Red Guardn.

Brit.

/rɛd ˈɡɑːd/, U.S.

/ˌrɛd ˈɡɑrd/

Forms: also rarely with lower-case initial(s).

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: red adj., guard n.

Etymology: < red adj. + guard n. In sense 2a after Finnish Punakaarti, the name of the organization (1905; < puna red + kaarti (plural) guards). In sense 2b after Russian Krasnaja Gvardija (1917; < krasnaja , feminine of krasnyj red + gvardija guard). In sense 2c after Chinese hóngwèibīng (1966; < hóng red + wèibīng guard, lit. ‘guard-soldier’); compare quot. 1966 at sense 2cCompare the following, referring to the red uniforms commonly worn by representatives of the state in countries of Western Europe (in quot. 1819, and in a number of other examples, punning on blackguard n.):1704 T. Brown tr. C. García France & Spain naturally Enemies 42 What with the Black Guard of the Church, and the Red Guard of the State; we have abundance of Eleemosynary Vermine that haunt our House.1819 Times 9 Dec. 3/4 He [sc. the monarch] would not be able to subvert the liberties of England with all his red guards and his blackguards to boot. (Loud laughter.).

1. (A member of) any of several radical or socialist groups. Also in extended use.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > politics in India and Far East > [noun] > Chinese politics > specific association or member of

Red Guard1849

society > authority > rule or government > politics > party politics > groups or attitudes right to left > [noun] > the left > adherent(s) of

Red Guard1849

red1851

leftist1890

left winger1894

lefty1920

Red Fed1970

1849 Dublin Univ. Mag. Feb. 269/1 Sentinels of the red guard were accordingly posted at the door, and no one was admitted without a password.

1871 Daily News 28 Mar. 5/5 The Red Guards are everywhere, but being masters of Paris.., they are quite kind and gentle in their manners.

1909 Every Where June 203 It would be the Red Guards, surely, singing sea-rover songs in the courtyard of the fat, merry monarch.

1966 Observer 25 Sept. 1 In his winding-up speech to the Liberal Assembly..Mr Grimond yesterday hit back at the party's youthful ‘Red Guard’.

1966 Time 4 Nov. 35 Japan's Red Guards are members of the Socialist opposition—aided by Communists and the Komeito (Clean Government Party).

1968 Listener 10 Oct. 482/2 A young Red Guard of British music recently expressed to me his concern about form in pop music.

1970 Guardian 8 Apr. 12/3 India's most turbulent politician, Jyoti Basu, was addressing maybe 100,000 Marxists... He was surrounded by his own Red Guards; tough, supple, and enormously well-disciplined young men.

2007 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 29 Nov. 31 I realised that punk's Red Guards weren't going to arrest me for listening to Led Zeppelin.

2. spec. (now chiefly historical).

a. A member of the paramilitary group of Russian soldiers and Finnish communist sympathizers who seized power in Finland in 1918; the group itself.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > member of specific paramilitary group > [noun] > in Finland

Red Guard1906

White Guard1921

society > armed hostility > armed forces > the Army > [noun] > militia or citizen army > specific

pospolite1697

landwehr1815

armatole1821

Reichswehr1876

Red Guard1906

White Guard1906

Basij1982

1906 Times 4 Aug. 5/1 The Sveaborg mutiny was prepared a long time beforehand by agitators belonging to the advanced group of the Russian Social Democrats, who also negotiated with the Finnish Red Guard to support the movement.

1922 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 74/1 Whole trainloads of revolutionary soldateska arrived from Petrograd... They entered the so-called Finnish ‘Red Guards’, and ransacked the country. The reactionaries..organized the ‘White Guards’.

1956 A. G. Mazour Finland between East & West iii. 43 In this manner there came into being the so-called Red Guard.

1992 Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 6 Dec. The Finnish civil guard, under the command of Gen. Carl Gustaf Mannerheim,..tried to expel the Russian troops, who were supported by the Finnish Red Guard.

b. A member of one of the organized detachments of workers during the Russian Bolshevik revolution of 1917; these units regarded collectively.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > member of specific paramilitary group > [noun] > in Russia

White Guard1906

Red Guard1917

1917 Times 12 Nov. 8/5 In Moscow, the ‘Red Guard’ was defeated.

1917 Times 13 Dec. 8/5 The fighting at Tamarovka seems to have been between detachments of shock battalions..and local troops, with sailors, ‘Red Guards’, infantry, and armoured cars.

1943 E. M. Almedingen Frossia x. 407 At the corner of Sredny a red guard picket awaited them.

1957 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 710/2 Definitely expecting a crushing defeat of Trotsky's Red guards, the committee of public defense gave orders to the cadets of the military schools to arrest the military revolutionary committee.

