referendumn.

Brit.

/ˌrɛfəˈrɛndəm/, U.S.

/ˌrɛfəˈrɛndəm/

Inflections: Plural referendums, referenda.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin Etymons: Latin referendum, referre.

Etymology: < classical Latin referendum, gerund or neuter gerundive of referre refer v. Compare French referendum (1781 in sense ‘demand for consultation’; 1874 in sense 2; 1877 in sense 3). Compare earlier ad referendum adv., and also referendary n.The plural forms referendums and referenda are both found; in the early 21st cent. usage is fairly evenly divided between the two, as it was also in the late 20th cent. The form referenda is by analogy with memoranda, agenda, etc., and more generally with plurals in -a of Latin-derived words with singular in -um. This form is sometimes deprecated in usage guides, etc., on the grounds that a Latin plural gerundive referenda, meaning ‘things to be referred’, would necessarily connote a plurality of issues, but this view is unlikely to affect actual usage.

†1. A proposal or resolution referred to other parties for approval or sanction. Obsolete. rare.In quots. with reference to consultation of the provincial assemblies of the Dutch Republic by their representatives in the States General.

ΚΠ

1744 London Evening-Post 20 Dec. The Deputies of the Provinces of Frizeland, Groninguen and Overyssel, who [sic] have taken the same Resolution, back'd by this Proposition, and a Referendum has pass'd upon it.

1745 Penny London Post 13 Mar. As Count Konigsegg has dispatch'd a Courier to Vienna, the Answer is waited for, in order to decide the first Article; and a Referendum has pass'd on the second point.

2. The process or principle of referring an important political question (e.g. a proposed constitutional change) to be decided by a general vote of the entire electorate; a vote taken by referendum. Cf. plebiscite n.In early use chiefly associated with the Swiss constitution.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > expression of choice by some approved method > [noun] > referendum or plebiscite

referendum1816

plebiscitum1855

plebiscite1860

preferendum1970

1816 Morning Chron. 3 Aug. Eleven votes rejected the demand; nine desired the referendum; two Deputies reserved their votes.

1817 Ann. Reg. 1816 Gen. Hist. 143/2 Eleven deputies rejected the Pope's demand; nine voted for the referendum; and two deputies reserved their votes. The result is of importance, as affording a test of the influence of the Roman pontiff in the Catholic part of Switzerland.

1847 G. Grote Let. 25 Sept. in Seven Lett. Politics Switzerland (1847) iv. 81 The clergy made efficient use of their influence over the popular referendum.

1870 Sat. Rev. 7 May 602/1 The veto or referendum has this much in common with the Bonapartist plebiscitum, that it is submitted to a body which is not an assembly and which cannot discuss.

1889 F. O. Adams & C. D. Cunningham Swiss Confederation vi. 77 In Federal matters there are now two Referendums.

1915 J. T. Young New Amer. Govt. & its Work xxix. 610 In the United States the Referendum has been frequently used from the earliest times.

1945 C. Attlee in Times 22 May 4/2 I could not consent to the introduction into our national life of a device so alien to all our traditions as the referendum.

1965 H. V. Wiseman Brit. & Commonw. ii. iii. 86 Referenda have been held in New Zealand on the question of prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors.

1975 Act Eliz. II c. 33 §1 A referendum shall be held on the question whether the United Kingdom is to remain a member of the European Economic Community.

1991 Economist 29 June 47/1 Both referendums had yielded huge majorities in favour of independence.

†3. A written request for instructions from a diplomat to a government. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Referendum, a note from a diplomatic agent addressed to his government, asking for instructions on particular matters.

Compounds

General attributive.

ΚΠ

1890 Arena Sept. 506 Give the Mayor of a city all the powers now possessed by Councils, guarded and controlled by the Swiss referendum system.

1908 Fabian News 17/2 A referendum vote gives a decision in the clear light of democracy.

1911 W. S. Churchill Let. 29 Mar. in R. S. Churchill Winston S. Churchill (1969) II. Compan. ii. xiv. 1061 The collapse of the Referendum policy in the House of Lords was the subject of comment in the Lobbies yesterday.

1939 Montana: State Guide Bk. (Federal Writers' Project) i. 72 A referendum vote of Butte miners.

1975 Times 10 Apr. 5/1 The Liberals think that Referendum Day should be a public holiday.

1976 H. Wilson Governance of Brit. iii. 75 Collective responsibility would be relaxed for the period of the referendum campaign on membership of EEC.

