has a notion of the great pleasures that will attend him in the reproduction of his species.
1780 W. Smellie tr. Comte de Buffon Nat. Hist. Gen. & Particular II. 16 Without limiting our research to the generation of man, or of any particular animal, let us contemplate the general phaenomena of reproduction.
1835–6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. I. 145 When we examine animals in the next grade, we find reproduction taking place by the concurrence of sexes.
1861 R. Bentley Man. Bot. iii. i. 749 Much difference of opinion has arisen..as to the mode in which reproduction takes place in the different divisions of the vegetable kingdom.
1883 F. M. Wallem Fish Supply Norway 10 The reproduction of the cod is extraordinarily great.
a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 1202 The five great functions of the plant are nutrition, growth, movement, irritability, and reproduction.
1948 A. C. Kinsey et al. Sexual Behavior Human Male xi. 443 The so-called sex instruction which is given by parents and schools usually consists of a certain amount of information concerning the anatomy and mechanics of reproduction.
1964 E. Salisbury Weeds & Aliens (ed. 2) vii. 207 Reproduction may be considerably affected by the Ragwort Seed-fly;..this lays its eggs in the flower-heads and the larvae feed upon the developing fruits.
2007 New Scientist 22 Sept. 11/1 Bat bugs, and..bed bugs, are renowned among entomologists for their gruesome and bizarre method of reproduction.
Compounds
C1. attributive. Designating an item of furniture or a work of art which has been produced as a replica or (cheaper) copy of an original.
ΚΠ
1909 Hartford (Connecticut) Courant 11 Oct. 6/6 (advt.) Reproduction pieces of furniture.
1925 Scribner's Mag. Oct. 15 (advt.) A reproduction whale-oil lamp which measures 18½ inches to the top of the bulb.
1964 Times Rev. Industry Mar. 37/3 Sales [of furniture] are growing (unfortunately, almost entirely of ‘reproduction’ styles, which do not help our attempts to project an image of a new Britain).
1975 M. Kenyon Mr Big xx. 190 Some reproduction Chippendale dining-chairs.
1977 Whitaker's Almanack 887/1 The footwear industry is based on Florence, reproduction furniture at Cascini and Poggibonsi.
1981 J. B. Hilton Playground of Death vi. 71 There were one or two expensive reproduction pieces—a corner cupboard (for drinks) and a Jacobean footstool.
2007 A. Hepburn Troubled Legacies ix. 259 He strips the reproduction Sunflowers from his wall.
C2.
reproduction constant n. Nuclear Physics = reproduction factor n. (b).
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > nuclear fission > [noun] > neutron ratio
reproduction factor1918
multiplication factor1941
multiplication constant1945
reproduction constant1950
1950 Proc. Physical Soc. A. 63 1175 This periodic motion of the sample produced a periodic change in the reproduction constant of the pile.
1999 M. Browne Schaum's Outl. Theory & Probl. Physics for Engin. & Sci. xxxvii. 446 A measure of whether a self-sustained chain reaction can occur is the reproduction constant.
reproduction factor n. (a) Biology = reproduction rate n.; (b) Nuclear Physics = multiplication factor n. (a) at multiplication n. Compounds.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > nuclear fission > [noun] > neutron ratio
reproduction factor1918
multiplication factor1941
multiplication constant1945
reproduction constant1950
1918 Commerce Rep. (U.S. Dept. Commerce) 13 July 171 The increases of foreigners..display the influence of those two factors..till, in the case of the British, for example, the influence of the reproduction factor almost entirely vanishes.
1945 H. D. Smyth Gen. Acct. Devel. Atomic Energy Mil. Purposes iv. 35 The whole success or failure of the uranium project depended on the multiplication factor k, sometimes called the reproduction factor.
1998 Canad. Jrnl. Bot. 76 75 Virulence and aggressiveness were assessed in terms of nematode reproduction by egg-mass index and reproduction factor.
