refractorinessn.

Brit.

/rᵻˈfrakt(ə)rɪnᵻs/, U.S.

/rəˈfrækˌtɔrinᵻs/,

/riˈfrækˌtɔrinəs/

Forms: 1600s refractorinesse, 1600s– refractoriness.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: refractory adj., -ness suffix.

Etymology: < refractory adj. + -ness suffix. Compare slightly earlier refractariness n.

1. Obstinacy, stubbornness, contrariness; stubborn disobedience or resistance to some authority, control, etc. Also figurative.Common in 17th cent.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > disobedient stubbornness

contumacec1230

unbuxomnessa1300

unbuxomheada1325

contumacyc1386

sturdinessa1400

stoutnessc1400

contumacityc1420

pervicacy1537

untractablenessa1600

pervicacity1604

contumation1618

refractariness1624

refractoriness1627

incorrigiblenessa1631

indocibleness1647

immorigerousness1649

contumaciousness1654

refracture1659

intractableness1664

unmanageableness1664

refractiveness1674

untractibleness1676

pervicaciousness1692

untreatableness1693

untractability1797

recalcitrancy1844

recalcitrance1845

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] > opposition or resistance > capacity of resisting

resistance1590

resistibility1646

refractoriness1805

1627 in B. W. Quintrell Maynard Lieutenancy Bk. (1993) II. 208 The generall refractorinesse which wee perceive daily to encrease upon all musters and trayninges..endorceth us to acquaint your lordships therewith.

a1642 W. Monson Naval Tracts (1704) ii. 295/1 Those that repine at Princes Actions out of Stubbornness, or Refractoriness.

1686 A. Horneck Crucified Jesus xvii. 497 Your refractoriness to reformation and amendment makes you unworthy.

1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 471 With proper Reflections and Animadversions on the Refractoriness of some of the Allies.

1752 T. Carte Gen. Hist. Eng. III. 677 They now showed their disaffection as well as refractoriness in refusing to give thanks.

1805 J. Foster Ess. (1806) I. i. iv. 62 Unless you had brought into the world some extraordinary refractoriness to the influence of evil.

1807 Edinb. Rev. 10 96 He was..abused for his refractoriness in this particular.

1860 N. Hawthorne Marble Faun I. ii. 25 Donatello's refractoriness..had evidently cost him something.

1939 Times 18 Feb. 17/4 Upon any sign of refractoriness pressure is applied.

1966 Jrnl. Contemp. Hist. 1 76 The difficulty of giving fascism a definite shape, its refractoriness to discipline or stabilization, cannot be explained simply by the practical difficulties of implementing this or that reform.

1998 Huntington Libr. Q. 61 139 Laud and his colleagues had the remarkable gift of seeing..all disagreement as refractoriness or rebellion.

2. Resistance of a substance or material to the action of heat; possession of a high melting point. More widely: resistance to working or manipulation.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > types of material generally > working qualities of materials > [noun]

fusibility1624

malleability1644

fusibleness1684

pliability1725

plasticity1727

impermeability1755

unvitrescibility1786

vitrescibility1786

workableness1791

refractoriness1805

pumpability1881

permeability1882

mouldability1890

alkalinity1892

machinability1921

paintability1926

spinnability1939

processability1941

wear-resistance1946

extrudability1981

the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > types of hardness > [noun] > refractory quality

refractoriness1805

1805 Ann. Rev. 3 xix. 890/2 The method is to mix the pulverized mineral with nitrated barytes, and by exposing the mass to a red heat, to drive off the acid, and thus overcome the refractoriness of the mineral.

1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 299 Its refractoriness allows of a harder glaze being applied to the ware formed from it.

1870 Academy Feb. 122 The vigour and skill with which they coped with its [sc. granite's] refractoriness.

1893 R. S. Ball Story of Sun 289 The two conditions of refractoriness and low atomic weight.

1929 Special Rep. Min. Resources Great Brit. 31 i. 2 The high refractoriness of the English ball clays is no defect.

1967 M. Chandler Ceramics in Mod. World iv. 135 Its ability to withstand continuous subjection to high temperatures—that is, its refractoriness.

2001 O. Sacks Uncle Tungsten i. 8 Uncle loved the density of the tungsten he made, and its refractoriness, its great chemical stability.

3. Chiefly Medicine.

a. Power of resistance to a disease, infection, parasite, etc.; reduced susceptibility.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > [noun] > good health > resistance to disease

lustc950

lustinessc1325

vigourc1386

hardinessc1405

lustihood1600

stamina1726

lustihead1748

hardihood1780

robustfulness1879

refractoriness1887

refractiveness1931

1887 Lancet 1 Oct. 680/2 The extreme and unexpected constitutional refractoriness of the dog to infection with rabies.

1954 W. E. van Heyningen in H. W. Florey Lect. Gen. Pathol. xxii. 400 When these animals were injected with sub-lethal doses of the O-labile toxins, or of saponin, they developed a temporary (non-immune) refractoriness to both types of hæmolysin.

