renegaten.adj.

Brit.

/ˈrɛnᵻɡeɪt/, U.S.

/ˈrɛnəˌɡeɪt/

Forms: Middle English ranegate, Middle English renegatt, Middle English 1600s renagat, Middle English–1500s renogat, Middle English–1700s renegat, Middle English– renegate, 1500s rennagat, 1500s rennogate, 1500s–1600s renagate, 1500s–1600s rennagate, 1500s–1600s rennegate, 1500s–1600s renogate; also Scottish pre-1700 ranagate, pre-1700 ranigat, pre-1700 rannagat, pre-1700 renigat, pre-1700 rennigait, pre-1700 rennigat, pre-1700 rennigatt, pre-1700 renygat.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin renegatus, renegare.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin renegatus apostate (12th cent. in a British source), traitor, renegade (c1420 in a British source), use as noun of past participle of renegare (see renege v.). Compare Middle French renegat (French renégat ) (adjective) disloyal, traitorous (1450), (noun) apostate (1572; < Italian or Spanish), Old Occitan renegat (second half of the 12th cent. in trachor renegat ‘disloyal traitor’ as adjective, a1192 as noun in sense ‘traitor’), Catalan renegat (c1250, earliest in sense ‘apostate’), Portuguese renegado (13th cent.), Italian rinnegato , †rinegato , †renegato (noun) apostate (third quarter of the 13th cent. or earlier), (adjective) apostate (a1313), disloyal, traitorous (a1342), Spanish renegado (see renegado n. and adj.). Compare later renegade n., renegado n., and (with the use as adjective) later renegade adj., renegado adj. Compare also later runagate n.

Now rare.

A. n.

1. A person who renounces his or her faith; an apostate.

ΚΠ

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. l. 1093 (MED) An hethen Amirall..a Stieward hadde, Oon Thelous, which al was badde, A fals knyht and a renegat.

c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 835 How may this wayke womman han this strengthe Hir to defende agayn this renegat.

?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 55 (MED) He was cristned, but he forsoke his lawe & becam a renegate.

c1450 J. Capgrave Solace of Pilgrims (Bodl. 423) (1911) 108 (MED) Þou namest to me a cursed man, a renegat, a man gretely noised with wischcraft.

c1500 (?a1475) Assembly of Gods (1896) l. 706 (MED) All these pety capteyns folowyd by & by..Idolatres, enchauntours, with false renegates.

1565 T. Stapleton Fortresse of Faith f. 123 Whose first Apostles and preachers were al for the most part wicked rennagats.

1583 in T. Thomson Acts & Proc. Kirk of Scotl. (1840) II. 631 Some..become oppen rennagattis, and blasphemers of the trueth.

1605 A. Munday tr. G. Affinati Dumbe Divine Speaker vii. 78 Presumptuous persons, renegates and infidels.

1654 J. Hall Of Govt. & Obed. iii. ii. 217 In Christianity it self, and the sects thereof, we may find both Martyrs and Renegates.

1830 H. Smith Midsummer Medley I. 59 He might see the encampment of the great host of Julian the Renegate, whom God had now begun sorely to smite and confound with his judgments.

2000 J. Joseph Mod. Assyrians i. 18 One of the bishops of Urmiyah had emphasized that the Nestorians were as Chaldean as any Catholic renegates.

2. A person who deserts, betrays, or is disloyal to an organization, country, or set of principles; a turncoat, a traitor. Also more generally: a scoundrel, a reprobate.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun] > desertion of one's party or principles > one who

renay1340

apostate1362

renegatec1450

starter1519

reniant1532

changeling1539

rannigala1560

recreant1570

turncoat1570

renegado1573

start-away1574

off-faller?1575

start-back1579

departer1586

reneger1597

retrospicientc1600

runagadea1604

renegade1611

turn-tail1621

runagado1623

trip-coata1625

retrogredient1650

retrograde1651

tergiversator1716

rat1755

ratter1819

tergiversant1833

blackleg1844

strike-breaker1904

faller-out1964

c1450 (c1400) Bk. Vices & Virtues (Huntington) (1942) 14 (MED) He may wel be cleped a renegatt, þat þe lond þat he holdeþ of his lord put in-to his lordes enemyes hondes and doþ hym homage þerfore.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) 1 Macc. vii. 24 He wente forth..and punyshed those vnfaithfull rennagates.

