reformern.¹

Brit.

/rᵻˈfɔːmə/, U.S.

/rəˈfɔrmər/,

/riˈfɔrmər/

Forms: see reform v.¹ and -er suffix¹.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; perhaps partly modelled on a Latin lexical item. Etymons: reform v.¹, -er suffix¹.

Etymology: < reform v.¹ + -er suffix¹, perhaps partly after classical Latin reformātor reformator n. Compare Anglo-Norman reformer champion (of a cause), person who sets wrongs right (a1412 or earlier), Middle French reformeur, refourmeur person who re-establishes or restores something (second half of the 14th cent.; earlier in sense ‘magistrate officially appointed to criticize abuses of the law’ (first half of the 14th cent. in two apparently isolated attestations)), leader of the Protestant Reformation (1589).In sense 5 originally rendering Italian censore censor n.

1. A person who reforms the conduct or behaviour of another. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > virtue > righteousness or rectitude > reform, amendment, or correction > [noun] > one who reforms another

reformerc1454

reclaimer1741

reclaimant1778

c1454 R. Pecock Folewer to Donet 10 (MED) Prechouris..leten hem silf in pulpit to be reulers and reformers and enformers of worþi peple.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. EEiii^v I shulde accompt it amonge my great lucres and vauntages..to be reproued or correct of my reformer or mender.

1563 N. Winȝet Certain Tractates (1888) I. 82/12 Quha wald be haldin mair haly than thai war, and thareby makis thame reformearis of wtheris, suld be eschameit of thare parte.

1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. Math. Præf. sig. biiij That any..Sober Student..will..become a Reasonable Reformer, of three Sortes of people: about these Influentiall Operations, greatly erring from the truth.

1650 E. Davies Before Lords Second Coming A2 The holy Ghost endeavoured to be enslaved..by them stiled Our Reformers and Deliverancers.

1736 I. Watts Redeemer & Sanctifier ii. 62 A Teacher of Holiness, and a Reformer of Mankind.

1869 J. R. Lowell Under Willows 348 God's passionless reformers, influences, That purify and heal and are not seen.

1870 Echo 12 Nov. Every thief his own maintainer, every prisoner his own reformer.

2003 Houston (Texas) Chron. (Nexis) 17 Aug. 4 My would-be reformer was a first-grade teacher in Angelina County—Mrs. Henry, a tailored matron in sensible shoes.

2. A person who brings about or introduces reform in a state of affairs, practice, or sphere of activity; an advocate of reform, (in later use) esp. on the basis of humanitarian social concern.penal, sanitary, spelling reformer, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > amending > [noun] > reform > one who

reformera1500

reformalist1611

a1500 in R. L. Greene Early Eng. Carols (1935) 28 (MED) Jesu Christ in Trinite..is reformer of owr reste, Lovyng peace and charite.

1548 T. Cooper Bibliotheca Eliotæ (rev. ed.) Reformator, a reformer, he that bryngeth to a new or better facion.

1553 tr. S. Gardiner De Vera Obed. To Rdr. sig. B iij God hath appointed them..to be priuate persons, and not refourmers of common causes.

1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iv. xxxiii. 155 Solon beyng..chosen for the general reformer of their lawes.

1660 R. Coke Justice Vindicated 16 These are the glorious Reformers of our Church and State.

1710 J. Swift Medit. Broom-stick 7 He sets up to be an universal Reformer and Corrector of Abuses.

1767 B. Gooch Pract. Treat. Wounds I. 447 (note) Ambroise Paré was a great Reformer of Surgery.

1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall V. l. 222 The elders of the city..affected to despise the presumption of..the reformer of his country.

1839 J. R. McCulloch Statist. Acct. Brit. Empire (ed. 2) II. v. iv. 482 The plan..advocated by the early reformers of prison discipline.

1841 I. D'Israeli Amenities Lit. II. 112 The great reformer of our poetry..was the poetic Earl of Surrey.

1853 F. D. Maurice Prophets & Kings Old Test. xxii. 381 Have we yet to learn that a great teacher or reformer..does that which swords cannot do..?

1910 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 24 431 The ideal of the radical land reformer of the pre-Civil War period has the imprint of the American primitive, isolated-farmhouse type of association.

1965 New Statesman 7 May 724/2 In spite of his achievements as a social reformer, he became a symbol of black reaction to organised labour.

1988 F. Spalding Stevie Smith i. 3 A generation of reformers had effected improvements in all spheres of life.

2002 A. Feenberg Transforming Technol. (rev. ed.) v. 122 Whether technology is about to deskill the professoriate is less important than the fact that this idea occupies a key place in the imagination of many educational reformers.

