reluctancen.

Brit.

/rᵻˈlʌkt(ə)ns/, U.S.

/rəˈləkt(ə)ns/,

/riˈləkt(ə)ns/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: reluctant adj., -ance suffix.

Etymology: < reluctant adj.: see -ance suffix. Compare Italian reluttanza (1745). Compare reluct v., reluctation n., and also reluctancy n.In sense 4 apparently the result of folk-etymological association with classical Latin luctus grief (see luctual adj.); compare reluctancy n. 4.

†1. Struggle or striving; resistance, opposition; an instance of this. Frequently with against. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] > opposition or resistance

witherOE

wiþerstrencþc1175

withstanding1303

resistancea1325

gainstandinga1340

withsetting1340

resistencec1390

again-standingc1400

resisting1436

repugnance?a1439

gainstandc1470

disstandingc1485

against-standinga1500

repugnancya1500

resist1535

objection1543

reluctation1593

resistment1605

rebeck1609

reluctance1609

reluctancy1613

obluctation1615

redaction1621

resistencya1623

obstrigillation1623

resistal1631

resistancy1656

recalcitration1658

stemc1700

calcitration1867

push-back1984

1609 Bp. W. Barlow Answer Catholike English-man 59 If, thus tormented, hee renege and denie his profession, can the Inquisitors be perswaded he doth it without reluctance of Conscience?

1660 J. Milton Readie Way Free Commonw. (ed. 2) 92 The reluctance, I may say the antipathie which is in all kings against Presbyterian and Independent discipline.

a1664 M. Frank LI Serm. (1672) 483 The body itself..by continual reluctances against it [sc. the soul], and perpetually throwing off the commands of it..seems to wish it gone.

1702 N. Rowe Tamerlane i. i. 296 With strong Reluctance and Convulsive Struggling.

1764 ‘G. Psalmanazar’ Memoirs 68 In spite of all reluctance from pride and self-love.

1884 P. Schaff et al. Relig. Encycl. III. 2094 Thus only can we understand the reluctance of the latter against the traditional system.

a. Unwillingness, disinclination. Frequently in with (also without) reluctance. Also: an instance of this. Now the usual sense.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > wish or inclination > unwillingness > [noun]

un-i-willa1225

unlustc1230

dangerc1290

loathnessa1300

thronessa1400

grudgingc1420

nilling?a1425

unlustiness?a1425

loathinessc1449

difficulty?c1450

grudge1477

sticking1525

scruple1526

unreadiness1526

sweerness1533

dangerousness1548

untowardnessa1555

envy1557

loathsomeness1560

retractation1563

stickling1589

indisposition1593

loathfulness1596

backwardness1597

unwillingness1597

reluctation1598

offwardness1600

undisposedness1600

hinka1614

reluctancy1621

reluctancea1628

renitence1640

nolencea1651

nolencya1651

indisposedness1651

shyness1651

nolition1653

costiveness1654

sullenness1659

scrupling1665

regret1667

queerness1687

stickiness1689

disinclination1695

uneasinessa1715

tarditude1794

disclination1812

inalacrity1813

grudgingness1820

tarrowing1832

reticence1863

grudgery1889

balkiness1894

safety first1913

a1628 N. Carpenter Chorazin & Bethsaida's Woe (1633) sig. B7 Who but a coward without great reluctance can strike saile, when hee hoped a conquest?

1710 in Coll. Scarce & Valuable Tracts (1748) II. 247 'Tis not without Reluctance that he consents to part with some Persons.

a1740 D. Waterland Wks. (1823) IX. 383 Lay we aside all inveterate prejudices and stubborn reluctances, as soon as ever we have light enough to see that we have been in an error.

1777 J. Priestley Doctr. Philos. Necessity Pref. 31 Like Dr. Hartley, I gave up my liberty with great reluctance.

1825 T. Jefferson Autobiogr. in Wks. (1859) I. 108 This silenced my reluctance, and I accepted the new appointment.

1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. II. xiv. 115 Their reluctance delayed proceedings for nearly a year.

