refugen.
/ˈrɛfjuːdʒ/, U.S. /ˈrɛfjudʒ/ 1.
a. Shelter or protection from danger or trouble. Formerly also: †assistance sought by, or given to, a person, succour (obsolete). †to do refuge: to give protection or aid to (obsolete).
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the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > refuge or shelter > [noun]
church grithOE
to-flighta1300
reseta1325
refutec1350
succourc1380
warranta1400
refugec1405
bieldingc1440
bield?a1500
the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > refuge or shelter > [noun] > a place of refuge
havenc1225
infleeinga1300
leinda1300
harbourc1300
reseta1325
harbouryc1325
refutec1350
asylec1384
receipta1393
refugec1405
port salut?1407
recept1423
porta1425
receptaclec1425
place (etc.) of refuge?a1439
retreat1481
port haven1509
stelling-place1513
refugie1515
retraict1550
safe haven1555
havening place1563
sanctuarya1568
safe harbour1569
sheepfold1579
subterfuge1593
arka1616
lopeholt1616
latebra1626
asylum1642
creep-hole1646
harbourage1651
reverticle1656
creeping-hole1665
a port in a (also the) storm1714
receptory1856
padded cell1876
funk-hole1900
the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > refuge or shelter > seek (refuge) [verb (transitive)] > give or afford refuge to
to do refugec1405
refuge1589
sanctuary1615
shelter1663
c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 862 Yif vs neither mercy ne refuge But slee me.
?c1430 J. Lydgate Daunce Machabree (Huntington) 468 Sire aduocate..Many a quarel ȝe haue vndurtake And for lucre to do folke refuge.
a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) l. 6549 (MED) Al hys wyttys wer a-gon, Saue that Eryng..Kam a-noon to hys refuge.
a1500 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Stowe) 16696 The grete Reffuyt and Reffuge that thow dost to alle synful men.
a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. cvii. f. xlviiiv The .ii. sonnes of Mordred were constrayned of pure force to seche stronge holdes for theyr Refuge.
1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis i. 19 Of the[e] request I refuge, with meeke submission humbled.
1609 P. Holland tr. Ammianus Marcellinus Rom. Hist. xvii. xvi. 103 The others to avoid the danger were driven to flye for refuge unto their starting holes among the blind marishes.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xi. 673 So violence Proceeded..Through all the Plain, and refuge none was found. View more context for this quotation
1703 M. Chudleigh Song of Three Children 24 in Poems Several Occasions By speedy Flights For Refuge to the Earth repair, Where, with sing'd Wings they gasping lie.
1767 W. Warburton Serm. & Disc. III. i. 21 The hapless Unbeliever..hath no where to fly for refuge from his terrors.
1785 W. Cowper Task i. 238 The dweller in that still retreat Dearly obtains the refuge it affords.
1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe II. xiii. 219 Hast thou..sought refuge from oppression in the shade of the convent?
1878 R. Browning La Saisiaz 429 Is he sad? there's ready refuge.
1919 Sci. Monthly Jan. 36 German Palatinates, fleeing to America,..by chance found congenial religious refuge in Penn's settlement of Philadelphia.
1988 J. Trollope Choir vi. 106 The Headmaster's stall in the choir had often afforded Alexander refuge.
2002 Brit. Jrnl. Hist. Sci. 35 378 In 1933 the beginning of anti-Semitism in German Universities forced a number of scientists to resign and seek refuge abroad.
b. of refuge: affording or intended for shelter or protection, as in place (etc.) of refuge. See also city of refuge (also†refute) n. at city n. Phrases 2.
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the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > refuge or shelter > [noun] > a place of refuge
havenc1225
infleeinga1300
leinda1300
harbourc1300
reseta1325
harbouryc1325
refutec1350
asylec1384
receipta1393
refugec1405
port salut?1407
recept1423
porta1425
receptaclec1425
place (etc.) of refuge?a1439
retreat1481
port haven1509
stelling-place1513
refugie1515
retraict1550
safe haven1555
havening place1563
sanctuarya1568
safe harbour1569
sheepfold1579
subterfuge1593
arka1616
lopeholt1616
latebra1626
asylum1642
creep-hole1646
harbourage1651
reverticle1656
creeping-hole1665
a port in a (also the) storm1714
receptory1856
padded cell1876
funk-hole1900
a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) ii. 4174 This Asilum..Was a place off refuge and socours.
1482 W. Caxton Trevisa's Higden i. xv. 29 Sychem..was a Cyte of refuge and of socoure.
1521 Earl of Surrey in J. S. Brewer & W. Bullen Cal. Carew MSS. (1867) I. 20 This is the very land of refuge that English pirates resort most unto.