3. A follower of a reformed religion.

a. A leader or supporter of the Reformation.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Reformation > [noun] > person

reformator?a1439

reformitor1537

reformer1561

reformatist1593

reformist1593

1561 N. Winȝet Cert. Tractates i, in Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 12 Sum for saying only to our ruid reformearis..hes libertie to bruke the kirk rentis.

1563 N. Winȝet Cert. Tractates i, in Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 83 Of the ceremonies among the new reformaris.

1593 R. Bancroft Daungerous Positions Table of Contents sig. A2^v How the Geneuian Doctrine, or principle for Reformation, hath beene amplified, by certaine pretended Reformers in Scotland.

1616 A. Champney Treat. Vocation Bishops 29 The question between the Catholike Roman Church, and the pretended Reformers.

1651 R. Baxter Plain Script. Proof Infants Church-membership & Baptism 158 He might have found these godly Reformers..to be Ribalds, Buggerers, Sorcerers.

1714 J. Swift Some Free Thoughts upon Present State Affairs (1741) 30 I think Luther and Calvin seem to have differed as much as any two among the Reformers.

1796 T. Green Diary Lover of Lit. (1810) 14 I should have conducted myself just as he did, towards the pope and the reformers.

1839 T. Keightley Hist. Eng. II. 28 Fourteen Dutch reformers, who had taken refuge in England.

1880 A. C. Swinburne Study of Shakespeare 304 The struggle of episcopalian with Calvinistic reformers.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 763/2 An old beech called ‘Luther's tree’, which tradition connected with the reformer, was blown down in 1841, and a small monument now stands in its place.

1991 Jrnl. Theol. Stud. 42 96 Certain reformers of the sixteenth century saw an inherent threat posed to Christian disinterestedness by the theology of rewards and punishments.

b. Chiefly U.S. A member of a Protestant denomination which is a reformed branch of an existing one, esp. a Campbellite Baptist. Cf. reformed adj.¹ 2c. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Baptists > sects and groups > [noun] > Campbellite

reformer1798

Campbellite1830

Disciples of Christ1832

1798 J. Sinclair Statist. Acct. Scotl. XX. 134 In the village of Millnathort there are no fewer than 4 places of worship, viz. the Establishment, the Antiburghers, Burghers, and Reformers, commonly called Cameronians.

1830 Adams Sentinel (Gettysburg, Pa.) 5 May The seceders or reformers of this Christian body [sc. the Methodist Church] are about organizing themselves into a new association.

1831 J. M. Peck Guide for Emigrants 258 The Reformers, or Methodist Protestant church, have several societies and preachers in the State [of Illinois].

1834 J. M. Peck Gazetteer Illinois i. 91 The Cambellites, or ‘Reformers’..have several traveling, and a number of stationary preachers.

1871 E. Eggleston Hoosier School-master xii. 101 Squire Hawkins..had become a member of the ‘Reformers’..who now call themselves ‘Disciples’, but whom the profane will persist in calling ‘Campbellites’.

1931 W. W. Sweet Relig. on Amer. Front I. ii. 26 Besides the Campbell followers, who were known as Reformers, there were several thousand anti-mission Baptists in Kentucky.

2005 J. Sparks Raccoon John Smith ix. 363 The Disciple leader had mellowed so much since the days in which he had polarized Reformers and Baptists in the old Christian Baptist.

c. Usually with capital initial. An advocate or adherent of the Reform movement in Judaism; a Reform Jew. Now chiefly U.S. or historical.In quot. 1823 a person who introduces any of various reforms into Judaism.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Judaism > [noun] > Reform Judaism > person

reformer1823

Reform Jew1843

1823 R. Adam Relig. World Displayed (rev. ed.) II. iii. 329 The Reformers seem to have had an eye more to the decency, or imposition of appearance, in public worship, than to the radical essence of Judaism.

1843 Voice of Jacob 27 Oct. 21/2 The Anti-reform party..seriously proposes to counteract the..‘reformers’ in an honourable manner.

1870 N.Y. Times 3 Apr. 3/3 The tenets of Mr. Lewin represent the most advanced opinions of the Reform School, and are therefore shared in full by a minority only of the Reformers themselves.

1892 I. Zangwill Children of Ghetto III. ii. iv. 39 ‘By worshipping bare-headed, and by seating the sexes together, they have defiled Judaism.’ ‘Stop..who told you the Reformers do this?’

