reproducev.
/ˌriːprəˈdjuːs/, /ˌriːprəˈdʒuːs/, U.S. /ˌriprəˈd(j)us/, /ˌriprəˈdʒus/ 1.
a. transitive. To exhibit or present (a person or item) again. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > [verb (transitive)] > again
reproduce1584
rebeget1611
re-excite1670
reinduce1800
1584 Burgh Court Perth 17 Jan. in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue (1990) VII. 330/2 The..persewar tuik vp his peces and proces fra the clark and hes nocht reproducit the samin as ȝit.
1620 N. Brent tr. P. Sarpi Hist. Councel of Trent i. 17 The day appointed for the meeting being come..Zuinglius reproduced his conclusions, offered to defend them; and to answer to whosoeuer would contradict them.
1645 E. Symmons Script. Vindicated i. 17 This gallant Spirit..commanded those Members, to reproduce presently the book of Subscriptions;..which when they had againe layed hands upon, they rent it all in peeces.
1711 J. Spotiswood Form of Process iv. 129 The Ordinary..is ordained to mark these on the back, that, at discussing the Suspension, these Writings may be reproduced.
1770 Law Tracts 104 There in court the said attorney reproduced the two brieves before-mentioned.
1840 F. J. N. Rogers Pract. Arrangem. Eccl. Law 387 There seems not to be the same objection to re-produce a witness in order to be cross-examined.
1867 H. A. Leveson Forest & Field xvi. 417 The people having got over their fright, I ventured again to re-produce the gorilla.
1995 E. Trendafilova in S. Frankowski & P. B. Stephan Legal Reform in Post-Communist Europe iii. 319 This rule..allowed the court to base its judgment on evidence collected during the investigatory proceedings that was merely reproduced in court.
b. transitive. To effect or bring about (a phenomenon, occurrence, etc.) again. Also reflexive.
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the world > action or operation > repeating > repeat (an action) [verb (transitive)] > produce the same results again
reproduce1830
1626 D. Featley Second Parallel 91 If then the effect, to wit, regeneration be lost, and must be reproduced, the proper cause..must be againe put.
1688 J. Dryden Britannia Rediviva 9 His inborn Courage..Might re-produce some second Richard's Reign.
1721 E. Strother Experienc’d Measures how to manage Small Pox 48 If Fires..be suppos'd to have introduced the Plague at Rome, how it happened, that our Conflagration of London did not reproduce the Plague here?
1775 tr. N.-S. Bergier Deism Self-refuted II. xii. 182 If one or others of these Phenomena, had appeared only once at the pleasure of some Naturalist, without ever any one being able to reproduce the same again, should we consider it as the effect of a law of nature?
1830 J. F. W. Herschel Prelim. Disc. Study Nat. Philos. 119 Whenever we notice a remarkable effect of any kind, our first question ought to be, Can it be reproduced?
1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. xiv. 307 Rendu affirmed..that all the phenomena of a river were reproduced upon the Mer de Glace.
1870 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Gleanings 2nd Ser. 52 History is apt to reproduce itself.
1925 Science 61 99/2 Attempts to reproduce the disease bronchial spirochætosis by intratracheal inoculation of normal rabbits failed.
1974 J. J. Kirkpatrick Polit. Woman x. 242 The future need not reproduce the past.
2008 Evening Gaz. (Nexis) 25 July 10 Tony Willett and Dominic Patteson will faithfully reproduce the effects that amazed past generations.
c. transitive. To present again or replicate in writing or print.
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society > communication > printing > publishing > publish [verb (transitive)] > republish
republish1625
re-edition1716
reproduce1787
reissue1847
1787 J. Whitaker Mary Queen of Scots Vindicated I. vii. 472 She..suffered the letters to be reproduced in French.
1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xxv. 178 A letter..so interesting that I do not hesitate to reproduce it here.
1885 Spectator 25 July 977/1 The legends..here reproduced were well worth reproducing.
1917 E. Satow Guide to Diplomatic Pract. vii. 75 As not many Notes Verbales are to be met with in print, it seems worth while to reproduce it here.
1959 Mod. Philol. 56 205 A number of the texts are printed from manuscript, and the editor is to be congratulated upon reproducing these,..without needless modernizing or alteration.
2009 Atlanta Jrnl.-Constit. (Nexis) 14 Jan. 3 c Permission to reproduce or excerpt his papers must come from his estate.
d. transitive. To produce again in the form of a copy; to replicate (a work of art, picture, drawing, etc.), esp. by means of engraving, photography, scanning, or similar digital or mechanical processes. Also intransitive.