1881 Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc. 18 229 His health at length failed, it was feared beyond recovery, and, to the great reluctance equally of the society and himself, he was compelled to resign his charge.

1923 A. Huxley Antic Hay iii. 50 It was with reluctance that Gumbril parted from his Treasury notes.

1959 Times 24 Nov. 13/3 Wherein is school-phobia different from the traditional reluctance which was met by old-fashioned compulsion?

2001 D. Marcus Oughtobiography xxvii. 250 I have never visited Israel. I have never desired to go there, a reluctance based on two opposing fears.

b. With at, to (now rare) or with infinitive.

ΚΠ

1651 R. Watson Ακολουθος: Second Faire Warning vi. 62 Queen Elizabeth sets out a proclamation against him, yet presseth the King for proscription of Papists; The Lords are but few that meet, & expresse some reluctance at it.

1673 J. Dryden Amboyna v. 36 Hold; I have some reluctance to proceed to that extremity.

1759 W. Robertson Hist. Scotl. v, in Hist. Wks. (1813) I. 367 He discovered a reluctance at undertaking that office.

1788 A. Hughes Henry & Isabella IV. 136 The lady to whom these proposals were directed, appeared to feel no reluctance to the thought of accepting them.

1826 J. F. Cooper Last of Mohicans I. x. 140 Anxious to know the worst, and willing, in such an emergency, to try the potency of his wealth, he overcame his reluctance to speak to Magua.

1871 R. W. Dale Ten Commandm. i. 38 Our strange reluctance to have to do with God is not an accident.

1904 Daily Chron. 20 June 5/6 There has never before been so pronounced a reluctance to accept the vice-presidential nomination.

1941 W. J. Cash Mind of South iii. iii. 408 Any reluctance to such regular employment which the farm-bred Negroes and poor whites might have had.

1967 Guardian 10 Apr. 6/6 The critics..began to note..a soft-centredness about Britain, a complacency, a reluctance to scrap and build.

2001 P. J. G. Ransom Snow, Flood & Tempest ii. 34 Probably light engines were brought close to the snowed-up train because of a reluctance to propel wagons or carriages through the snow.

†3. The action or an act of recoiling from something. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > [noun] > avoiding an action or condition > shrinking or recoiling

wondingc1440

recoil1567

shrinking1580

flinching1600

shrugginga1617

reluctancea1628

blanching1642

smaying1678

shying1796

flinch1817

funking1823

blenching1868

recoiling1892

a1628 J. Preston Sins Overthrow (1633) 189 When concupiscence doth lye in the soule of a man, in its full vigour and strength unmortified, it doth draw in him a reluctance from good duties.

1871 W. D. Howells Their Wedding Journey 110 This absurd reluctance from facts.

1910 Times 4 Mar. 10/2 Lord Grey, being a Whig Prime Minister, had a natural reluctance from the issue of the Royal Prerogative.

†4. Regret, sorrow. Cf. reluctancy n. 4. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > regret > [noun]

rueeOE

ruenessOE

forthinkinga1250

rueinga1400

regratec1485

remorse?1528

regretting1531

regret1534

resentment1632

reluctance1650

reluctancy1654

resentinga1716

lamentation1850

ruesomeness1881

society > morality > virtue > righteousness or rectitude > reform, amendment, or correction > repentance or contrition > [noun] > sudden access of

remorse1538

qualm1589

reluctance1650

1650 E. Andrewe in F. Buckley True Relat. Tryal Col. Andrewe (1660) 5 Sir John Gells interest in his countrey, his reluctance at what he had done in the Parliaments service, & his willingness to expiate his former fault.

1706 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. (1885) I. 266 His untimely Death happen'd to y^e great Reluctance of all good and learned Men.

1710 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. (1886) II. 369 He died at Rome..to the great Reluctance of all that knew him.