1908 Biblical World Aug. 145 From the utterances of the reformers these men would learn that reform Judaism aims to realize the highest religious concepts of the prophets and later Jewish sages.

1976 B. Williams Making Manch. Jewry iv. 105 To Reformers the future of Judaism..appeared to depend upon..a degree of accommodation to the values of the surrounding milieu.

1993 A. J. Reines in K. M. Olitzky et al. When your Jewish Child asks Why 191 A Reformer has the right to understand the word ‘God’ in whichever way s/he believes true.

4. An advocate or supporter of constitutional or parliamentary reform, or reform of the political and administrative system; esp. (frequently with capital initial) a campaigner for constitutional and electoral reform in mid 19th-cent. Britain (now historical).radical reformer: see radical adj. and n. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > British politics > [noun] > specific principles or policies > supporters of

reformist1641

reformer1648

engager1650

All the Virtues1816

Manchester school1846

fair trader1881

Manchestrist1882

Little Englander1889

Manchesterian1897

tariff-reformer1903

Little Englander Liberal1909

Poplarist1925

marketeer1962

Eurosceptic1978

1648 (title) A reflex upon our reformers, with a prayer for the parliament.

a1683 P. Warwick Mem. Reign Charles I (1701) 369 We may perceive how sacred the privileges were unto these sincere Reformers, who had murdered their King, and made a bloody warr upon their fellow-subjects, upon pretence of asserting the liberty of the Subject and the priviledges of Parliament.

1780 G. Selwyn in 15th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. Manuscripts App. vi. 443 in Parl. Papers 1897 (C. 8551) LI. 1 My best and ablest friends here are dead; their survivors supine and superannuated; their connections new Whiggs and Reformers, and Associators.

1785 W. Pitt Speech 18 Apr. in Hansard Parl. Hist. (1815) XXV. 435/1 Such a House of Commons it was the wish of every reformer now to establish.

1817 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 8 Feb. 169/1 How do you trace that riot to the Reformers?

1832 B. Disraeli Let. 22 Feb. (1982) I. 228 I am still a Reformer, but shall destroy the foreign policy of the Grey faction.

1868 Daily News 8 Nov. In Birmingham, of all places, he cannot be required to stand on his defence as a Reformer.

1909 M. Epstein tr. W. Sombart Socialism & Social Movement ii. iii. 217 All authoritative Revisionists, Opportunists, Reformers..stand firm for the class war, and..desire the total abolition of the capitalist system, and not merely its reformation.

1975 J. P. Morgan House of Lords & Labour Govt. viii. 217 The reformers themselves therefore argued that the announcement should be made immediately, and the Lords' reform, including any mention of a snap Bill, indefinitely deferred.

1995 Jrnl. Brit. Stud. 34 542 These three books..examine politics and class in nineteenth-century England, addressing the current concern with a fundamental political division into reformers and antireformers.

2001 Village Voice (N.Y.) 27 Nov. 28/1 ‘I'm very proud to be the machine's candidate,’ he says in a year when term limits made room in the system for outsiders and reformers.

5. A reviser of a text; an editor. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > literary and textual criticism > textual criticism > [noun] > critical revision of text > one who

supervisor1592

overseer1597

revisor1598

reviser1604

recognizer1608

reformeress1611

reviewer1611

new-modeller1649

reformer1656

diaskeuast1822

recensor1827

recensionist1849

rewriter1854

1656 Earl of Monmouth tr. T. Boccalini Ragguagli di Parnasso i. xxviii. 45 Apollo..received the Poem, and..gave it to the Reformer [It. censore] of the Library..that it might be renewed.

1767 R. Farmer Ess. on Learning of Shakespeare 49 Nothing but an intimate acquaintance with the Writers of the time..can point out his [sc. Shakespeare's] allusions, and ascertain his Phraseology. The Reformers of his Text are for ever equally positive, equally wrong.

1837 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe I. viii. 578 This reformer of Boiardo [sc. Domenichi] did not alter the text nearly so much as Berni.

1843 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 13 62 Professor Christopher August Brandis, the critical reformer of the text of Aristotle's Philosophical Works.

