refractiveadj.

Brit.

/rᵻˈfraktɪv/, U.S.

/rəˈfræktɪv/,

/riˈfræktɪv/

Forms: 1600s refractiue (Scottish), 1600s– refractive.

Origin: Either (i) formed within English, by derivation. Or (ii) a borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: refract v.; Latin refract- , refringere , -ive suffix.

Etymology: < refract v. or its etymon classical Latin refract-, past participial stem of refringere (see refract v.) + -ive suffix. Compare French réfractif causing refraction (1706), post-classical Latin refractivus reflexive (5th or 6th cent. in Priscian). In senses 1 and 5 apparently influenced by refractary adj., refractory adj.

†1. Scottish. Stubborn, obstinate; rebellious; (also) not amenable or strongly opposed to. Cf. refractory adj. 1, 3. Obsolete. rare.Quot. 1845 at refractiveness n. also implies this sense.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > disobediently stubborn

incorrigiblea1340

unchastisable1382

contumaxc1386

stubbornc1386

stoutc1410

contumacec1425

staffish?a1513

unwieldy1513

untractable1538

intractable1545

prefract?1549

incounselable1554

indocible1555

uncorrectable1562

refractorious1563

haggard1566

neck-stiff1570

uncounsellablea1578

refractary1583

contumacious1603

refractarious1609

refractory1615

unmanageable1616

immorigerous1623

refractive1623

pervicacious1633

unrectifiable1645

undocible1653

undocile1656

untractible1670

unadvisable1672

recalcitrant1797

unguidable1822

recalcitrary1861

1623 Rec. Perth Kirk Session 20 Oct. And sua the sessioun hes found him weray refractiue.

1669 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Glasgow (1905) III. 124 The counsell, not being willing to be refractive to any libertie grantit..heirtofoir.

a1709 J. Nimmo Narr. (1889) 19 Kinstirie seemd not verie refractive if Park desired him to take the burthin of all thes off my hand.

2. That refracts light; causing refraction; having the power of refracting light. Also in extended use (with reference to other forms of electromagnetic radiation, sound waves, etc.) and in figurative context. doubly refractive: causing double refraction.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > refraction > [adjective]

refractious1633

refractive1642

refracting1644

refringent1654

dioptric1672

refractory1788

anaclastic1796

refractile1797

prismy1799

diaclastic1883

Brewsterian1942

1642 Certaine Prophesies 2 The City shall have a Glasse, which with the helpe of an other refractive prospect, shall serve to see fifty miles.

1673 J. Flamsteed Let. 29 Sept. (1995) I. 255 The refractive aire reaches some height above our heads.

a1691 R. Boyle Gen. Hist. Air (1692) 190 The air..was filled with vapours and exhalations, that made it much more refractive than formerly.

1755 Philos. Trans. 1754 (Royal Soc.) 48 552 Rays, which, by the refractive quality of the glass, are made to converge.

1854 J. Scoffern in Orr's Circle Sci., Chem. 75 Tourmaline is a doubly refractive substance.

1872 R. A. Proctor Ess. Astron. vi. 84 Its outline should be distorted if the planet has a refractive atmosphere.

1910 Anat. Rec. 4 211 The protoplasm of renal cells, muscle fibers, etc., shows usually a large number of small more or less refractive droplets (liposomes) when examined in aqueous humor.

1986 D. Nabokov tr. V. Nabokov Enchanter (1987) 113 Nabokov chose to examine the phenomena of his surroundings through the refractive lens of artistry.

2002 G. McLaren Studio Glass 25 Coldworking that involves deep invasion of the glass surface makes use of highly refractive glass, such as lead ‘crystal’.

2003 Nature 16 Jan. 198/1 The pair measured the refractive effects of Jupiter's gravitational field on the radio waves emitted by a bright, distant galaxy.

a. Due to or caused by refraction.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > refraction > [adjective] > caused by refraction

refractive1717

1717 G. Berkeley Jrnls. Trav. Italy in Wks. (1955) VII. 328 The Refractive curve in an atmosphere of different density.

1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator (new ed.) IV. 313/1 Three defects—spherical aberration, chromatic aberration, and refractive aberration.