1570 R. Sempill Spur to Lordis (single sheet) Thay Renigats..Hes stollin our Regentis lyfe.

1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xxiii. xxvi. 491 These fugitiue renegates had first practised to raise troubles and insurrections.

1619 Proc. Virginia in L. G. Tyler Narr. Early Virginia (1907) 263 If any man be founde to live as an Idler or renagate, though a freedman, it shalbe lawful for that Incorporation of Plantation to which he belongeth to appoint him a Mr to serve for wages, till he shewe apparant signes of amendment.

1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors v. 220 (margin) Our Persian Interpreter proves a Renegat.

1701 E. Veryard Acct. Divers Choice Remarks 236 A French Renegat..urg'd, That he suspected me; for tho' I spoke French pretty well, yet I had not the true Accent.

1829 J. T. Brockett Gloss. North Country Words (new ed.) Renegate, a reprobate.

1875 F. J. Littlejohn Legends of Michigan 492 Watching for a few moments he saw the renegate land and stagger towards the bank.

1954 Vetus Testamentum 4 208 The renegates now have the power in their hands.

B. adj.

1. That defies, resists, or refuses to recognize lawful or established authority; rebellious; (in later use) spec. designating a North American Indian refusing to abide by treaties signed with white settlers.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > apostasy > [adjective]

forraughtc1175

renayedc1380

apostate1382

apostasied1393

relapse?a1425

departed1439

renegate1488

retractive1509

apostatical1532

shrinking1535

apostatatec1540

runagate1558

apostatic1583

apostatous1588

collapsed1609

renegado1612

recreant1613

apotactical1615

apostatized1629

apostating1630

lapsed1638

apostated1642

apostatizing1652

renegade1664

diabolonian1682

backsliding1816

relapsing1864

backslidden1871

the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [adjective]

renayedc1380

renegate1488

regenerate?1536

runagate1549

renegantc1550

turncoat1571

relenting1576

reneged1594

renegado1612

recreant1613

tergiversating1654

renegade1664

apostate1671

tergiversant1710

blackleg1767

revulsionary1817

tergiversated1831

tergiverse1852

tergiversatory1891

breakaway1934

walk-in1978

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) xi. l. 492 In cursyt tym thow [sc. Bruce] was for Scotland born..Thow renygat deuorar off thi blud.

?c1500 Mary Magdalene (Digby) 238 Alle renogat robber..to put hem to peyn, I spare for no pete.

1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 213 Raw mowit ribald, renegate rehatour.

1593 G. Harvey New Let. in Wks. (1884) I. 272 A wilde Asse, of a fugitiue and renegate disposition.

1610 Bible (Douay) II. Isa. xxx. 1 Woe vnto renegate children, sayth our Lord.

c1650 J. Spalding Memorialls Trubles Scotl. & Eng. (1850) I. 205 Ane renegat lymmar, bloodschedder, and murtherar.

1772 tr. A. von Haller Usong II. iii. 146 The emperor's retreat imboldened the renegate chief.

1883 Sunday Miner (Butte, Montana) 24 June 1/6 The adult renegate Chiricahuas..will not be permitted to return to San Carlos.

1923 Fayetteville (Arkansas) Daily Democrat 21 Mar. 1/4 The renegate Piute Indians, who have been hiding in the mountains.

1982 Film Q. Autumn 45/2 (caption) Supreme Being scolds renegate Bandit.

†2. Having abandoned one's religious beliefs; apostate. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1493 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Pynson) viii. viii. sig. Eiii^v/2 Sithe this londe tooke first the feith, the peple was neuir renegat.

a1535 T. More Dialoge of Comfort (1553) iii. sig. N.iii Many other contumelyes & dispightes that the Turkes and the false renagate christians, many tymes doe.

1641 J. Trapp Theologia Theol. vii. 289 They refused Christ..for the which they are become a renegate people now 1600 years together.

1720 ‘T. M.’ tr. J. M. Horstius Paradise of Soul v. iii. 369 Be therefore kind and merciful to me, receive thy renegate Child, cover his Nakedness, satisfie his Hunger.

1811 S. Buter Christian Liberty 11 It is hard for a renegate friar, a faithless apostate, a forlorn copeman, a merchant's 'prentice, or an ambassador's hostler.