1993 H. Love Scribal Publ. in 17th-cent. Eng. 321 David M. Vieth—the great reformer of the text and canon of Rochester.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	reformer
释义	reformern.¹ Brit. /rᵻˈfɔːmə/, U.S. /rəˈfɔrmər/, /riˈfɔrmər/ Forms: see reform v.¹ and -er suffix¹. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; perhaps partly modelled on a Latin lexical item. Etymons: reform v.¹, -er suffix¹. Etymology: < reform v.¹ + -er suffix¹, perhaps partly after classical Latin reformātor reformator n. Compare Anglo-Norman reformer champion (of a cause), person who sets wrongs right (a1412 or earlier), Middle French reformeur, refourmeur person who re-establishes or restores something (second half of the 14th cent.; earlier in sense ‘magistrate officially appointed to criticize abuses of the law’ (first half of the 14th cent. in two apparently isolated attestations)), leader of the Protestant Reformation (1589).In sense 5 originally rendering Italian censore censor n. 1. A person who reforms the conduct or behaviour of another. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > morality > virtue > righteousness or rectitude > reform, amendment, or correction > [noun] > one who reforms another reformerc1454 reclaimer1741 reclaimant1778 c1454 R. Pecock Folewer to Donet 10 (MED) Prechouris..leten hem silf in pulpit to be reulers and reformers and enformers of worþi peple. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. EEiii^v I shulde accompt it amonge my great lucres and vauntages..to be reproued or correct of my reformer or mender. 1563 N. Winȝet Certain Tractates (1888) I. 82/12 Quha wald be haldin mair haly than thai war, and thareby makis thame reformearis of wtheris, suld be eschameit of thare parte. 1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. Math. Præf. sig. biiij That any..Sober Student..will..become a Reasonable Reformer, of three Sortes of people: about these Influentiall Operations, greatly erring from the truth. 1650 E. Davies Before Lords Second Coming A2 The holy Ghost endeavoured to be enslaved..by them stiled Our Reformers and Deliverancers. 1736 I. Watts Redeemer & Sanctifier ii. 62 A Teacher of Holiness, and a Reformer of Mankind. 1869 J. R. Lowell Under Willows 348 God's passionless reformers, influences, That purify and heal and are not seen. 1870 Echo 12 Nov. Every thief his own maintainer, every prisoner his own reformer. 2003 Houston (Texas) Chron. (Nexis) 17 Aug. 4 My would-be reformer was a first-grade teacher in Angelina County—Mrs. Henry, a tailored matron in sensible shoes. 2. A person who brings about or introduces reform in a state of affairs, practice, or sphere of activity; an advocate of reform, (in later use) esp. on the basis of humanitarian social concern.penal, sanitary, spelling reformer, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > amending > [noun] > reform > one who reformera1500 reformalist1611 a1500 in R. L. Greene Early Eng. Carols (1935) 28 (MED) Jesu Christ in Trinite..is reformer of owr reste, Lovyng peace and charite. 1548 T. Cooper Bibliotheca Eliotæ (rev. ed.) Reformator, a reformer, he that bryngeth to a new or better facion. 1553 tr. S. Gardiner De Vera Obed. To Rdr. sig. B iij God hath appointed them..to be priuate persons, and not refourmers of common causes. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iv. xxxiii. 155 Solon beyng..chosen for the general reformer of their lawes. 1660 R. Coke Justice Vindicated 16 These are the glorious Reformers of our Church and State. 1710 J. Swift Medit. Broom-stick 7 He sets up to be an universal Reformer and Corrector of Abuses. 1767 B. Gooch Pract. Treat. Wounds I. 447 (note) Ambroise Paré was a great Reformer of Surgery. 1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall V. l. 222 The elders of the city..affected to despise the presumption of..the reformer of his country. 1839 J. R. McCulloch Statist. Acct. Brit. Empire (ed. 2) II. v. iv. 482 The plan..advocated by the early reformers of prison discipline. 1841 I. D'Israeli Amenities Lit. II. 112 The great reformer of our poetry..was the poetic Earl of Surrey. 1853 F. D. Maurice Prophets & Kings Old Test. xxii. 381 Have we yet to learn that a great teacher or reformer..does that which swords cannot do..? 1910 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 24 431 The ideal of the radical land reformer of the pre-Civil War period has the imprint of the American primitive, isolated-farmhouse type of association. 1965 New Statesman 7 May 724/2 In spite of his achievements as a social reformer, he became a symbol of black reaction to organised labour. 1988 F. Spalding Stevie Smith i. 3 A generation of reformers had effected improvements in all spheres of life. 2002 A. Feenberg Transforming Technol. (rev. ed.) v. 122 Whether technology is about to deskill the professoriate is less important than the fact that this idea occupies a key place in the imagination of many educational reformers. 