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the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > imitate [verb (transitive)] > repeat in a copy
counterfeit1362
to take out1530
take1538
reduplicate1570
imitate1590
counter-make1595
ingeminate1625
replicate1661
recopy1684
takea1715
reproduce1838
duplicate1860
facsimile1862
carbon copy1914
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > [verb (transitive)] > copy work of art
copya1616
reproduce1838
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > print or reproduce [verb (transitive)]
stamp1604
imprint1606
reproduce1838
1838 F. Beaufort Let. 26 May in C. Darwin Corr. (1986) II. 90 I should therefore recommend you to send your lithographer to this office with the proper ink for taking a transfer proof from the plate; by which means you will be able to reproduce as many impressions as you may think fit.
1847 E. B. Lytton Reinzi v. 11/1 I had learned..to write with some fluency, and I already began to imitate, to reproduce.
1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest II. ix. 392 The rude art of English masons strove to reproduce the campaniles of Northern Italy.
1921 Times 14 Feb. 13/6 A number of his own sketches, reproduced in colour, illustrate many of his reminiscences.
1957 D. T. Rice Beginnings of Christian Art ii. vi. 96 The earliest of these panels is probably that which has been most often reproduced.
1991 N.Y. Mag. 18 Nov. 29/3 Glimcher had all of the works reproduced in color with the actual edges of the canvases showing.
e. transitive. To relay (sound originating elsewhere) or replay (sound recorded on another occasion) by electrical or mechanical means. Also intransitive.
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the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > audibility > sound magnification or reproduction > [verb (transitive)] > reproduce
reproduce1872
1872 J. B. A. Baille & J. W. Armstrong Wonders of Electr, 143 A series of vibrating plates..has been arranged, each of which vibrates when struck by a particular sound, and sends off electricity to create at the end of a line the same vibrations in a corresponding plate, or, in other words, to reproduce the same sound.
1891 R. Routledge Discov. & Inventions 19th Cent. (ed. 8) 482 He invented a telephone for reproducing musical sounds at a distance.
1899 T. Eaton & Co. Catal. Spring–Summer 191/1 A graphophone..a perfect machine, reproduces perfectly.
1924 Radio Times 19 Dec. 620/1 (advt.) He can ‘pick’ up the entertainment being sent out from any British or Continental Station and reproduce it at Loud Speaker strength.
1961 G. A. Briggs A to Z in Audio 21 If you can reproduce the bottom note of a double bass properly, you are not doing badly.
1982 E. D. Gray Patriarchy as Conceptual Trap vi. 128 It is like a person born with two ears trying with only one audio channel to hear some recorded music reproduce the original three-dimensional sound.
2007 S. Gibilisco Audio Demystified vii. 118 Headsets are rated according to how well they reproduce sound.
f. intransitive. Of a picture, drawing, or other printable material: to give a specified quality or result when copied.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > imitate [verb (intransitive)] > reproduce
reproduce1886
1886 Eng. Mechanic & World of Sci. 19 Nov. 271/3 They were received, but we could not spare space, and besides, the drawings really would not reproduce well.
1891 Pall Mall Gaz. 2 Dec. 3/2 The drawings..reproduce in monochrome-plate process with greater strength than might be expected.
1946 New Republic 9 Sept. 294/1 Although pictures reproduce quite well over home receivers, ‘faxed’ print looks somewhat quavery.
1967 Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald 6 May 22/3 For newspaper contribution, polaroids do not, as a rule, reproduce well, as the exposure is inconsistent.
2003 Communicating in Style vii. 119 A picture in a jPEG format..is adequate for screen but will reproduce poorly on paper.
2.
a. transitive. To bring again into material existence; to create or form (a person or thing) again. Also reflexive.
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the world > existence and causation > creation > [verb (transitive)] > anew
regendera1400
re-engender1545
return1559
instaurate1583
new-make1585
recreate1587
remake1603
regenerate1607
new-create1608
reproduce1611
reconstruct1762
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Reproduire, to reproduce, to yeeld or bring forth againe.
a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) ii. vii. 193 Which..if they had been the Product of the Plastick power of the Earth, would have been Annually re-produced.
a1700 T. Ken Hymnotheo in Wks. (1721) III. 85 God's Voice departed Souls shall re-instate, And reproduce Men easier than create.
1734 G. Sale tr. Koran xxix. 326 Afterwards will God reproduce another production; for God is almighty.
1800 R. Fellowes Picture Christian Philos. (ed. 3) 227 Man..reproduces his kind; and he vanishes into darkness.
1879 S. C. Bartlett Egypt to Palestine x. 225 We gathered the seed of some of these,..hoping to reproduce them at home.
1966 J. G. Griffiths Origins of Osiris 130 In death the god reproduces himself anew by a female deity who belongs to him; she is at once his spouse and his mother.