1862 All Year Round 10 May 200/1 A device to hide the tonsure in such renegate and rebellious clerics as were tempted to remain in the secular courts.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	renegate
释义	renegaten.adj. Brit. /ˈrɛnᵻɡeɪt/, U.S. /ˈrɛnəˌɡeɪt/ Forms: Middle English ranegate, Middle English renegatt, Middle English 1600s renagat, Middle English–1500s renogat, Middle English–1700s renegat, Middle English– renegate, 1500s rennagat, 1500s rennogate, 1500s–1600s renagate, 1500s–1600s rennagate, 1500s–1600s rennegate, 1500s–1600s renogate; also Scottish pre-1700 ranagate, pre-1700 ranigat, pre-1700 rannagat, pre-1700 renigat, pre-1700 rennigait, pre-1700 rennigat, pre-1700 rennigatt, pre-1700 renygat. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin renegatus, renegare. Etymology: < post-classical Latin renegatus apostate (12th cent. in a British source), traitor, renegade (c1420 in a British source), use as noun of past participle of renegare (see renege v.). Compare Middle French renegat (French renégat ) (adjective) disloyal, traitorous (1450), (noun) apostate (1572; < Italian or Spanish), Old Occitan renegat (second half of the 12th cent. in trachor renegat ‘disloyal traitor’ as adjective, a1192 as noun in sense ‘traitor’), Catalan renegat (c1250, earliest in sense ‘apostate’), Portuguese renegado (13th cent.), Italian rinnegato , †rinegato , †renegato (noun) apostate (third quarter of the 13th cent. or earlier), (adjective) apostate (a1313), disloyal, traitorous (a1342), Spanish renegado (see renegado n. and adj.). Compare later renegade n., renegado n., and (with the use as adjective) later renegade adj., renegado adj. Compare also later runagate n. Now rare. A. n. 1. A person who renounces his or her faith; an apostate. ΚΠ a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. l. 1093 (MED) An hethen Amirall..a Stieward hadde, Oon Thelous, which al was badde, A fals knyht and a renegat. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 835 How may this wayke womman han this strengthe Hir to defende agayn this renegat. ?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 55 (MED) He was cristned, but he forsoke his lawe & becam a renegate. c1450 J. Capgrave Solace of Pilgrims (Bodl. 423) (1911) 108 (MED) Þou namest to me a cursed man, a renegat, a man gretely noised with wischcraft. c1500 (?a1475) Assembly of Gods (1896) l. 706 (MED) All these pety capteyns folowyd by & by..Idolatres, enchauntours, with false renegates. 1565 T. Stapleton Fortresse of Faith f. 123 Whose first Apostles and preachers were al for the most part wicked rennagats. 1583 in T. Thomson Acts & Proc. Kirk of Scotl. (1840) II. 631 Some..become oppen rennagattis, and blasphemers of the trueth. 1605 A. Munday tr. G. Affinati Dumbe Divine Speaker vii. 78 Presumptuous persons, renegates and infidels. 1654 J. Hall Of Govt. & Obed. iii. ii. 217 In Christianity it self, and the sects thereof, we may find both Martyrs and Renegates. 1830 H. Smith Midsummer Medley I. 59 He might see the encampment of the great host of Julian the Renegate, whom God had now begun sorely to smite and confound with his judgments. 2000 J. Joseph Mod. Assyrians i. 18 One of the bishops of Urmiyah had emphasized that the Nestorians were as Chaldean as any Catholic renegates. 2. A person who deserts, betrays, or is disloyal to an organization, country, or set of principles; a turncoat, a traitor. Also more generally: a scoundrel, a reprobate. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun] > desertion of one's party or principles > one who renay1340 apostate1362 renegatec1450 starter1519 reniant1532 changeling1539 rannigala1560 recreant1570 turncoat1570 renegado1573 start-away1574 off-faller?1575 start-back1579 departer1586 reneger1597 retrospicientc1600 runagadea1604 renegade1611 turn-tail1621 runagado1623 trip-coata1625 retrogredient1650 retrograde1651 tergiversator1716 rat1755 ratter1819 tergiversant1833 blackleg1844 strike-breaker1904 faller-out1964 c1450 (c1400) Bk. Vices & Virtues (Huntington) (1942) 14 (MED) He may wel be cleped a renegatt, þat þe lond þat he holdeþ of his lord put in-to his lordes enemyes hondes and doþ hym homage þerfore. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) 1 Macc. vii. 24 He wente forth..and punyshed those vnfaithfull rennagates. 