1881 W. C. Russell Ocean Free-lance I. v. 234 Little blobs of hazy film trembled upon the white refractive line about the dark waters of the horizon.

1992 Isis 83 119/1 Take specular and refractive images, for example. Whereas we view them as actual objects of study according to the classifications of ‘real’ and ‘virtual’, the ancients viewed them quite differently.

b. That has undergone refraction; able to be refracted, esp. to a specified extent.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > refraction > [adjective] > capable of being refracted

refrangible1672

refractable1676

refractive1812

1812 E. M. Ward Oxoniana 58 Herschel by powers of thy refractive light, Our grosser optics share supreme delight.

1833 A. Alexander Treat. Nature of Vision 82 The common glasses..never represent objects correctly, or of their natural color; but they appear crooked, and tinged with refractive rays along their outlines.

1890 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 417 Thereby it has been shown that the gelatine absorbs the most refractive rays most energetically.

1899 C. B. Davenport Exper. Morphol. ii. 440 Etiolated willow shoots, upon which..the more strongly refractive rays only act phototropically.

1925 Math. Gaz. 12 344 The pencil formed by the incident and refractive rays.

1998 B. R. Greenberg & D. Patterson Art in Chem. v. 188 We only see photographic imaging of refractive rays from these microsculptures.

4. Of or relating to the refraction of light; (Ophthalmology) relating to or involving the parts of the eye which refract light.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > ophthalmology or optometry > [adjective] > instrumental examination or measurement of eye

perimetrical1852

ophthalmoscopic1857

ophthalmoscopical1867

retinoscopic1883

skiascopic1890

perimetric1899

campimetrical1901

scotometric1913

pupillometric1952

refractive1953

1727 J. Thomson To Mem. Newton 124 Ev'n now the setting sun and shifting clouds,..declare How just, how beauteous, the refractive law.

1832 Nat. Philos. (Libr. Useful Knowl.) II. Optical Instruments xvi. §110. 55 Amici's teinoscope consists of four right angular prisms, having their refractive angles different and connected by pairs.

1904 Atlanta (Georgia) Constit. 18 Dec. 6/2 A thorough refractive examination will be made.

1953 N. Bier Contact Lens Routine & Pract. iv. 58 [Temporary spasm of accommodation] may persist throughout the refractive examination.

1989 R. Waterfield Before Eureka (BNC) 27 [Newton] concluded that light was in fact composed of this spectrum of rays with different refractive properties.

2007 Ophthalmol. 114 641/1 All patients underwent a complete refractive examination before and after surgery.

5. Medicine and Biology. Resistant to infection, a parasite, etc. Usually with to. Cf. refractory adj. 4b.

ΚΠ

1908 Practitioner Dec. 843 Man is peculiarly refractive, for in Glasgow there have been several stable epidemics [of glanders], and yet, since 1892, there have only been five cases.

1940 Jrnl. Parasitol. 26 158 The common ring-necked pheasant..is highly refractive to the oviduct fluke Prosthogonimus macrorchis Macy.

1962 Trans. Royal Soc. Trop. Med. & Hygiene 56 121 Culex pipiens fatigans is a robust mosquito which..is almost totally refractive to infection with either species of Brugia.

2005 Internat. Jrnl. Parasitol. 35 671/1 Rabbits are refractive to infection with B[esnoitia] tarandi, B. bennetti and B. darlingi.

Compounds

refractive error n. Ophthalmology error in the focusing of light by the eye on the retina; esp. myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, or astigmatism; an instance of this.

ΚΠ

1865 New York Med. Jrnl. Oct. 54 There is a great tendency to exclude from the definition of asthenopia all those cases of refractive errors..not properly disturbances of the ciliary muscle.

1904 Lancet 27 Feb. 561/1 In several cases I have found that defective vision complained of has been due to refractive errors which must have existed for some long time previously.

1974 V. B. Mountcastle et al. Med. Physiol. (ed. 13) I. xiv. 452/2 Myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism is called a refractive error, or ametropia.