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. xlixv The rest..shall be banisshed to haue no place of refuge.
1590 J. Smythe Certain Disc. Weapons 3 b Swords..have been in all ages..the last weapon of refuge both for horsemen, and footmen.
1605 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. (1833) II. 464 Ane saiftie and place of refudge to all.
1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine ii. iv. 115 All the cities of refuge on this side Jordan were advantaged on very high foundations.
1706 in Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Grithstole (i.e. Seat of Peace), a Sanctuary, or place of Refuge for Malefactors.
1797 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 50/2 The cities of refuge were required to be well supplied with water and necessary provisions.
1838 T. Arnold Hist. Rome I. 7 He [sc. Romulus] set apart a place of refuge, to which any man might flee, and be safe from his pursuers.
1854 H. Miller My Schools & Schoolmasters i. 9 Next morning the wind-bound vessels were crowding the harbour of refuge as before.
1867 S. Smiles Huguenots Eng. & Ireland Pref. p. v The geographical position of Britain has, from the earliest times, rendered it a country of refuge.
1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 306/1 Ship and cargo may be in peril, and it may be necessary for the safety of both to put into a port of refuge.
1947 Science 26 Sept. 300/2 Rhesus monkeys, after a little experience with the cage, react to it almost as though it were a haven of refuge.
1989 D. Byrne Beyond Inner City (BNC) 41 The Tyne Improvement Commission..building the largest harbour on the east coast and the only harbour of refuge accessible in all weather and tide conditions.
2002 Wall St. Jrnl. 11 Mar. r6 (caption) Fireproof, bombproof rooms can be created, spaced through a multistory building to provide areas of refuge during a fire or threat of attack.
c. to take refuge.
(a) To seek safety or shelter in a place. Also with at, with, etc.In quot. 1598 as part of an extended metaphor; cf. sense 1c(b).
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1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes ii. f. 310v Themistocles..was..pursued in suche wyse, that he was constreigned to take refuge vnto Xerxes kyng of the Persians.
1598 F. Meres tr. Luis de Granada Sinners Guyde 450 Therefore it is the safest remedy, to take refuge in the Hauen of silence.
1606 B. Barnes Foure Bks. Offices 193 By resembling of them which take refuge vpon the mountaines, to those that pitched toyles & snares for wilde beastes.
1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. lvii. 730/1 The Staffords..disperse their Cloude of rebels, and speedily take refuge at Colnham.
1627 in S. A. Gillon Sel. Justiciary Cases (1953) I. 63 Compelling him..to tak his flicht and refudge to ane barne.
1649 W. Peaps Love in it's Extasie II. iv. sig. C3v/1 We had been far worse, that having fir'd a Member, Would dare to take refuge in the body.
1676 T. Shadwell Libertine 67 At worst, there is a Church hard by; we'll put it to its proper use, take refuge in't.
1764 R. Burn Hist. Poor Laws 228 The Portuguese have a notion of honour, that if a murderer takes refuge in their house, they are bound to protect him.
1791 A. Radcliffe Romance of Forest I. iv. 127 We must take refuge in Switzerland, I think.
1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India II. x. ii. 397 The king..was borne down by the superior force of his enemies, and was constrained to take refuge in his capital.
1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People iii. §7. 147 A thunderstorm once forced the King..to take refuge at the palace of the Bishop of Durham.
1906 Westm. Gaz. 26 July 2/1 We had to take refuge in the covered wooden bridge over the Sarine.
1952 G. F. Hervey & J. Hems Freshwater Trop. Aquarium Fishes 382 They take refuge in under-water crab-holes or by burying themselves in the sand, where they remain until the rains come.
1989 S. Bedford Jigsaw i. 5 My father..said that we must all take refuge with his parents-in-law in Berlin.
2002 D. Lundy Way of Ship (2003) iii. 109 In a strong southwesterly gale, the vessel was under tow to take refuge in Holyhead.
(b) figurative. With in. To have recourse to a particular thought, argument, indulgence, etc., as a means of escape, consolation, avoidance of difficulty, etc.
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the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > refuge or shelter > take or seek refuge [verb (intransitive)]
bield?a1400
to hide one's headc1475
shroud1579
subterfuge1622
refuge1640
to take refuge1667
haven1742
to go to earth1820
to hole up1875
1667 E. Waterhouse Short Narr. Fire London 98 How we of this City can discharge our selves of it, I do not very well know, unless we take refuge in that rule, Quos perdere vult Jupiter dementat.