2004 C. A. Bertulani & P. Danielewicz Introd. Nucl. Reactions v. 257 One still needs to compute the losses through the surface i.e. what counts in practice is the reproduction factor k for a finite pile.
reproduction number n. Medicine the average number of cases of an infectious disease arising by transmission from a single infected individual; (also) spec. (more fully basic reproduction number) this number in a population which has not previously encountered the disease; = R₀ n.Also called reproductive number. Cf. R n. 13, R number n.
ΚΠ
1987 Jrnl. Math. Biol. 25 366 For p = 1, Hethcote (1976) called σ the contact number since it is equal to the average number of adequate contacts of an infective during the infectious period (others have called it the reproduction number).
1998 G. F. Medley et al. in W. R. Dowdle & D. R. Hopkins Eradication Infectious Dis. iv. 39 Generally, infections with high basic reproduction numbers are more difficult to eradicate.
2020 Daily Mirror (Nexis) 25 May 30 Left to itself coronavirus has a reproduction number of about three, but estimates vary.
reproduction proof n. Printing a printed proof used as an original for photographic reproduction.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > printed matter > [noun] > proof > proof for photographic reproduction
repro1903
reproduction proof1928
1928 N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 19 Feb. 22/3 Several of the Van Gogh paintings which will appear in the book were so badly water-soaked as to render them temporarily unfit for comparison with the reproduction proofs.
1967 E. Chambers Photolitho-offset iii. 31 Reproduction proofs on paper can be transferred into same-size negatives... The process..consists in making a repro-proof and covering with a sheet of special film.
1993 Horn Bk. Mag. (Nexis) 1 Sept. 559 After the artwork is completed and reproduction proofs of the type are in hand, the designer creates a mechanical or camera-ready version of the book for the printer to photograph.
reproduction rate n. Biology the rate at which a species or population produces offspring or new individuals; spec. the proportion of offspring recruited to a population in a year as a fraction or percentage of that population.See also gross reproduction rate at gross adj. 6a, net reproduction rate n. at net adj. Compounds.
ΚΠ
1904 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 67 532 The results would throw a good deal of light on the reproduction-rates of different social strata.
1987 M. Kochanski Northern Bushcraft (1988) xii. 271 When populations peak, winter food resources may be depleted leading to lower survival and reproduction rates.
2002 R. Porter Blood & Guts i. 3 These included..micro-organisms such as bacteria, viruses and protozoans, whose ultra-rapid reproduction rates produce severe illnesses within a host.
reproduction ratio n. chiefly Photography the ratio of the size of a copy of an image to the size of the original; (also) the ratio of the size of an image formed on a film or sensor by a lens to the size of the object which it represents.
ΚΠ
1921 U.S. Patent 1,395,310 2/1 A pencil..will then draw the outline traversed by the tracer point, the apparatus just described forming a pantagraph with its reproduction ratio equal to unity.
1976 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald-Jrnl. 4 Nov. 35/2 (advt.) The 70–150 also focuses as close as 16 inches from the film plane and produces a 1:4 image reproduction ratio for great close-ups!
2005 J. Clements Comprehensive Guide Digital Close-up Photogr. i. 14 Macro photography is taken with equipment that enables a magnification or reproduction ratio of between lifesize (1:1) and ten times lifesize (10:1).
reproduction rights n. rights granted by law for an image, piece of text, or other copyrighted work to be reproduced in a context different to that in which the work originally appeared.
ΚΠ
1895 N.Y. Times 2 May 9/3 It is not known whether the Berlin Photographic Company, which owns reproduction rights, will permit a picture of it to be published in the English catalogues.
1923 H. Crane Let. 21 June (1965) 137 He is offering..$25.00 for the original, and the reproduction rights without any payment.
1961 Business Hist. Rev. 35 1 Reproduction rights were graciously extended by Dr. Anton Zottmann..and by the authors.
2003 G. Batchen in L. Wells et al. Photogr. Reader v. xxii. 229 In this one purchase Gates gained reproduction rights to over 16 million photographic images.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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n.a1640