2001 P. McLaughlin What Functions Explain 174 At the Last Judgment,..we also get our bodies back—which means that God either has to make new ones for us or re-produce the old ones.
b. transitive. To bring (something immaterial) into existence again. Also reflexive.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > [verb (reflexive)] > create again
reseminate1646
reproduce1842
1666 R. Boyle Origine Formes & Qualities 203 The Form..was reproduc'd by God, upon the regain'd Disposition of the Matter to receive it.
1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. ii. ii. 353 Industrious people, who re-produce, with a profit, the value of their annual consumption. View more context for this quotation
1818 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 33 372 The great prosperity, which the industry and energy of the nation soon re-produced.
1842 H. E. Manning Serm. i. 6 As sin, through the power of death, withers off..so does it..perpetually reproduces itself.
1905 Paidologist 7 21 We do not seek to re-produce order for the sake of order.
1978 J. Fiske & J. Hartley Reading Television xi. 162 They hesitate, hold back, from the production of sense and thereby shatter, re-form and re-produce the established real-seeming.
2003 A. Wettlaufer In Mind's Eye v. 219 If language cannot reproduce the emotion, sensation and appearance of real or artistic experience, it does allow readers to come to their own personal conclusions.
c. transitive. Biology. Of an organism: to regenerate (a lost body part, esp. a limb). Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > animal body > general parts > [verb (transitive)] > grow or reproduce (a part)
shoot1739
reproduce1743
1743 H. Baker Microscope made Easy (ed. 2) 99 Mr. Reaumur and Mr. Bonnet found also some sorts of Earth-Worms, which being cut in two, each half had all its Deficiencies reproduced after some Months.
1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. App. at Reproduction Some of these worms have..then begun to reproduce a head or a tail, or both.
1870 G. Rolleston Forms Animal Life Introd. 67 Some Amphibia possess a great power of repairing injuries, and of reproducing destroyed or amputated organs.
1914 A. W. Smith God who found Himself ix. 102 In the Hydrozoa any part of the body, if cut off from the rest, will reproduce a whole new body if furnished with the raw materials.
3. transitive (reflexive) and intransitive. Chiefly Biology. Of an organism: to generate (offspring or new individuals) by a sexual or asexual process. Also: (of a cell, virus, molecule, etc.) to replicate itself. Also in extended use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > multiply or reproduce [verb (intransitive)]
teemOE
tidderOE
breedc1200
felefolda1300
fructifya1325
creasec1380
multiplyc1390
engendera1400
fawn1481
procreate1576
propagate1601
generate1605
spawn1607
pullulate1618
populate1625
reproduce1650
prolify1660
the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > multiply or reproduce [verb (transitive)]
kenc825
begeteOE
strenec893
raisec1175
breeda1250
kenec1275
felefolda1300
engendera1325
tiddera1325
multiplyc1350
genderc1384
producea1513
procreatea1525
propagate1535
generate1552
product1577
kind1596
traduce1599
pullulate1602
traduct1604
progenerate1611
store1611
spawna1616
spawna1617
reproduce1650
propage1695
to make a baby1911
1650 Earl of Monmouth tr. J. F. Senault Man become Guilty 299 Man hides himselfe to re-produce himselfe; marriage which is holy in it's Institution, and sacred in it's type, is shamefull in it's use.
1792 J. S. Barr tr. Comte de Buffon Nat. Hist. II. 287 If it is asked, how animals and vegetables reproduce? we reply by relating the history of the generation of every species of animal, and of the reproduction of each distinct vegetable.
1837 Metropolitan Sept. 93 The yeast of beer is a heap of little globulous bodies, capable of reproducing themselves.
1868 C. Darwin Variation Animals & Plants II. 359 I venture to advance the hypothesis of Pangenesis, which implies that the whole organization, in the sense of every separate atom or unit, reproduces itself.
1894 Times (Weekly ed.) 31 Aug. 689/2 [The bacillus] reproduces at the rate of hundreds per day.
1905 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 25 Feb. 442 They develop into one of the three following forms all of which can reproduce themselves vegetatively.
1940 G. S. Carter Gen. Zool. Invertebr. i. 5 An animal..is able to maintain its life in a changing environment, to react in various ways to the changes of the environment, and to reproduce itself.
1982 R. Hinde Ethology (1986) vii. §iv. 147 This way of thinking provides a possible explanation of the evolution of castes of individuals who cannot themselves reproduce, such as worker bees and ants.
1991 Independent 23 Dec. 11/8 The drug AZT disables a specific gene that produces reverse transcriptase, a protein that is the key to its ability to infect the body's cells and reproduce itself.
2005 Computer Buyer May 117/1 A virus is a piece of code that's designed to reproduce itself as many times as possible, spreading from one computer to another via networks, over the Internet or by e-mail.
4. transitive. Chemistry and Physics. To produce (a substance, radiation, etc.) again by means of a change or recombination.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > [verb (transitive)] > anew > by means of combination or change
reproduce1666
1666 R. Boyle Origine Formes & Qual. in Wks. (1772) III. 61 If we could reproduce a body which has been deprived of its substantial form.