1700 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding (new ed.) iv. iii. 324 For what Safety, what Advantage to any one is it,..to take refuge in the contrary, which is built on something altogether as inexplicable, and as far remote from his Comprehension?
1708 F. Atterbury Acquaintance with God 20 These Persons..take Refuge in Reflections on the..Goodness of God.
1789 F. Burney Court Jrnls. & Lett. (2016) V. 148 I..would have taken refuge in some other topic: but he seemed bent upon pursuing his own.
1821 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto IV liii. 97 I would take refuge in weak punch, but rack..Wakes me next morning with its synonym.
1852 H. B. Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin I. xviii. 296 Dinah perfectly scorned logic and reason in every shape, and always took refuge in intuitive certainty.
1877 ‘Mrs. Forrester’ Mignon I. 113 Capt. Carlyle goes to his own room,..and takes refuge in a cigar.
1908 E. M. Forster Room with View viii. 133 We are obliged to become vaguely poetic, or to take refuge in Scriptural reminiscences.
1948 ‘R. Crompton’ Family Roundabout xv. 167 He had begun of late to take refuge in the interests he had shared with his uncle—first editions, manuscripts, old prints.
1986 E. Longford Pebbled Shore (1988) xii. 184 When challenged on his propaganda, he took refuge in an evasive reply.
2005 Church Times 2 Dec. 23/1 Even on Trinity Sunday preachers are all too apt to take refuge in cosy thoughts about relationships and togetherness.
2. A person who or thing which provides or affords shelter, protection, aid, comfort, etc.
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the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > refuge or shelter > [noun] > one who or that which gives refuge
refu1340
refutec1350
refugec1425
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iii. 443 Ȝe [sc. Priam] schal ben oure castel & oure wal, And oure refuge to saue vs from al smert.
c1475 (?a1449) J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1911) i. 135 (MED) Reste and reffuge to folk dysconsolat..Blissed Leonard..pray Iesu..To saue þi servauntis.
1481 W. Caxton tr. Myrrour of Worlde i. xiii. 39 He that is the very reffuge of alle creatures.
1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde ii. x. f. 85v The byshoppe of Burges beinge the chiefe refuge of this nauigation.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) iii. iii. 11 Must I be his last Refuge ? View more context for this quotation
a1660 H. Hammond Serm. (1664) xi. 181 In the midst of his shipwrack, when there be planks and refuges enough about him.
1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding iv. xix. 358 This is a refuge against Conviction so open and so wide, that it is hard to determine, when a Man is quite out of the Verge of it.
1785 W. Cowper Task iv. 396 Sleep seems their only refuge: for, alas! Where penury is felt the thought is chained.
1820 P. B. Shelley Prometheus Unbound i. i. 34 Howl, Spirits of the living and the dead, Your refuge, your defence lies fallen and vanquished.
1890 R. Kipling Departmental Ditties (ed. 4) 98 I go back To Rome and leisure... Or books—the refuge of the destitute.
1927 V. Woolf To Lighthouse i. viii. 70 It was a disguise; it was the refuge of a man afraid to own his own feelings.
1989 G. Daly Pre-Raphaelites in Love vi. 297 For Marian, books had always been a refuge in time of trouble.
2003 R. Stock tr. N. Mahfouz Khufu's Wisdom (2006) i. 6 Our immortal philosopher Kagemni..says that patience is man's refuge in times of despair, and his armor against misfortunes.
3. † a. A way or means of obtaining shelter, protection, aid, etc.; an expedient, a resort. Obsolete.† b. to have or make (one's) refuge to: to go for refuge to (a person or place); to resort to (an action). Also with from. Obsolete.
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the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > recourse > [noun] > that to which one has recourse
chevisancec1330
recoursec1405
resorta1413
refugec1425
shift1523
rescours1533
reserve1644
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iii. l. 3297 (MED) Þe goddis..had of newe assentid ben..Þe londe to drenche..with-oute more refuge.
c1475 tr. A. Chartier Quadrilogue (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1974) 167 See my sorowfull affliccion and than shall ye knowe that all refuges [a1500 Rawl. comfortis and helpis] faille me at neede.
1529 T. More Dialogue Heresyes i, in Wks. 163/1 He..hath a sure and vndoubtable refuge..to brynge him out of all perplexite, in that God hath commaunded him in all such doutes to byleue his churche.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) v. iii. 11 Their latest refuge Was to send him. View more context for this quotation
1638 F. Junius Painting of Ancients 313 These shifts and by-ways..are meer refuges to shelter our infirmitie.
1670 Earl of Clarendon Life (1760) I. v. 177 The king then, as the last Refuge, calls for the English Mastiffs.
1734 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. I. 261 A general..has no other refuge left, but to rouze continually the expectations of his allies; by some fresh exploits.