2001 Hosp. Doctor 15 Mar. 17/3 Let him not worry at all about how much corneal endothelium he loses in the process, whether his pupil remains round, and whether or not he has a large post operative refractive error.

refractive index n. Physics the ratio of the velocity of light (or other electromagnetic radiation) in a standard medium (usually air or a vacuum) to its velocity in a specified medium, or (equivalently), the ratio between the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction of a ray of light passing from a standard medium into the specified medium; = index of refraction at index n. 10a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > refraction > [noun] > index of refraction

refractive index1820

index of refraction1829

refraction index1850

1820 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 110 71 Dr. Brewster..has stated the refractive index of this salt at 1.515.

1839 G. Bird Elements Nat. Philos. 394 The refractive indices of the different refracting structures of the eye.

1902 H. A. Miers Mineral. ii. 443 Brewster..found it [sc. a mineral] to have the low refractive index 1·2.

1954 J. F. Kirkaldy Gen. Princ. Geol. xi. 162 The Becke test is a quick method of determining whether the refractive index of a mineral is greater or less than that of balsam.

1999 J. Hecht City of Light x. 127 Graded-index fibers work differently because the refractive index varies with the distance from the center of the fiber.

refractive power n. now chiefly Ophthalmology the relative ability of a substance, object, etc., to refract the light passing through it.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > refraction > [noun] > refractive power

refraction1664

refractive power1665

power1738

refrangibility1774

1665 R. Hooke Micrographia 50 The greater or less refractive power of the pellucid body.

1771 Philos. Trans. 1770 (Royal Soc.) 60 131 The very great refractive power of the air in these parts.

1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics iii. xxxi. 255 Great local heats or local colds will produce great changes of refractive power, and give rise to optical phenomena of a very interesting kind.

1964 S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 14) v. 51 A lens with a focal length of half a metre will be twice as strong as one with a focal length of 1 metre: the refractive power of such a lens is therefore 2 dioptres.