3. A follower of a reformed religion. a. A leader or supporter of the Reformation. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Reformation > [noun] > person reformator?a1439 reformitor1537 reformer1561 reformatist1593 reformist1593 1561 N. Winȝet Cert. Tractates i, in Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 12 Sum for saying only to our ruid reformearis..hes libertie to bruke the kirk rentis. 1563 N. Winȝet Cert. Tractates i, in Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 83 Of the ceremonies among the new reformaris. 1593 R. Bancroft Daungerous Positions Table of Contents sig. A2^v How the Geneuian Doctrine, or principle for Reformation, hath beene amplified, by certaine pretended Reformers in Scotland. 1616 A. Champney Treat. Vocation Bishops 29 The question between the Catholike Roman Church, and the pretended Reformers. 1651 R. Baxter Plain Script. Proof Infants Church-membership & Baptism 158 He might have found these godly Reformers..to be Ribalds, Buggerers, Sorcerers. 1714 J. Swift Some Free Thoughts upon Present State Affairs (1741) 30 I think Luther and Calvin seem to have differed as much as any two among the Reformers. 1796 T. Green Diary Lover of Lit. (1810) 14 I should have conducted myself just as he did, towards the pope and the reformers. 1839 T. Keightley Hist. Eng. II. 28 Fourteen Dutch reformers, who had taken refuge in England. 1880 A. C. Swinburne Study of Shakespeare 304 The struggle of episcopalian with Calvinistic reformers. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 763/2 An old beech called ‘Luther's tree’, which tradition connected with the reformer, was blown down in 1841, and a small monument now stands in its place. 1991 Jrnl. Theol. Stud. 42 96 Certain reformers of the sixteenth century saw an inherent threat posed to Christian disinterestedness by the theology of rewards and punishments. b. Chiefly U.S. A member of a Protestant denomination which is a reformed branch of an existing one, esp. a Campbellite Baptist. Cf. reformed adj.¹ 2c. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Baptists > sects and groups > [noun] > Campbellite reformer1798 Campbellite1830 Disciples of Christ1832 1798 J. Sinclair Statist. Acct. Scotl. XX. 134 In the village of Millnathort there are no fewer than 4 places of worship, viz. the Establishment, the Antiburghers, Burghers, and Reformers, commonly called Cameronians. 1830 Adams Sentinel (Gettysburg, Pa.) 5 May The seceders or reformers of this Christian body [sc. the Methodist Church] are about organizing themselves into a new association. 1831 J. M. Peck Guide for Emigrants 258 The Reformers, or Methodist Protestant church, have several societies and preachers in the State [of Illinois]. 1834 J. M. Peck Gazetteer Illinois i. 91 The Cambellites, or ‘Reformers’..have several traveling, and a number of stationary preachers. 1871 E. Eggleston Hoosier School-master xii. 101 Squire Hawkins..had become a member of the ‘Reformers’..who now call themselves ‘Disciples’, but whom the profane will persist in calling ‘Campbellites’. 1931 W. W. Sweet Relig. on Amer. Front I. ii. 26 Besides the Campbell followers, who were known as Reformers, there were several thousand anti-mission Baptists in Kentucky. 2005 J. Sparks Raccoon John Smith ix. 363 The Disciple leader had mellowed so much since the days in which he had polarized Reformers and Baptists in the old Christian Baptist. c. Usually with capital initial. An advocate or adherent of the Reform movement in Judaism; a Reform Jew. Now chiefly U.S. or historical.In quot. 1823 a person who introduces any of various reforms into Judaism. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Judaism > [noun] > Reform Judaism > person reformer1823 Reform Jew1843 1823 R. Adam Relig. World Displayed (rev. ed.) II. iii. 329 The Reformers seem to have had an eye more to the decency, or imposition of appearance, in public worship, than to the radical essence of Judaism. 1843 Voice of Jacob 27 Oct. 21/2 The Anti-reform party..seriously proposes to counteract the..‘reformers’ in an honourable manner. 1870 N.Y. Times 3 Apr. 3/3 The tenets of Mr. Lewin represent the most advanced opinions of the Reform School, and are therefore shared in full by a minority only of the Reformers themselves. 1892 I. Zangwill Children of Ghetto III. ii. iv. 39 ‘By worshipping bare-headed, and by seating the sexes together, they have defiled Judaism.’ ‘Stop..who told you the Reformers do this?’ 1908 Biblical World Aug. 145 From the utterances of the reformers these men would learn that reform Judaism aims to realize the highest religious concepts of the prophets and later Jewish sages. 