1764 Ann. Reg. 1763 156/1 He was obliged by the Persians to quit their coast; and now his only refuge was to return to the Volga.
1835 A. Trevor Life & Times William III I. xiii. 303 In such extreme distress, his only refuge was to turn to the Protestant peers.
1857 Times 8 Jan. 11/5 She had no means to support herself and child, and she could find no other refuge but suicide.
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the world > action or operation > safety > make safe or secure [verb (transitive)] > go to for safety
fleec825
to draw to warrantc1330
flya1400
to have or make (one's) refuge toa1538
a1538 A. Abell Roit or Quheill of Tyme f. 51, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue (at cited word) At nane suld be drawin out of the kirk at hes refuge till it.
?1541 R. Copland Galen's Fourth Bk. Terapeutyke sig. Gj, in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens We must somtyme come & haue refuge to the sendyng of blode.
1558 Q. Kennedy Compendius Tractiue xviii. sig. Hvi Lat all christiane man..haue refuge to the iuge.
1579 L. Tomson tr. J. Calvin Serm. Epist. S. Paule to Timothie & Titus 248/1 To the end we may haue our refuge to his mercie.
a1648 Ld. Herbert Life Henry VIII (1649) 374* The offenders, making their refuge from one Lordship Marcher to another, were continued without punishment and correction.
a1656 R. Gordon Geneal. Hist. Earldom of Sutherland (1813) 90 He maks clame to these lands, and hath his refuge to John Earl of Catteynes.
a1693 Z. Boyd Sel. Serm. (1989) iii. 112 Dearley beloued in Christ..let vs have our refuge to him in whom are all the wayes of the world.
c. An excuse, answer, approach, etc., in which a person takes refuge. Now esp. in last refuge, and usually with derogatory implication.In later use often hardly distinguishable from sense 2.
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the mind > will > motivation > [noun] > motive > specious motive or pretext > alleged motive or excuse > in which one takes refuge
refuge?1544
?1544 E. Allen tr. A. Alesius Auctorite Word of God sig. F And this refuge or excuse to say that although the scripture be profitable for such things yet it is not sufficient.
1549 in Burnet Hist. Ref. (1681) II. Records i. 177 His refuge was only, That they would fain learn how they might honestly answer the French.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) v. vi. 69 She and the Dolphin haue bin iugling, I did imagine what would be her refuge . View more context for this quotation
1699 R. Bentley Diss. Epist. Phalaris (new ed.) Pref. p. xix The Starters of this Calumny..betook themselves to this Refuge, That [etc.].
1724 D. Waterland Farther Vindic. Christ's Divinity ii. §15 The boasted pretence.., the last refuge both of Socinians and Arians, is entirely routed and baffled.
1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1775 I. 478 [Johnson:] Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel.
1847 J. D. Lang Cooksland 287 It is merely a general certificate of previous good character and reputation—the last refuge of the destitute in the case of a specific criminal charge!
1891 Daily News 24 Nov. 4/7 As patriotism is sometimes the last refuge of a scoundrel, so economy..is the last refuge of a Reactionary.
1908 E. F. Benson Climber 150 Frankness was the refuge of the tactless, thought Lucia..they blurted out unpleasant truths because they had not the finesse to play a delicate part.
1992 Mod. Painters Spring 68/3 ‘You don't understand so how can you criticise’—this method is the refuge of the charlatan, the pseud and the modestly talented.
2000 D. R. Williams Sin Boldly! ii. 14 Relativism is the last refuge of the coward. Patriotism..is not far behind.
4.
a. A place of safety or security; a shelter, a sanctuary, a retreat. Also in extended use.
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c1450 (?a1422) J. Lydgate Life Our Lady (Durh.) vi. 271 So must he..like a dove fle to his refuge.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) 1 Macc. x. 14 Onely at Bethsura remayned certayne of the Iewes.., for Bethsura was their refuge.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. cxxxj Thei had no certain refuge nor place to resorte to.
1598 R. Grenewey tr. Tacitus Annales iv. xi. 106 With small bloudshed of the barbarians, by reason of their refuges at hand.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 168 This Hell then seem'd A refuge from those wounds. View more context for this quotation
1709 D. Manley Secret Mem. 3 Cupid (our little Relation) for a long time allow'd me a Refuge in the Heart of some of his Noblest Votaries, but even he is turn'd Apostate.