2001 L. D. Bores Refractive Eye Surg. (ed. 2) v. 116/1 The refractive power of the cornea..depends on a number of factors, some of which are constant and some variable.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	refractive
释义	refractiveadj. Brit. /rᵻˈfraktɪv/, U.S. /rəˈfræktɪv/, /riˈfræktɪv/ Forms: 1600s refractiue (Scottish), 1600s– refractive. Origin: Either (i) formed within English, by derivation. Or (ii) a borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: refract v.; Latin refract- , refringere , -ive suffix. Etymology: < refract v. or its etymon classical Latin refract-, past participial stem of refringere (see refract v.) + -ive suffix. Compare French réfractif causing refraction (1706), post-classical Latin refractivus reflexive (5th or 6th cent. in Priscian). In senses 1 and 5 apparently influenced by refractary adj., refractory adj. †1. Scottish. Stubborn, obstinate; rebellious; (also) not amenable or strongly opposed to. Cf. refractory adj. 1, 3. Obsolete. rare.Quot. 1845 at refractiveness n. also implies this sense. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > disobediently stubborn incorrigiblea1340 unchastisable1382 contumaxc1386 stubbornc1386 stoutc1410 contumacec1425 staffish?a1513 unwieldy1513 untractable1538 intractable1545 prefract?1549 incounselable1554 indocible1555 uncorrectable1562 refractorious1563 haggard1566 neck-stiff1570 uncounsellablea1578 refractary1583 contumacious1603 refractarious1609 refractory1615 unmanageable1616 immorigerous1623 refractive1623 pervicacious1633 unrectifiable1645 undocible1653 undocile1656 untractible1670 unadvisable1672 recalcitrant1797 unguidable1822 recalcitrary1861 1623 Rec. Perth Kirk Session 20 Oct. And sua the sessioun hes found him weray refractiue. 1669 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Glasgow (1905) III. 124 The counsell, not being willing to be refractive to any libertie grantit..heirtofoir. a1709 J. Nimmo Narr. (1889) 19 Kinstirie seemd not verie refractive if Park desired him to take the burthin of all thes off my hand. 2. That refracts light; causing refraction; having the power of refracting light. Also in extended use (with reference to other forms of electromagnetic radiation, sound waves, etc.) and in figurative context. doubly refractive: causing double refraction. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > refraction > [adjective] refractious1633 refractive1642 refracting1644 refringent1654 dioptric1672 refractory1788 anaclastic1796 refractile1797 prismy1799 diaclastic1883 Brewsterian1942 1642 Certaine Prophesies 2 The City shall have a Glasse, which with the helpe of an other refractive prospect, shall serve to see fifty miles. 1673 J. Flamsteed Let. 29 Sept. (1995) I. 255 The refractive aire reaches some height above our heads. a1691 R. Boyle Gen. Hist. Air (1692) 190 The air..was filled with vapours and exhalations, that made it much more refractive than formerly. 1755 Philos. Trans. 1754 (Royal Soc.) 48 552 Rays, which, by the refractive quality of the glass, are made to converge. 1854 J. Scoffern in Orr's Circle Sci., Chem. 75 Tourmaline is a doubly refractive substance. 1872 R. A. Proctor Ess. Astron. vi. 84 Its outline should be distorted if the planet has a refractive atmosphere. 1910 Anat. Rec. 4 211 The protoplasm of renal cells, muscle fibers, etc., shows usually a large number of small more or less refractive droplets (liposomes) when examined in aqueous humor. 1986 D. Nabokov tr. V. Nabokov Enchanter (1987) 113 Nabokov chose to examine the phenomena of his surroundings through the refractive lens of artistry. 2002 G. McLaren Studio Glass 25 Coldworking that involves deep invasion of the glass surface makes use of highly refractive glass, such as lead ‘crystal’. 2003 Nature 16 Jan. 198/1 The pair measured the refractive effects of Jupiter's gravitational field on the radio waves emitted by a bright, distant galaxy. 3. a. Due to or caused by refraction. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > refraction > [adjective] > caused by refraction refractive1717 1717 G. Berkeley Jrnls. Trav. Italy in Wks. (1955) VII. 328 The Refractive curve in an atmosphere of different density. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator (new ed.) IV. 313/1 Three defects—spherical aberration, chromatic aberration, and refractive aberration. 1881 W. C. Russell Ocean Free-lance I. v. 234 Little blobs of hazy film trembled upon the white refractive line about the dark waters of the horizon. 1992 Isis 83 119/1 Take specular and refractive images, for example. Whereas we view them as actual objects of study according to the classifications of ‘real’ and ‘virtual’, the ancients viewed them quite differently. b. That has undergone refraction; able to be refracted, esp. to a specified extent. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > refraction > [adjective] > capable of being refracted refrangible1672 refractable1676 refractive1812 1812 E. M. Ward Oxoniana 58 Herschel by powers of thy refractive light, Our grosser optics share supreme delight. 1833 A. Alexander Treat. Nature of Vision 82 The common glasses..never represent objects correctly, or of their natural color; but they appear crooked, and tinged with refractive rays along their outlines. 1890 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 417 Thereby it has been shown that the gelatine absorbs the most refractive rays most energetically. 1899 C. B. Davenport Exper. Morphol. ii. 440 Etiolated willow shoots, upon which..the more strongly refractive rays only act phototropically. 