1704 I. Newton Opticks i. ii. 114 Whenever all those rays..are mixt again, they reproduce the same white Light as before.
1732 tr. H. Boerhaave Elements Chymistry I. 25 You can divide the simplest Bodies, as Water, Spirits, Salts and Alcohol of Wine into different matters; nor can we reproduce the same substances, as blood, &c. from whence they were drawn.
1839 G. Bird Elements Nat. Philos. 325 A convex lens..will bring all the rays to a focus, and reproduce white light.
1860 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 150 54 If we could succeed in combining the sycocerylic alcohol again with the radical of ethyl (acetyl), and thus reproduce the original substance.., it would be the best possible confirmation of our views.
1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) 116 When the vapour of water is condensed it reproduces pure water.
1922 tr. V. von Richter Org. Chem. II. 585 The mono- and tri-acid salts of rosanilin, on taking up four molecules [of] HCl, NH3, or H2O, become colourless additive compounds, which easily split off the added substances and reproduce the dyes.
2001 J. D. Wheatley Nature of Consciousness xiii. 229 He also used other prisms to reconverge the split light—reproducing white light.
5. transitive. To create again by a mental effort; to represent clearly to the mind.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of imagination > imagine or visualize [verb (transitive)] > again
reconjure1611
reproduce1756
reimagine1825
recreate1837
reconstruct1838
recapture1845
revisualize1896
1756 T. Nugent tr. E. B. de Condillac Ess. Origin Human Knowl. i. 88 Resigned to the perceptions which I receive by the senses, and to those reproduced by the imagination.
1792 H. Hunter tr. J. C. Lavater Ess. Physiognomy II. xvii. 396 It is absolutely impossible to reproduce from imagination the true form of the head with a physiological accuracy.
1869 H. F. Tozer Res. Highlands of Turkey II. 201 These scenic edifices..enable our mind's eye to reproduce the people..congregated together.
1870 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Gleanings 2nd Ser. 199 The novels of the eighteenth century enable us to reproduce the parson of the time with ease.
1917 J. F. Johnson Business & Man I. vi. iii. 132 His imagination reproduces before him the page and musical notation of the hymn book.
1995 R. Leppert Sight of Sound Introd. p.xxi The ‘image’ of the activity is reproduced in the ‘mind's eye’ of the reader of that account.
6. transitive. To produce (a play, show, musical recording, etc.) again. Cf. produce v. 2d.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > the theatre or the stage > the staging of a theatrical production > stage [verb (transitive)] > again
reproduce1795
revive1823
1795 F. G. Waldron et al. Biogr. Mirrour I. 60 Jack the Giant-Queller, a satyrical opera, performed at Dublin in 1748; interdicted by government after the first night: altered, and reproduced on the Irish stage in 1754.
1835 G. Hogarth Mus. Hist. (1838) II. 158 He also remodelled his opera of The Wood Girl, and reproduced it under the title of Sylvana.
1880 Westm. Rev. Apr. 535 In Melbourne, when the Berry Government was in extremis, the same play was reproduced, adapted to Victorian politics.
1911 Times 10 June 9/7 King Henry VIII. will be reproduced at His Majesty's Theatre next Monday evening.
1995 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 4 June When Polygram acquired the Abba catalogue and released Abba Gold, the band's engineer Micke Tretow was summoned to ensure that the Swedish popsters' hits were immaculately reproduced.
Derivatives
reproˈduceable adj. = reproducible adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > [adjective] > creating or constructing again > that can or cannot be created again
reproducible1777
reproduceable1825
irreproducible1868
1825 T. Strange Elem. Hindu Law I. ix. 216 Reproduceable to the extent of seven successive births, of these morbid and sinful marks, presumptive of crime, and obstructive of inheritance, a copious and minute list is added.
1832 H. Martineau Hill & Valley vi. 87 The second and third..constituted the reproduceable capital of the concern.
1916 Musical Q. 2 276 Any instrument which has a sharply characterized style is easily reproduceable.
1991 Struct. Change & Econ. Dynamics 2 185 It may be seen as a composite structure, in which the whole consists of several independently reproduceable groups.
reproˈduced adj.
ΚΠ
1666 R. Boyle Origine Formes & Qualities 251 What we further did with this new or reproduced Concrete, is not proper to be here told you.
1804 L. Spallanzani in A. Hunter Georgical Ess. xxix. 479 Ninety-nine [bones] have existed in the four reproduced limbs when all were amputated from the trunk.
1970 J. Earl How to choose Tuners & Amplifiers iii. 69 Power so liberated..detracts from the reproduced signals.
2003 Oxoniensia 67 374 The parochial boundaries on the reproduced tithe map might stand out more clearly.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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