1775 B. Romans Conc. Nat. Hist. E. & W. Florida 291 The remains of some savage habitations, built or rather piled up of stones; these were the last refuges of the Caloosa nation.
1785 W. Cowper Task vi. 310 Drawn from his refuge in some lonely elm..ventures forth..The squirrel.
1829 J. Galt Let. in Ann. Parish (1850) p. lxxi A refuge for the fleers from the calamities of the old world.
1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xv. 103 [The chamois] flew with the speed of the wind to its refuge in the mountains.
1903 J. R. Craig Ranching with Lords & Commons 158 We..met a Concord coach with a number of ladies.., escorted by Mounted Police, on their way to Calgary as a safer refuge until the danger was over.
?1955 M. Stewart Madam, will you Talk? vii. 58 I supposed that after the events of the day the hotel was a refuge, a bolt-hole, where one could hide and lock a door.
2007 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 5 Jan. d4/3 A 112,000-square-foot bunker was carved into the side of a mountain as the secret refuge for Congress in case of nuclear attack.
b. spec. A mountain hut in which climbers and walkers can shelter.
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the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > refuge or shelter > [noun] > shelter > a shelter > against weather or storms > for climbers
refuge1817
1817 H. C. B. Campbell Jrnl. 4 Sept. in Journey to Florence (1951) 62 We were eight hours in reaching the top of this wondrous mountain... We stopped at the Refuge No 2.
1873 Young Englishwoman Nov. 524/2 Napoleon appointed that ten or twelve ‘refuges’ should be built for storm-harassed travellers here.
1956 G. Rébuffat Mont Blanc to Everest 42 ‘There's the refuge. Look, they're signalling to us with lanterns!’ How I wished they were. But I knew that the Solvay hut was at least 600 feet lower.
1967 ‘G. Carr’ Lewker in Tirol vi. 84 He had not been inside an Alpine hut for years, but this one was very different from the penitential refuges he remembered in Haute Savoie.
2003 H. Adès & M. Graham Rough Guide to Eccuador 229 The first refuge sits at 4800m.
c. Originally and chiefly British. A (now usually raised) portion of a roadway which has been constructed or marked off for the use of pedestrians; a traffic island.
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society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road > parts of road > [noun] > portion for safety of pedestrians
street island1853
island1869
refuge1869
street refuge1879
traffic island1887
safety island1893
safety isle1902
safety zone1915
1863 Liverpool Mercury 16 Feb. 7/7 The authorities..placed two islands of refuge in the John-street crossing.]
1869 Spectator 12 June 695/1 We have already ‘refuges’, or ‘islands’, or whatever they are, in most crossings.
1881 R. G. White Eng. Without & Within xiv. 320 The contrivance called a ‘refuge’ which is placed at intervals more or less convenient in the roadway of the street.
1930 V. Sackville-West Edwardians iii. 122 Standing upon the refuge waiting to cross Park Lane, he had seen her drive out of Stanhope Gate.
1952 Times 15 Dec. 4/4 The eights of the Grenadiers, in the middle of the road, had to divide to pass the refuges.
2008 Innisfail (Austral.) Advocate (Nexis) 14 June 4 A curve to the south of the intersection..will be realigned and a pedestrian refuge will be constructed near the intersection.
d. Ecology. A place in which a natural population can survive when suitable habitats and resources become scarce. Cf. refugium n.In earlier use, typically with from or for, arguably an extension of sense 1a.
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the world > life > biology > balance of nature > environment or habitat > [noun] > types of
supralittoral1839
refuge1889
refugium1902
home range1904
open vegetation1905
open community1909
controlled environment1914
palaeoenvironment1957
1822 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 112 199 Various animals had entered the cave spontaneously to die, or had fled into it as a refuge from some general convulsion.]
1889 G. F. Wright in G. F. Wright & W. Upham Ice Age in North Amer. xvii. 385 It is, as we know, the sole refuge of the most characteristic and wide-spread type of Miocene Coniferæ, the Sequoias.
1911 Geogr. Jrnl. 38 514 Tundra, with an arctic-alpine flora, the arctic element immigrating from certain refuges after the Glacial period.
1954 A. J. Cain Animal Species v. 60 Its [sc. the arid period's] effect was to confine forest-living animals of all sorts to several refuges where rainfall was sufficient to maintain the sort of habitat necessary for them.