5. The property of a magnetic circuit or object of opposing the passage of magnetic flux lines; a measure of this, equal to the ratio of the magnetomotive force to the magnetic flux. Also magnetic reluctance.Reluctance is the analogue of resistance in an electric circuit; its reciprocal is permeance. The SI unit of reluctance is the reciprocal henry.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electrically induced magnetism > electromagnetic induction > [noun] > resistance to conduction

resistivity1885

reluctance1888

reluctancy1888

resistance1888

reluctivity1892

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > magnetism > [noun] > magnetic field > lines of magnetic force > opposition to passage of

reluctance1888

reluctancy1888

magnetic viscosity1892

reluctivity1892

1888 O. Heaviside in Electrician 11 May 27/1 I would suggest that what is now called magnetic resistance be called the magnetic reluctance; and per unit volumes the reluctancy.

1893 A. E. Kennelly Electro-Dyn. Machinery I. iii. 25 Reluctance is thus the analogue, in the magnetic circuit, of resistance in the galvanic.

1936 R. S. Glasgow Princ. Radio Engin. iii. 68 The reluctance of the magnetic circuit is increased by the insertion of a small air gap.

1977 Gramophone Aug. 366/1 The moving-iron (variable reluctance) principle is used with a larger than usual fixed magnet.

1983 D. M. Berger in P. A. Schweitzer Corrosion & Corrosion Protection Handbk. viii. 411 The Elcometer thickness gage..utilizes a magnetic reluctance technique.

2002 M. H. Tooley Electronic Circuits (ed. 2) i. 13 The reluctance of a magnetic path is directly proportional to its length.

Compounds

reluctance motor n. a synchronous electric motor having no windings on the rotor, typically comprising a rotor with projecting poles inside a stator with projecting poles.Successive poles of the stator are energized in turn, causing the rotor to turn after each excitation to a position of lowest reluctance.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electrical engineering > motor > [noun] > synchronous

reluctance motor1934

1934 W. J. Morill U.S. Patent 1,947,163 2/1 The motor may be called a one pole rotary reluctance motor.

1968 New Scientist 11 Jan. 63/2 The reluctance motor is a synchronous machine; its speed is determined entirely by the frequency of the ac supply.