1925 Math. Gaz. 12 344 The pencil formed by the incident and refractive rays. 1998 B. R. Greenberg & D. Patterson Art in Chem. v. 188 We only see photographic imaging of refractive rays from these microsculptures. 4. Of or relating to the refraction of light; (Ophthalmology) relating to or involving the parts of the eye which refract light. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > ophthalmology or optometry > [adjective] > instrumental examination or measurement of eye perimetrical1852 ophthalmoscopic1857 ophthalmoscopical1867 retinoscopic1883 skiascopic1890 perimetric1899 campimetrical1901 scotometric1913 pupillometric1952 refractive1953 1727 J. Thomson To Mem. Newton 124 Ev'n now the setting sun and shifting clouds,..declare How just, how beauteous, the refractive law. 1832 Nat. Philos. (Libr. Useful Knowl.) II. Optical Instruments xvi. §110. 55 Amici's teinoscope consists of four right angular prisms, having their refractive angles different and connected by pairs. 1904 Atlanta (Georgia) Constit. 18 Dec. 6/2 A thorough refractive examination will be made. 1953 N. Bier Contact Lens Routine & Pract. iv. 58 [Temporary spasm of accommodation] may persist throughout the refractive examination. 1989 R. Waterfield Before Eureka (BNC) 27 [Newton] concluded that light was in fact composed of this spectrum of rays with different refractive properties. 2007 Ophthalmol. 114 641/1 All patients underwent a complete refractive examination before and after surgery. 5. Medicine and Biology. Resistant to infection, a parasite, etc. Usually with to. Cf. refractory adj. 4b. ΚΠ 1908 Practitioner Dec. 843 Man is peculiarly refractive, for in Glasgow there have been several stable epidemics [of glanders], and yet, since 1892, there have only been five cases. 1940 Jrnl. Parasitol. 26 158 The common ring-necked pheasant..is highly refractive to the oviduct fluke Prosthogonimus macrorchis Macy. 1962 Trans. Royal Soc. Trop. Med. & Hygiene 56 121 Culex pipiens fatigans is a robust mosquito which..is almost totally refractive to infection with either species of Brugia. 2005 Internat. Jrnl. Parasitol. 35 671/1 Rabbits are refractive to infection with B[esnoitia] tarandi, B. bennetti and B. darlingi. Compounds refractive error n. Ophthalmology error in the focusing of light by the eye on the retina; esp. myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, or astigmatism; an instance of this. ΚΠ 1865 New York Med. Jrnl. Oct. 54 There is a great tendency to exclude from the definition of asthenopia all those cases of refractive errors..not properly disturbances of the ciliary muscle. 1904 Lancet 27 Feb. 561/1 In several cases I have found that defective vision complained of has been due to refractive errors which must have existed for some long time previously. 1974 V. B. Mountcastle et al. Med. Physiol. (ed. 13) I. xiv. 452/2 Myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism is called a refractive error, or ametropia. 2001 Hosp. Doctor 15 Mar. 17/3 Let him not worry at all about how much corneal endothelium he loses in the process, whether his pupil remains round, and whether or not he has a large post operative refractive error. refractive index n. Physics the ratio of the velocity of light (or other electromagnetic radiation) in a standard medium (usually air or a vacuum) to its velocity in a specified medium, or (equivalently), the ratio between the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction of a ray of light passing from a standard medium into the specified medium; = index of refraction at index n. 10a. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > refraction > [noun] > index of refraction refractive index1820 index of refraction1829 refraction index1850 1820 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 110 71 Dr. Brewster..has stated the refractive index of this salt at 1.515. 1839 G. Bird Elements Nat. Philos. 394 The refractive indices of the different refracting structures of the eye. 1902 H. A. Miers Mineral. ii. 443 Brewster..found it [sc. a mineral] to have the low refractive index 1·2. 1954 J. F. Kirkaldy Gen. Princ. Geol. xi. 162 The Becke test is a quick method of determining whether the refractive index of a mineral is greater or less than that of balsam. 1999 J. Hecht City of Light x. 127 Graded-index fibers work differently because the refractive index varies with the distance from the center of the fiber. refractive power n. now chiefly Ophthalmology the relative ability of a substance, object, etc., to refract the light passing through it. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > refraction > [noun] > refractive power refraction1664 refractive power1665 power1738 refrangibility1774 1665 R. Hooke Micrographia 50 The greater or less refractive power of the pellucid body. 1771 Philos. Trans. 1770 (Royal Soc.) 60 131 The very great refractive power of the air in these parts. 1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics iii. xxxi. 255 Great local heats or local colds will produce great changes of refractive power, and give rise to optical phenomena of a very interesting kind. 1964 S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 14) v. 51 A lens with a focal length of half a metre will be twice as strong as one with a focal length of 1 metre: the refractive power of such a lens is therefore 2 dioptres. 2001 L. D. Bores Refractive Eye Surg. (ed. 2) v. 116/1 The refractive power of the cornea..depends on a number of factors, some of which are constant and some variable. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.1623
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