1969 Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 131 951 (heading) Refractoriness of KB cell cultures carrying Japanese B encephalitis virus to encephalomyocarditis virus infection.

1995 New Scientist 7 Oct. 54/1 They are also keen to learn more about a natural trait—known as refractoriness—that prevents the malaria parasites from developing in the insect's gut.

b. Lack of responsiveness of a disease, symptom, patient, etc., to treatment; resistance to treatment or remedy.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > characteristics > [noun] > resistance to treatment

contumacy?1541

contumaciousness1654

obstinacy1808

refractoriness1891

1891 Lancet 19 Sept. 685/2 If Koch were to seek for the explanation of the greater refractoriness to his cure..in some institutions than in others, he might possibly find it in unsunned wards.

1965 New Eng. Jrnl. Med. 273 83/2 Refractoriness of this infant to exogenous thyroid might have been caused by impaired absorption of the hormone.

1965 San Diego Union-Tribune 3 Aug. 19/4 The problem of refractoriness of the causative organism..was first recognized in American personnel in Viet Nam about three years ago.

1984 Brit. Jrnl. Haematol. 57 337 Refractoriness to random-donor platelets as a result of alloimmunization remains a major problem in long-term platelet transfusion therapy.

1998 Leukemia 12 1281 Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients represent a difficult problem,..mostly because of their refractoriness to standard lymphoma treatments.

4. Physiology. Temporary inability to respond fully to nervous or sexual stimuli, esp. for a short period following a response to such a stimulus. Cf. refractory adj. 7.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > stimulation > [noun] > unresponsiveness

refractoriness1921

1921 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 92 257 The period of refractoriness that was indicated for the reflex in our experiments was so brief that it could be accounted for..by the refractory period of the afferent or efferent fibres themselves.

1932 W. Burridge Excitability xxi. 172 Refractoriness is here defined as a condition of inexcitability of an excitable tissue which follows the receipt of an adequate stimulus.

1949 Wilson Bull. 61 221 This refractoriness must ‘wear off’ before external stimuli can induce a new gonadal activation.

1963 S. Ochs in E. E. Selkurt Physiol. ii. 28 In the alpha group of A fibers of the frog sciatic nerve, this period of absolute refractoriness lasts only a little longer than 1 msec.