2006 A. Hughes Electric Motors & Drives (ed. 3) x. 340 All except the switched reluctance motor also have stators that are identical..to the induction motor.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	reluctance
释义	reluctancen. Brit. /rᵻˈlʌkt(ə)ns/, U.S. /rəˈləkt(ə)ns/, /riˈləkt(ə)ns/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: reluctant adj., -ance suffix. Etymology: < reluctant adj.: see -ance suffix. Compare Italian reluttanza (1745). Compare reluct v., reluctation n., and also reluctancy n.In sense 4 apparently the result of folk-etymological association with classical Latin luctus grief (see luctual adj.); compare reluctancy n. 4. †1. Struggle or striving; resistance, opposition; an instance of this. Frequently with against. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] > opposition or resistance witherOE wiþerstrencþc1175 withstanding1303 resistancea1325 gainstandinga1340 withsetting1340 resistencec1390 again-standingc1400 resisting1436 repugnance?a1439 gainstandc1470 disstandingc1485 against-standinga1500 repugnancya1500 resist1535 objection1543 reluctation1593 resistment1605 rebeck1609 reluctance1609 reluctancy1613 obluctation1615 redaction1621 resistencya1623 obstrigillation1623 resistal1631 resistancy1656 recalcitration1658 stemc1700 calcitration1867 push-back1984 1609 Bp. W. Barlow Answer Catholike English-man 59 If, thus tormented, hee renege and denie his profession, can the Inquisitors be perswaded he doth it without reluctance of Conscience? 1660 J. Milton Readie Way Free Commonw. (ed. 2) 92 The reluctance, I may say the antipathie which is in all kings against Presbyterian and Independent discipline. a1664 M. Frank LI Serm. (1672) 483 The body itself..by continual reluctances against it [sc. the soul], and perpetually throwing off the commands of it..seems to wish it gone. 1702 N. Rowe Tamerlane i. i. 296 With strong Reluctance and Convulsive Struggling. 1764 ‘G. Psalmanazar’ Memoirs 68 In spite of all reluctance from pride and self-love. 1884 P. Schaff et al. Relig. Encycl. III. 2094 Thus only can we understand the reluctance of the latter against the traditional system. 2. a. Unwillingness, disinclination. Frequently in with (also without) reluctance. Also: an instance of this. Now the usual sense. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > wish or inclination > unwillingness > [noun] un-i-willa1225 unlustc1230 dangerc1290 loathnessa1300 thronessa1400 grudgingc1420 nilling?a1425 unlustiness?a1425 loathinessc1449 difficulty?c1450 grudge1477 sticking1525 scruple1526 unreadiness1526 sweerness1533 dangerousness1548 untowardnessa1555 envy1557 loathsomeness1560 retractation1563 stickling1589 indisposition1593 loathfulness1596 backwardness1597 unwillingness1597 reluctation1598 offwardness1600 undisposedness1600 hinka1614 reluctancy1621 reluctancea1628 renitence1640 nolencea1651 nolencya1651 indisposedness1651 shyness1651 nolition1653 costiveness1654 sullenness1659 scrupling1665 regret1667 queerness1687 stickiness1689 disinclination1695 uneasinessa1715 tarditude1794 disclination1812 inalacrity1813 grudgingness1820 tarrowing1832 reticence1863 grudgery1889 balkiness1894 safety first1913 a1628 N. Carpenter Chorazin & Bethsaida's Woe (1633) sig. B7 Who but a coward without great reluctance can strike saile, when hee hoped a conquest? 1710 in Coll. Scarce & Valuable Tracts (1748) II. 247 'Tis not without Reluctance that he consents to part with some Persons. a1740 D. Waterland Wks. (1823) IX. 383 Lay we aside all inveterate prejudices and stubborn reluctances, as soon as ever we have light enough to see that we have been in an error. 1777 J. Priestley Doctr. Philos. Necessity Pref. 31 Like Dr. Hartley, I gave up my liberty with great reluctance. 1825 T. Jefferson Autobiogr. in Wks. (1859) I. 108 This silenced my reluctance, and I accepted the new appointment. 1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. II. xiv. 115 Their reluctance delayed proceedings for nearly a year. 1881 Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc. 18 229 His health at length failed, it was feared beyond recovery, and, to the great reluctance equally of the society and himself, he was compelled to resign his charge. 1923 A. Huxley Antic Hay iii. 50 It was with reluctance that Gumbril parted from his Treasury notes. 1959 Times 24 Nov. 13/3 Wherein is school-phobia different from the traditional reluctance which was met by old-fashioned compulsion? 2001 D. Marcus Oughtobiography xxvii. 250 I have never visited Israel. I have never desired to go there, a reluctance based on two opposing fears. b. With at, to (now rare) or with infinitive. ΚΠ 1651 R. Watson Ακολουθος: Second Faire Warning vi. 62 Queen Elizabeth sets out a proclamation against him, yet presseth the King for proscription of Papists; The Lords are but few that meet, & expresse some reluctance at it. 1673 J. Dryden Amboyna v. 36 Hold; I have some reluctance to proceed to that extremity. 1759 W. Robertson Hist. Scotl. v, in Hist. Wks. (1813) I. 367 He discovered a reluctance at undertaking that office. 