1979 Guardian 28 Aug. 3/2 The Dartford warbler..suffered population crashes seven times between 1860 and 1945, but recovered each time because a breeding population of several dozen pairs remained in a habitat refuge.
2005 Ecology 86 3294/1 Condition-specific competition between these species in response to seasonal drought has the potential to provide a refuge for A[edes] aegypti.
e. Originally North American. A protected area for wild animals; esp. a bird sanctuary.Frequently with modifying word, as bird, fish, wildfowl refuge.
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the world > life > biology > collection or conservation of natural specimens > sanctuary or reserve > [noun] > specific for birds
bird sanctuary1883
refuge1892
1892 Forest & Stream 28 Apr. 1/2 The establishment and maintenance of such refuges in every State would prove a sensible, economical and effective scheme of game conservation.
1906 Forest & Stream 10 Feb. 215/1 Six other reservations or bird refuges have been secured by the Audubon Societies by purchase or lease.
1920 N.Y. Times 7 Nov. 25 The refuge was purchased by the Rockefeller corporation..as a contribution to the preservation of the wild life of this country.
1930 Nature Mag. Mar. 192/2 By Executive order, President Hoover recently set aside 12,234 acres at Benton Lake, Montana, near the city of Great Falls, as a bird refuge and wild life sanctuary.
1978 J. T. White Countryman's Guide South-east ix. 103 The attraction of the Sussex rivers is being celebrated by a new wildfowl refuge.
1995 Experience Lac du Bonnet Spring 53/1 The fish refuge around Willow Reef (near Willow Point) is closed to all fishing.
5. Originally British.
a. An establishment providing accommodation, and typically some supervision, for people who have been discharged from prison. Also: a similar institution for homeless people, young offenders, etc.
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1805 Times 9 May 1/2 (advt.) The Refuge for the Destitute, instituted 1805... The object which this Society has in view, is to provide places of refuge for persons discharged from prison or the hulks, unfortunate and deserted females, and others, who..cannot procure an honest maintenance, though willing to work.]
1822 Times 4 June 3/5 Your committee have continued to extend relief to distressed boys..who, on their discharge from the prisons of the metropolis, are desirous of abandoning their vicious habits. During the past year, a considerable number have been received into the Temporary Refuge.
1873 Galveston (Texas) Daily News 16 Nov. Industrial schools, refuges and hospitals everywhere abounded.
1883 Fifth Rep. Gen. Prisons Board Ireland 11 in Parl. Papers XXXII. 811 Sixteen female convicts were transferred from Prison to Refuges during the year.
1891 H. Matthews in Law Times 92 96/2 Female convicts..are in certain cases released to refuges nine months before the ordinary time for release on licence.
1927 T. W. Trought Probation in Europe 144 The following measures may be taken for prevention, reform or correction in connection with juvenile delinquents [in Portugal]... Placing provisionally in a ‘refuge’ or observation home for a period of not more than six months.
1985 Sunday Mail (Queensland) (Nexis) 28 July Kevin, who left school after Year 10, has been unemployed since January and living in Brisbane youth refuges and on the streets for ‘a fair while’.
2007 Times (Nexis) 3 Oct. (Times2 section) 7 Far from putting these spiralling lives on an even keel, it seems that children's homes, refuges, borstals or prisons often accelerate the plunge.
b. spec. An establishment offering protection to women who have suffered or are considered likely to suffer domestic violence; a women's shelter.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > refuge or shelter > [noun] > a place of refuge > for women or orphans
preservatory1758
house of mercy1767
refuge1974
1973 Times 14 June 2/4 A voluntarily run centre that shelters battered women and their children seeking refuge from brutality by the man of the household is preparing a report.]
1974 Times 8 Apr. 10/5 The publicity given to Mrs Erin Pizzey's Chiswick refuge for battered wives.
1985 Sunday Mail (Queensland) (Nexis) 10 Mar. Mrs Bryce said the establishment of women's refuges around Australia had escalated enormously during the past decade.
1996 R. Doyle Woman who walked into Doors xxvii. 205 Carmel told me to go. Fill a bag, get the kids and go. Anywhere, her house, a refuge.
2004 Sunday Herald (Glasgow) 3 Oct. 16/2 You quote the Confederation of British Industry's worries about the impact on sensitive developments such as women's refuges.
Compounds
C1. General use as a modifier, as in refuge house, refuge hut, refuge place, refuge tower, etc.
ΚΠ
1556 J. Ponet Shorte Treat. Politike Power sig. Evi Bicause God wolde haue a refuge place, and sanctuarie for his.
c1595 Countess of Pembroke Psalme lxxi. 7 in Coll. Wks. (1998) II. 86 Lord,..Be my rock, my refuge tower.