1961 Everyman's Conc. Encycl. Russia 388 Kerenskiy's Provisional Government..was overthrown..with the aid of the Red Guards.

1977 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 9 June 46/3 The role of the Petrograd Red Guard in the October seizure of power has been greatly exaggerated.

2008 Agence France Presse (Nexis) 23 Feb. Brandishing red flags, the protesters carried portraits of former Soviet leader Joseph Stalin..during the rally organised to mark the 90th anniversary of the Russian revolution's Red Guard fighters.

c. In China: (a) a name given to any of the armed units of rural people in China during the Second Revolutionary Civil War (1927–37); (b) a militant youth movement in the People's Republic of China which carried out attacks on intellectuals and other disfavoured groups as part of Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution (1966–76); (c) a member of either of these groups.

ΚΠ

1954 tr. Mao Zedong Sel. Wks. I. 97 Eighty revolutionary peasants followed our men to the Chingkang mountains and were organised as the Wanan Red Guards [Chinese chì wèi duì].

1966 Economist 27 Aug. 813/1 The rioters were clearly identified as a new youth group of secondary school and university student activists called the Red Guard. The Red Guard made its first appearance at the monster rally on August 18th, when the students were publicly congratulated for their revolutionary zeal by Mao Tse-tung.

1967 Listener 19 Jan. 80 The Red Guards damaged a number of temples and old buildings, destroyed old books.

1971 T. W. Robinson Cultural Revol. China p. vii The Red Guard phase of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution began in the late summer of 1966.

1977 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 12 May 22/3 To purge the party bureaucrats Mao mobilized these adolescents as Red Guards, but millions of them later had to be dispersed to the countryside.

1991 J. Chang Wild Swans (1993) xvii. 395 Every now and then there were announcements of ‘victories’ achieved by Red Guards: they had raided more homes of ‘class enemies’ and ‘smashed their dog's heads’.

Derivatives

Red ˈGuardism n.

ΚΠ

1927 Times 26 July 11/1 We have always set our faces like flint against red guardism and violence as political methods.

1967 N.Y. Times 5 Mar. 2 By November last year Red Guardism was in full cry, and zealous youths were swarming across China..holding aloft little red books containing quotations from Mr. Mao.