1982 R. Sheppard & M. Valpy National Deal ii. 16 Referendum night in Quebec.

2000 Daily Tel. 12 Apr. 17/8 Though the wording of the referendum question may be exclusively monetary, everyone knows that it will be a watershed.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	referendum
释义	referendumn. Brit. /ˌrɛfəˈrɛndəm/, U.S. /ˌrɛfəˈrɛndəm/ Inflections: Plural referendums, referenda. Origin: A borrowing from Latin Etymons: Latin referendum, referre. Etymology: < classical Latin referendum, gerund or neuter gerundive of referre refer v. Compare French referendum (1781 in sense ‘demand for consultation’; 1874 in sense 2; 1877 in sense 3). Compare earlier ad referendum adv., and also referendary n.The plural forms referendums and referenda are both found; in the early 21st cent. usage is fairly evenly divided between the two, as it was also in the late 20th cent. The form referenda is by analogy with memoranda, agenda, etc., and more generally with plurals in -a of Latin-derived words with singular in -um. This form is sometimes deprecated in usage guides, etc., on the grounds that a Latin plural gerundive referenda, meaning ‘things to be referred’, would necessarily connote a plurality of issues, but this view is unlikely to affect actual usage. †1. A proposal or resolution referred to other parties for approval or sanction. Obsolete. rare.In quots. with reference to consultation of the provincial assemblies of the Dutch Republic by their representatives in the States General. ΚΠ 1744 London Evening-Post 20 Dec. The Deputies of the Provinces of Frizeland, Groninguen and Overyssel, who [sic] have taken the same Resolution, back'd by this Proposition, and a Referendum has pass'd upon it. 1745 Penny London Post 13 Mar. As Count Konigsegg has dispatch'd a Courier to Vienna, the Answer is waited for, in order to decide the first Article; and a Referendum has pass'd on the second point. 2. The process or principle of referring an important political question (e.g. a proposed constitutional change) to be decided by a general vote of the entire electorate; a vote taken by referendum. Cf. plebiscite n.In early use chiefly associated with the Swiss constitution. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > expression of choice by some approved method > [noun] > referendum or plebiscite referendum1816 plebiscitum1855 plebiscite1860 preferendum1970 1816 Morning Chron. 3 Aug. Eleven votes rejected the demand; nine desired the referendum; two Deputies reserved their votes. 1817 Ann. Reg. 1816 Gen. Hist. 143/2 Eleven deputies rejected the Pope's demand; nine voted for the referendum; and two deputies reserved their votes. The result is of importance, as affording a test of the influence of the Roman pontiff in the Catholic part of Switzerland. 1847 G. Grote Let. 25 Sept. in Seven Lett. Politics Switzerland (1847) iv. 81 The clergy made efficient use of their influence over the popular referendum. 1870 Sat. Rev. 7 May 602/1 The veto or referendum has this much in common with the Bonapartist plebiscitum, that it is submitted to a body which is not an assembly and which cannot discuss. 1889 F. O. Adams & C. D. Cunningham Swiss Confederation vi. 77 In Federal matters there are now two Referendums. 1915 J. T. Young New Amer. Govt. & its Work xxix. 610 In the United States the Referendum has been frequently used from the earliest times. 1945 C. Attlee in Times 22 May 4/2 I could not consent to the introduction into our national life of a device so alien to all our traditions as the referendum. 1965 H. V. Wiseman Brit. & Commonw. ii. iii. 86 Referenda have been held in New Zealand on the question of prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors. 1975 Act Eliz. II c. 33 §1 A referendum shall be held on the question whether the United Kingdom is to remain a member of the European Economic Community. 1991 Economist 29 June 47/1 Both referendums had yielded huge majorities in favour of independence. †3. A written request for instructions from a diplomat to a government. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Referendum, a note from a diplomatic agent addressed to his government, asking for instructions on particular matters. Compounds General attributive. ΚΠ 1890 Arena Sept. 506 Give the Mayor of a city all the powers now possessed by Councils, guarded and controlled by the Swiss referendum system. 1908 Fabian News 17/2 A referendum vote gives a decision in the clear light of democracy. 1911 W. S. Churchill Let. 29 Mar. in R. S. Churchill Winston S. Churchill (1969) II. Compan. ii. xiv. 1061 The collapse of the Referendum policy in the House of Lords was the subject of comment in the Lobbies yesterday. 1939 Montana: State Guide Bk. (Federal Writers' Project) i. 72 A referendum vote of Butte miners. 1975 Times 10 Apr. 5/1 The Liberals think that Referendum Day should be a public holiday. 1976 H. Wilson Governance of Brit. iii. 75 Collective responsibility would be relaxed for the period of the referendum campaign on membership of EEC. 1982 R. Sheppard & M. Valpy National Deal ii. 16 Referendum night in Quebec. 2000 Daily Tel. 12 Apr. 17/8 Though the wording of the referendum question may be exclusively monetary, everyone knows that it will be a watershed. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1744
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