1788 A. Hughes Henry & Isabella IV. 136 The lady to whom these proposals were directed, appeared to feel no reluctance to the thought of accepting them. 1826 J. F. Cooper Last of Mohicans I. x. 140 Anxious to know the worst, and willing, in such an emergency, to try the potency of his wealth, he overcame his reluctance to speak to Magua. 1871 R. W. Dale Ten Commandm. i. 38 Our strange reluctance to have to do with God is not an accident. 1904 Daily Chron. 20 June 5/6 There has never before been so pronounced a reluctance to accept the vice-presidential nomination. 1941 W. J. Cash Mind of South iii. iii. 408 Any reluctance to such regular employment which the farm-bred Negroes and poor whites might have had. 1967 Guardian 10 Apr. 6/6 The critics..began to note..a soft-centredness about Britain, a complacency, a reluctance to scrap and build. 2001 P. J. G. Ransom Snow, Flood & Tempest ii. 34 Probably light engines were brought close to the snowed-up train because of a reluctance to propel wagons or carriages through the snow. †3. The action or an act of recoiling from something. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > [noun] > avoiding an action or condition > shrinking or recoiling wondingc1440 recoil1567 shrinking1580 flinching1600 shrugginga1617 reluctancea1628 blanching1642 smaying1678 shying1796 flinch1817 funking1823 blenching1868 recoiling1892 a1628 J. Preston Sins Overthrow (1633) 189 When concupiscence doth lye in the soule of a man, in its full vigour and strength unmortified, it doth draw in him a reluctance from good duties. 1871 W. D. Howells Their Wedding Journey 110 This absurd reluctance from facts. 1910 Times 4 Mar. 10/2 Lord Grey, being a Whig Prime Minister, had a natural reluctance from the issue of the Royal Prerogative. †4. Regret, sorrow. Cf. reluctancy n. 4. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > regret > [noun] rueeOE ruenessOE forthinkinga1250 rueinga1400 regratec1485 remorse?1528 regretting1531 regret1534 resentment1632 reluctance1650 reluctancy1654 resentinga1716 lamentation1850 ruesomeness1881 society > morality > virtue > righteousness or rectitude > reform, amendment, or correction > repentance or contrition > [noun] > sudden access of remorse1538 qualm1589 reluctance1650 1650 E. Andrewe in F. Buckley True Relat. Tryal Col. Andrewe (1660) 5 Sir John Gells interest in his countrey, his reluctance at what he had done in the Parliaments service, & his willingness to expiate his former fault. 1706 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. (1885) I. 266 His untimely Death happen'd to y^e great Reluctance of all good and learned Men. 1710 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. (1886) II. 369 He died at Rome..to the great Reluctance of all that knew him. 5. The property of a magnetic circuit or object of opposing the passage of magnetic flux lines; a measure of this, equal to the ratio of the magnetomotive force to the magnetic flux. Also magnetic reluctance.Reluctance is the analogue of resistance in an electric circuit; its reciprocal is permeance. The SI unit of reluctance is the reciprocal henry. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electrically induced magnetism > electromagnetic induction > [noun] > resistance to conduction resistivity1885 reluctance1888 reluctancy1888 resistance1888 reluctivity1892 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > magnetism > [noun] > magnetic field > lines of magnetic force > opposition to passage of reluctance1888 reluctancy1888 magnetic viscosity1892 reluctivity1892 1888 O. Heaviside in Electrician 11 May 27/1 I would suggest that what is now called magnetic resistance be called the magnetic reluctance; and per unit volumes the reluctancy. 1893 A. E. Kennelly Electro-Dyn. Machinery I. iii. 25 Reluctance is thus the analogue, in the magnetic circuit, of resistance in the galvanic. 1936 R. S. Glasgow Princ. Radio Engin. iii. 68 The reluctance of the magnetic circuit is increased by the insertion of a small air gap. 1977 Gramophone Aug. 366/1 The moving-iron (variable reluctance) principle is used with a larger than usual fixed magnet. 1983 D. M. Berger in P. A. Schweitzer Corrosion & Corrosion Protection Handbk. viii. 411 The Elcometer thickness gage..utilizes a magnetic reluctance technique. 2002 M. H. Tooley Electronic Circuits (ed. 2) i. 13 The reluctance of a magnetic path is directly proportional to its length. Compounds reluctance motor n. a synchronous electric motor having no windings on the rotor, typically comprising a rotor with projecting poles inside a stator with projecting poles.Successive poles of the stator are energized in turn, causing the rotor to turn after each excitation to a position of lowest reluctance. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electrical engineering > motor > [noun] > synchronous reluctance motor1934 1934 W. J. Morill U.S. Patent 1,947,163 2/1 The motor may be called a one pole rotary reluctance motor. 1968 New Scientist 11 Jan. 63/2 The reluctance motor is a synchronous machine; its speed is determined entirely by the frequency of the ac supply. 2006 A. Hughes Electric Motors & Drives (ed. 3) x. 340 All except the switched reluctance motor also have stators that are identical..to the induction motor. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1609
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