1570 R. Sempill Spur to Lordis (single sheet) Thay Renigats..Hes stollin our Regentis lyfe. 1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xxiii. xxvi. 491 These fugitiue renegates had first practised to raise troubles and insurrections. 1619 Proc. Virginia in L. G. Tyler Narr. Early Virginia (1907) 263 If any man be founde to live as an Idler or renagate, though a freedman, it shalbe lawful for that Incorporation of Plantation to which he belongeth to appoint him a Mr to serve for wages, till he shewe apparant signes of amendment. 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors v. 220 (margin) Our Persian Interpreter proves a Renegat. 1701 E. Veryard Acct. Divers Choice Remarks 236 A French Renegat..urg'd, That he suspected me; for tho' I spoke French pretty well, yet I had not the true Accent. 1829 J. T. Brockett Gloss. North Country Words (new ed.) Renegate, a reprobate. 1875 F. J. Littlejohn Legends of Michigan 492 Watching for a few moments he saw the renegate land and stagger towards the bank. 1954 Vetus Testamentum 4 208 The renegates now have the power in their hands. B. adj. 1. That defies, resists, or refuses to recognize lawful or established authority; rebellious; (in later use) spec. designating a North American Indian refusing to abide by treaties signed with white settlers. ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > apostasy > [adjective] forraughtc1175 renayedc1380 apostate1382 apostasied1393 relapse?a1425 departed1439 renegate1488 retractive1509 apostatical1532 shrinking1535 apostatatec1540 runagate1558 apostatic1583 apostatous1588 collapsed1609 renegado1612 recreant1613 apotactical1615 apostatized1629 apostating1630 lapsed1638 apostated1642 apostatizing1652 renegade1664 diabolonian1682 backsliding1816 relapsing1864 backslidden1871 the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [adjective] renayedc1380 renegate1488 regenerate?1536 runagate1549 renegantc1550 turncoat1571 relenting1576 reneged1594 renegado1612 recreant1613 tergiversating1654 renegade1664 apostate1671 tergiversant1710 blackleg1767 revulsionary1817 tergiversated1831 tergiverse1852 tergiversatory1891 breakaway1934 walk-in1978 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) xi. l. 492 In cursyt tym thow [sc. Bruce] was for Scotland born..Thow renygat deuorar off thi blud. ?c1500 Mary Magdalene (Digby) 238 Alle renogat robber..to put hem to peyn, I spare for no pete. 1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 213 Raw mowit ribald, renegate rehatour. 1593 G. Harvey New Let. in Wks. (1884) I. 272 A wilde Asse, of a fugitiue and renegate disposition. 1610 Bible (Douay) II. Isa. xxx. 1 Woe vnto renegate children, sayth our Lord. c1650 J. Spalding Memorialls Trubles Scotl. & Eng. (1850) I. 205 Ane renegat lymmar, bloodschedder, and murtherar. 1772 tr. A. von Haller Usong II. iii. 146 The emperor's retreat imboldened the renegate chief. 1883 Sunday Miner (Butte, Montana) 24 June 1/6 The adult renegate Chiricahuas..will not be permitted to return to San Carlos. 1923 Fayetteville (Arkansas) Daily Democrat 21 Mar. 1/4 The renegate Piute Indians, who have been hiding in the mountains. 1982 Film Q. Autumn 45/2 (caption) Supreme Being scolds renegate Bandit. †2. Having abandoned one's religious beliefs; apostate. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1493 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Pynson) viii. viii. sig. Eiii^v/2 Sithe this londe tooke first the feith, the peple was neuir renegat. a1535 T. More Dialoge of Comfort (1553) iii. sig. N.iii Many other contumelyes & dispightes that the Turkes and the false renagate christians, many tymes doe. 1641 J. Trapp Theologia Theol. vii. 289 They refused Christ..for the which they are become a renegate people now 1600 years together. 1720 ‘T. M.’ tr. J. M. Horstius Paradise of Soul v. iii. 369 Be therefore kind and merciful to me, receive thy renegate Child, cover his Nakedness, satisfie his Hunger. 1811 S. Buter Christian Liberty 11 It is hard for a renegate friar, a faithless apostate, a forlorn copeman, a merchant's 'prentice, or an ambassador's hostler. 1862 All Year Round 10 May 200/1 A device to hide the tonsure in such renegate and rebellious clerics as were tempted to remain in the secular courts. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.a1393
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