1696 tr. G. Croese Gen. Hist. Quakers sig. A3v I found my self under a necessity of seeking out for some Patronage and Refuge-place.
1774 J. Fry Select Poems 33 And keep thee safe as in a refuge Tower.
1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. xviii. 187 This little refuge-hut..was the means of saving the lives of these four men.
1869 J. Ker Serm. (1874) 339 To make the death of Christ a mere refuge-house for pardons.
1895 C. Dixon Migrat. Brit. Birds ii. 27 Three fairly well defined range bases or refuge areas.
1911 E. J. Clapp Port of Hamburg iii. 69 From the castle of Ritzebüttel, piracy was now..suppressed... A small refuge harbor was built and pilots were here taken aboard.
1968 R. M. Patterson Finlay's River 89 The creeks on the chosen trail would eventually be bridged..and refuge cabins would be built at suitable intervals.
2001 Amer. Sociol. Rev. 66 699/1 Feminists turned to organising consciousness-raising groups and establishing cafes, bookstores, and refuge houses for battered women.
C2.
refuge hole n. Mining (now chiefly historical) an area to the side of an underground road in which miners take shelter from passing trains, blasting, etc. (see quot. 1883).
ΚΠ
1866 Times 13 Aug. 11/1 This was an action by the widow of a man who had worked on the defendant's colliery... The plaintiff founded her claim on the absence of the sufficient number of refuge holes.
1883 W. S. Gresley Gloss. Terms Coal Mining Refuge Hole, a place formed in the side of an underground plane or horse road..in which men can take refuge during the passing of a train, or when firing shots.
2003 Evening Chron. (Newcastle) (Nexis) 26 Mar. 25 There was a huge crack and the supporting timbers gave way... There was a refuge hole nearby and I dived into it for shelter.
refuge room n. a sealed room in which people can take shelter from the effects of gas or smoke.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > room > types of room generally > [noun] > others
hell1310
summer hall1388
summer parloura1425
paradise1485
fire room1591
garden room1619
ease-room1629
portcullis1631
divan1678
but?1700
sluttery1711
rotunda1737
glass casea1777
dungeon1782
hall of mirrors1789
balcony-chamber1800
showroom1820
mirror room1858
vomitorium1923
mosquito room1925
refuge room1937
quiet room1938
Florida room1968
roomset1980
wet room1982
1937 Times 13 Jan. 9/2 A room in which certain simple precautions had been taken—for example, by making it gas proof... This refuge room would be..the first line of defence.
1940 Times 23 July 2/4 Among other points of advice were:—Go quickly to your shelter or refuge room; suppress your curiosity and don't ‘goof’.
2007 North Bay (Ont.) Nugget (Nexis) 20 July a8 When heat from a cutting torch ignited a fire in some plastic piping, the 72 miners on shift were able to retreat to refuge rooms sealed off from the toxic smoke.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
refugev.
/ˈrɛfjuːdʒ/, U.S. /ˈrɛfjudʒ/ 1.
a. transitive. To provide a refuge, shelter, or retreat for (a person); to shelter, protect. In later use only in passive: to be sheltered in a particular place, to have taken refuge. Also in extended use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > refuge or shelter > seek (refuge) [verb (transitive)] > give or afford refuge to
to do refugec1405
refuge1589
sanctuary1615
shelter1663
1589 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. (1833) I. ii. 326 By the Englisch Catholikes refugit there.
1594 O. B. Questions Profitable Concernings 13 b A strong couert and sanctuarie..to refuge the wronged.
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II v. v. 26 Like seely beggars, Who sitting in the stockes refuge their shame, That many haue, and others must set there. View more context for this quotation
1613 A. Sherley Relation Trav. Persia 34 Hauing promise of the Turke that he should be detained in Corassan where he was refuged.
1681 W. Temple Mem. iii, in Wks. (1731) I. 358 Prince William..[has] been refuged and supported by that Crown against..the Emperor.
1720 D. Manley Power of Love vii. 359 Castruchio..promised to receive and refuge her at a fair House he had at Tivoli.
1779 G. Keate Sketches from Nature II. 145 They found all the people on board, refuged [1790 retired] in different places beneath the deck.
1819 P. B. Shelley Lines Euganean Hills in Rosalind & Helen 78 So shall be The city that did refuge thee.
1867 J. B. Rose tr. Virgil Æneis 22 Thou who alone hast refuged our distress.
1909 Westm. Gaz. 16 Nov. 9/4 The men are refuged in the furthest galleries of the mine, which are still cut off by fire.
1974 H. MacInnes Climb to Lost World xii. 210 I met only one scorpion and it was in this chimney, refuged in a relatively dry cave formed by a high roof.