1998 A. Lawrance China under Communism vii. 84 In spite of the brouhaha of Red Guardism..it is not easy to see how China was threatening its neighbours at that time.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	red guard
释义	Red Guardn. Brit. /rɛd ˈɡɑːd/, U.S. /ˌrɛd ˈɡɑrd/ Forms: also rarely with lower-case initial(s). Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: red adj., guard n. Etymology: < red adj. + guard n. In sense 2a after Finnish Punakaarti, the name of the organization (1905; < puna red + kaarti (plural) guards). In sense 2b after Russian Krasnaja Gvardija (1917; < krasnaja , feminine of krasnyj red + gvardija guard). In sense 2c after Chinese hóngwèibīng (1966; < hóng red + wèibīng guard, lit. ‘guard-soldier’); compare quot. 1966 at sense 2cCompare the following, referring to the red uniforms commonly worn by representatives of the state in countries of Western Europe (in quot. 1819, and in a number of other examples, punning on blackguard n.):1704 T. Brown tr. C. García France & Spain naturally Enemies 42 What with the Black Guard of the Church, and the Red Guard of the State; we have abundance of Eleemosynary Vermine that haunt our House.1819 Times 9 Dec. 3/4 He [sc. the monarch] would not be able to subvert the liberties of England with all his red guards and his blackguards to boot. (Loud laughter.). 1. (A member of) any of several radical or socialist groups. Also in extended use. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > politics in India and Far East > [noun] > Chinese politics > specific association or member of Red Guard1849 society > authority > rule or government > politics > party politics > groups or attitudes right to left > [noun] > the left > adherent(s) of Red Guard1849 red1851 leftist1890 left winger1894 lefty1920 Red Fed1970 1849 Dublin Univ. Mag. Feb. 269/1 Sentinels of the red guard were accordingly posted at the door, and no one was admitted without a password. 1871 Daily News 28 Mar. 5/5 The Red Guards are everywhere, but being masters of Paris.., they are quite kind and gentle in their manners. 1909 Every Where June 203 It would be the Red Guards, surely, singing sea-rover songs in the courtyard of the fat, merry monarch. 1966 Observer 25 Sept. 1 In his winding-up speech to the Liberal Assembly..Mr Grimond yesterday hit back at the party's youthful ‘Red Guard’. 1966 Time 4 Nov. 35 Japan's Red Guards are members of the Socialist opposition—aided by Communists and the Komeito (Clean Government Party). 1968 Listener 10 Oct. 482/2 A young Red Guard of British music recently expressed to me his concern about form in pop music. 1970 Guardian 8 Apr. 12/3 India's most turbulent politician, Jyoti Basu, was addressing maybe 100,000 Marxists... He was surrounded by his own Red Guards; tough, supple, and enormously well-disciplined young men. 2007 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 29 Nov. 31 I realised that punk's Red Guards weren't going to arrest me for listening to Led Zeppelin. 2. spec. (now chiefly historical). a. A member of the paramilitary group of Russian soldiers and Finnish communist sympathizers who seized power in Finland in 1918; the group itself. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > member of specific paramilitary group > [noun] > in Finland Red Guard1906 White Guard1921 society > armed hostility > armed forces > the Army > [noun] > militia or citizen army > specific pospolite1697 landwehr1815 armatole1821 Reichswehr1876 Red Guard1906 White Guard1906 Basij1982 1906 Times 4 Aug. 5/1 The Sveaborg mutiny was prepared a long time beforehand by agitators belonging to the advanced group of the Russian Social Democrats, who also negotiated with the Finnish Red Guard to support the movement. 1922 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 74/1 Whole trainloads of revolutionary soldateska arrived from Petrograd... They entered the so-called Finnish ‘Red Guards’, and ransacked the country. The reactionaries..organized the ‘White Guards’. 1956 A. G. Mazour Finland between East & West iii. 43 In this manner there came into being the so-called Red Guard. 1992 Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 6 Dec. The Finnish civil guard, under the command of Gen. Carl Gustaf Mannerheim,..tried to expel the Russian troops, who were supported by the Finnish Red Guard. b. A member of one of the organized detachments of workers during the Russian Bolshevik revolution of 1917; these units regarded collectively. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > member of specific paramilitary group > [noun] > in Russia White Guard1906 Red Guard1917 1917 Times 12 Nov. 8/5 In Moscow, the ‘Red Guard’ was defeated. 1917 Times 13 Dec. 8/5 The fighting at Tamarovka seems to have been between detachments of shock battalions..and local troops, with sailors, ‘Red Guards’, infantry, and armoured cars. 1943 E. M. Almedingen Frossia x. 407 At the corner of Sredny a red guard picket awaited them. 1957 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 710/2 Definitely expecting a crushing defeat of Trotsky's Red guards, the committee of public defense gave orders to the cadets of the military schools to arrest the military revolutionary committee. 1961 Everyman's Conc. Encycl. Russia 388 Kerenskiy's Provisional Government..was overthrown..with the aid of the Red Guards. 1977 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 9 June 46/3 The role of the Petrograd Red Guard in the October seizure of power has been greatly exaggerated. 2008 Agence France Presse (Nexis) 23 Feb. Brandishing red flags, the protesters carried portraits of former Soviet leader Joseph Stalin..during the rally organised to mark the 90th anniversary of the Russian revolution's Red Guard fighters. c. In China: (a) a name given to any of the armed units of rural people in China during the Second Revolutionary Civil War (1927–37); (b) a militant youth movement in the People's Republic of China which carried out attacks on intellectuals and other disfavoured groups as part of Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution (1966–76); (c) a member of either of these groups. ΚΠ 1954 tr. Mao Zedong Sel. Wks. I. 97 Eighty revolutionary peasants followed our men to the Chingkang mountains and were organised as the Wanan Red Guards [Chinese chì wèi duì]. 1966 Economist 27 Aug. 813/1 The rioters were clearly identified as a new youth group of secondary school and university student activists called the Red Guard. The Red Guard made its first appearance at the monster rally on August 18th, when the students were publicly congratulated for their revolutionary zeal by Mao Tse-tung. 1967 Listener 19 Jan. 80 The Red Guards damaged a number of temples and old buildings, destroyed old books. 1971 T. W. Robinson Cultural Revol. China p. vii The Red Guard phase of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution began in the late summer of 1966. 1977 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 12 May 22/3 To purge the party bureaucrats Mao mobilized these adolescents as Red Guards, but millions of them later had to be dispersed to the countryside. 1991 J. Chang Wild Swans (1993) xvii. 395 Every now and then there were announcements of ‘victories’ achieved by Red Guards: they had raided more homes of ‘class enemies’ and ‘smashed their dog's heads’. Derivatives Red ˈGuardism n. ΚΠ 1927 Times 26 July 11/1 We have always set our faces like flint against red guardism and violence as political methods. 1967 N.Y. Times 5 Mar. 2 By November last year Red Guardism was in full cry, and zealous youths were swarming across China..holding aloft little red books containing quotations from Mr. Mao. 1998 A. Lawrance China under Communism vii. 84 In spite of the brouhaha of Red Guardism..it is not easy to see how China was threatening its neighbours at that time. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1849
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