1998 Jrnl. Neurophysiol. 80 903 The refractoriness of the axon was significantly greater than the predictions of the standard model of nerve excitability.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	refractoriness
释义	refractorinessn. Brit. /rᵻˈfrakt(ə)rɪnᵻs/, U.S. /rəˈfrækˌtɔrinᵻs/, /riˈfrækˌtɔrinəs/ Forms: 1600s refractorinesse, 1600s– refractoriness. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: refractory adj., -ness suffix. Etymology: < refractory adj. + -ness suffix. Compare slightly earlier refractariness n. 1. Obstinacy, stubbornness, contrariness; stubborn disobedience or resistance to some authority, control, etc. Also figurative.Common in 17th cent. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > disobedient stubbornness contumacec1230 unbuxomnessa1300 unbuxomheada1325 contumacyc1386 sturdinessa1400 stoutnessc1400 contumacityc1420 pervicacy1537 untractablenessa1600 pervicacity1604 contumation1618 refractariness1624 refractoriness1627 incorrigiblenessa1631 indocibleness1647 immorigerousness1649 contumaciousness1654 refracture1659 intractableness1664 unmanageableness1664 refractiveness1674 untractibleness1676 pervicaciousness1692 untreatableness1693 untractability1797 recalcitrancy1844 recalcitrance1845 the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] > opposition or resistance > capacity of resisting resistance1590 resistibility1646 refractoriness1805 1627 in B. W. Quintrell Maynard Lieutenancy Bk. (1993) II. 208 The generall refractorinesse which wee perceive daily to encrease upon all musters and trayninges..endorceth us to acquaint your lordships therewith. a1642 W. Monson Naval Tracts (1704) ii. 295/1 Those that repine at Princes Actions out of Stubbornness, or Refractoriness. 1686 A. Horneck Crucified Jesus xvii. 497 Your refractoriness to reformation and amendment makes you unworthy. 1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 471 With proper Reflections and Animadversions on the Refractoriness of some of the Allies. 1752 T. Carte Gen. Hist. Eng. III. 677 They now showed their disaffection as well as refractoriness in refusing to give thanks. 1805 J. Foster Ess. (1806) I. i. iv. 62 Unless you had brought into the world some extraordinary refractoriness to the influence of evil. 1807 Edinb. Rev. 10 96 He was..abused for his refractoriness in this particular. 1860 N. Hawthorne Marble Faun I. ii. 25 Donatello's refractoriness..had evidently cost him something. 1939 Times 18 Feb. 17/4 Upon any sign of refractoriness pressure is applied. 1966 Jrnl. Contemp. Hist. 1 76 The difficulty of giving fascism a definite shape, its refractoriness to discipline or stabilization, cannot be explained simply by the practical difficulties of implementing this or that reform. 1998 Huntington Libr. Q. 61 139 Laud and his colleagues had the remarkable gift of seeing..all disagreement as refractoriness or rebellion. 2. Resistance of a substance or material to the action of heat; possession of a high melting point. More widely: resistance to working or manipulation. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > types of material generally > working qualities of materials > [noun] fusibility1624 malleability1644 fusibleness1684 pliability1725 plasticity1727 impermeability1755 unvitrescibility1786 vitrescibility1786 workableness1791 refractoriness1805 pumpability1881 permeability1882 mouldability1890 alkalinity1892 machinability1921 paintability1926 spinnability1939 processability1941 wear-resistance1946 extrudability1981 the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > types of hardness > [noun] > refractory quality refractoriness1805 1805 Ann. Rev. 3 xix. 890/2 The method is to mix the pulverized mineral with nitrated barytes, and by exposing the mass to a red heat, to drive off the acid, and thus overcome the refractoriness of the mineral. 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 299 Its refractoriness allows of a harder glaze being applied to the ware formed from it. 1870 Academy Feb. 122 The vigour and skill with which they coped with its [sc. granite's] refractoriness. 1893 R. S. Ball Story of Sun 289 The two conditions of refractoriness and low atomic weight. 1929 Special Rep. Min. Resources Great Brit. 31 i. 2 The high refractoriness of the English ball clays is no defect. 1967 M. Chandler Ceramics in Mod. World iv. 135 Its ability to withstand continuous subjection to high temperatures—that is, its refractoriness. 2001 O. Sacks Uncle Tungsten i. 8 Uncle loved the density of the tungsten he made, and its refractoriness, its great chemical stability. 3. Chiefly Medicine. a. Power of resistance to a disease, infection, parasite, etc.; reduced susceptibility. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > [noun] > good health > resistance to disease lustc950 lustinessc1325 vigourc1386 hardinessc1405 lustihood1600 stamina1726 lustihead1748 hardihood1780 robustfulness1879 refractoriness1887 refractiveness1931 1887 Lancet 1 Oct. 680/2 The extreme and unexpected constitutional refractoriness of the dog to infection with rabies. 1954 W. E. van Heyningen in H. W. Florey Lect. Gen. Pathol. xxii. 400 When these animals were injected with sub-lethal doses of the O-labile toxins, or of saponin, they developed a temporary (non-immune) refractoriness to both types of hæmolysin. 1969 Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 131 951 (heading) Refractoriness of KB cell cultures carrying Japanese B encephalitis virus to encephalomyocarditis virus infection. 1995 New Scientist 7 Oct. 54/1 They are also keen to learn more about a natural trait—known as refractoriness—that prevents the malaria parasites from developing in the insect's gut. b. Lack of responsiveness of a disease, symptom, patient, etc., to treatment; resistance to treatment or remedy. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > characteristics > [noun] > resistance to treatment contumacy?1541 contumaciousness1654 obstinacy1808 refractoriness1891 1891 Lancet 19 Sept. 685/2 If Koch were to seek for the explanation of the greater refractoriness to his cure..in some institutions than in others, he might possibly find it in unsunned wards. 1965 New Eng. Jrnl. Med. 273 83/2 Refractoriness of this infant to exogenous thyroid might have been caused by impaired absorption of the hormone. 1965 San Diego Union-Tribune 3 Aug. 19/4 The problem of refractoriness of the causative organism..was first recognized in American personnel in Viet Nam about three years ago. 1984 Brit. Jrnl. Haematol. 57 337 Refractoriness to random-donor platelets as a result of alloimmunization remains a major problem in long-term platelet transfusion therapy. 1998 Leukemia 12 1281 Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients represent a difficult problem,..mostly because of their refractoriness to standard lymphoma treatments. 4. Physiology. Temporary inability to respond fully to nervous or sexual stimuli, esp. for a short period following a response to such a stimulus. Cf. refractory adj. 7. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > stimulation > [noun] > unresponsiveness refractoriness1921 1921 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 92 257 The period of refractoriness that was indicated for the reflex in our experiments was so brief that it could be accounted for..by the refractory period of the afferent or efferent fibres themselves. 1932 W. Burridge Excitability xxi. 172 Refractoriness is here defined as a condition of inexcitability of an excitable tissue which follows the receipt of an adequate stimulus. 1949 Wilson Bull. 61 221 This refractoriness must ‘wear off’ before external stimuli can induce a new gonadal activation. 1963 S. Ochs in E. E. Selkurt Physiol. ii. 28 In the alpha group of A fibers of the frog sciatic nerve, this period of absolute refractoriness lasts only a little longer than 1 msec. 1998 Jrnl. Neurophysiol. 80 903 The refractoriness of the axon was significantly greater than the predictions of the standard model of nerve excitability. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1627
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