1996 Church Hist. 65 335 Theoleptos's letters to his widowed spiritual daughter, herself refuged in the monastery of Christ the Philanthropic Savior.
b. transitive (reflexive). To seek or take refuge; = sense 1c. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > refuge or shelter > take refuge or shelter [verb (reflexive)]
fleea1400
shroud1553
shadea1586
ensconce1590
refuge1604
shelter1611
engarrison1682
1604 T. Bilson Suruey Christs Sufferings 12 Ridles, and laberinthes to weary the wise, to angle the simple, and to refuge himselfe, when he shall be pressed with the falsitie and impietie of his assertions.
1618 T. Adams Happines of Church i. 9 Sensualitie is the voluptuous mans mountaine, there he refugeth himselfe against all reproofes.
1710 D. Manley Mem. Europe I. ii. 265 He was expell'd the Empire, and refug'd himself in the Persian Court.
1747 S. Richardson Clarissa II. xxxix. 269 I have refuged myself in his family.
1848 M. Arnold Let. Nov. (1932) 95 I..took up Obermann, and refuged myself with him..against your Zeit Geist.
1890 Century Sept. 762 Olivia's soul had traversed the sidereal spaces, and in a momentary calenture of faith and love refuged herself and her companions in the care of the Omnipotent.
1946 D. Potter tr. L. Revel Fragrance of India v. 67 The real Todas, it is said, have refuged themselves from the invasion of Westerners in inaccessible places of the Blue Mountains.
c. intransitive. To seek or take refuge; to seek shelter or protection. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > refuge or shelter > take or seek refuge [verb (intransitive)]
bield?a1400
to hide one's headc1475
shroud1579
subterfuge1622
refuge1640
to take refuge1667
haven1742
to go to earth1820
to hole up1875
1640 in L. B. Taylor Aberdeen Council Lett. (1950) II. 200 Your people..left thair awne toune and ar refugiet to uther partis.
a1657 G. Daniel Ecloges in Poems (1878) II. 203 And now, the King Is pleas'd to refuge there.
1709 D. Manley Secret Mem. 4 I was reported to have refug'd among the Villagers.
1720 D. Manley Power of Love i. 116 He..refuged in the Greatness of his Courage.
1790 A. M. Johnson Monmouth I. 47 She had heard that pirates refuged formerly in the Hebrides.
1805 R. Southey Madoc ii. xxvii. 430 Upon the heights Eastward, how few have refuged!
1865 Trans. Ethnol. Soc. London 3 371 In this country there are no high mountains among whose snows..the reindeer could have refuged from the summer heats.
1899 H. R. Haggard in Longman's Mag. Oct. 535 They move in short dipping flights, refuging in every convenient tree.
1929 R. Bridges Test. Beauty iii. 85 What grave lore had refuged with the Ishmaelite was stealing back from exile to its western home.
1979 Systematic Zool. 28 35/1 The north temperate forest species refuged in an undetermined number of select locations.
2007 D. McCaig Rhett Butler's People 92 At Rhett's laughter, Scarlett O'Hara flushed to her roots before refuging among her admirers.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > go away [verb (intransitive)] > run away or flee
fleec825
afleeeOE
atrina1000
atfleec1000
to run awayOE
to turn to or into flighta1225
to turn the ridgec1225
atrenc1275
atshakec1275
to give backa1300
flemec1300
startc1330
to take (on oneself) the flighta1500
to take the back upon oneselfa1500
fly1523
to take (also betake) (oneself) to one's legs1530
to flee one's way1535
to take to one's heels1548
flought?1567
fuge1573
to turn taila1586
to run off1628
to take flighta1639
refugea1641
to run for it1642
to take leg1740
to give (also take) leg-bail1751
bail1775
sherry1788
to pull foot1792
fugitate1830
to tail off (out)1830
to take to flight1840
to break (strike, etc.) for (the) tall timber1845
guy1879
to give leg (or legs)1883
rabbit1887
to do a guy1889
high-tail1908
to have it on one's toes1958
a1641 J. Finett Philoxenis (1656) 111 The Duke de Soubise refuged hether from France upon miscarriage of some undertakings of his there.
1643 T. Coleman Serm. in Kerr Covenants (1895) 173 The ministers of the Lord that have refuged themselves to this little Sanctuary.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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