1976 B. Williams Making Manch. Jewry iv. 105 To Reformers the future of Judaism..appeared to depend upon..a degree of accommodation to the values of the surrounding milieu. 1993 A. J. Reines in K. M. Olitzky et al. When your Jewish Child asks Why 191 A Reformer has the right to understand the word ‘God’ in whichever way s/he believes true. 4. An advocate or supporter of constitutional or parliamentary reform, or reform of the political and administrative system; esp. (frequently with capital initial) a campaigner for constitutional and electoral reform in mid 19th-cent. Britain (now historical).radical reformer: see radical adj. and n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > British politics > [noun] > specific principles or policies > supporters of reformist1641 reformer1648 engager1650 All the Virtues1816 Manchester school1846 fair trader1881 Manchestrist1882 Little Englander1889 Manchesterian1897 tariff-reformer1903 Little Englander Liberal1909 Poplarist1925 marketeer1962 Eurosceptic1978 1648 (title) A reflex upon our reformers, with a prayer for the parliament. a1683 P. Warwick Mem. Reign Charles I (1701) 369 We may perceive how sacred the privileges were unto these sincere Reformers, who had murdered their King, and made a bloody warr upon their fellow-subjects, upon pretence of asserting the liberty of the Subject and the priviledges of Parliament. 1780 G. Selwyn in 15th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. Manuscripts App. vi. 443 in Parl. Papers 1897 (C. 8551) LI. 1 My best and ablest friends here are dead; their survivors supine and superannuated; their connections new Whiggs and Reformers, and Associators. 1785 W. Pitt Speech 18 Apr. in Hansard Parl. Hist. (1815) XXV. 435/1 Such a House of Commons it was the wish of every reformer now to establish. 1817 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 8 Feb. 169/1 How do you trace that riot to the Reformers? 1832 B. Disraeli Let. 22 Feb. (1982) I. 228 I am still a Reformer, but shall destroy the foreign policy of the Grey faction. 1868 Daily News 8 Nov. In Birmingham, of all places, he cannot be required to stand on his defence as a Reformer. 1909 M. Epstein tr. W. Sombart Socialism & Social Movement ii. iii. 217 All authoritative Revisionists, Opportunists, Reformers..stand firm for the class war, and..desire the total abolition of the capitalist system, and not merely its reformation. 1975 J. P. Morgan House of Lords & Labour Govt. viii. 217 The reformers themselves therefore argued that the announcement should be made immediately, and the Lords' reform, including any mention of a snap Bill, indefinitely deferred. 1995 Jrnl. Brit. Stud. 34 542 These three books..examine politics and class in nineteenth-century England, addressing the current concern with a fundamental political division into reformers and antireformers. 2001 Village Voice (N.Y.) 27 Nov. 28/1 ‘I'm very proud to be the machine's candidate,’ he says in a year when term limits made room in the system for outsiders and reformers. 5. A reviser of a text; an editor. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > literary and textual criticism > textual criticism > [noun] > critical revision of text > one who supervisor1592 overseer1597 revisor1598 reviser1604 recognizer1608 reformeress1611 reviewer1611 new-modeller1649 reformer1656 diaskeuast1822 recensor1827 recensionist1849 rewriter1854 1656 Earl of Monmouth tr. T. Boccalini Ragguagli di Parnasso i. xxviii. 45 Apollo..received the Poem, and..gave it to the Reformer [It. censore] of the Library..that it might be renewed. 1767 R. Farmer Ess. on Learning of Shakespeare 49 Nothing but an intimate acquaintance with the Writers of the time..can point out his [sc. Shakespeare's] allusions, and ascertain his Phraseology. The Reformers of his Text are for ever equally positive, equally wrong. 1837 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe I. viii. 578 This reformer of Boiardo [sc. Domenichi] did not alter the text nearly so much as Berni. 1843 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 13 62 Professor Christopher August Brandis, the critical reformer of the text of Aristotle's Philosophical Works. 1993 H. Love Scribal Publ. in 17th-cent. Eng. 321 David M. Vieth—the great reformer of the text and canon of Rochester. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). > see also also refers to : re-formern.² < n.¹c1454 see also
随便看	semi-island semi-islet semi-jesuit semi-jubilee semi-judaizer semi-juridical semi-lanceolate semi-lapidified semi-latent semi-legal semi-legendary semi-legitimate semi-lens semi-lenticular semi-lethal semi-liberal semi-lichen semi-liquid semi-literate semi-log semi-logarithmic semi-logarithmically semi-logical semi-looper semi-lozengy

reformern.1

> see also

reformern.¹