| 释义 |
realmn. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French realm, reaume. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman realm, reaum, rewme, reawme, reume, ralme, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French realme, reaume, Anglo-Norman and Middle French reame, Middle French reaulme kingdom (c1100 in Anglo-Norman as reialme ) < an unattested post-classical Latin form *regalimen , alteration of classical Latin regimen regimen n. after rēgālis regal adj. (although the alteration may alternatively have occurred within French). Compare Old Occitan reierme (c1200), reialme (13th cent.), rialme (first half of the 14th cent.), realme (1370), reiaume (1391), riaume (1397), reyalme (1401), reaume (1402), Catalan reialme (14th cent.; formerly also as †rialme , †realme ), and also Spanish †realme , †reame , Italian †reame (late 13th cent.; both ultimately < French). Compare rialme n., royalme n.The α. forms with -u- and -w- ultimately arise from vocalization of the original -l- of the etymon, either in French or within English. The β. forms and γ. forms show regular reduction of the triphthong -eau- to -eu- in Middle English and subsequent monophthongization of the resulting diphthong before a labial. The etymologically motivated spellings with -l- represented by the δ. forms appear somewhat later; realm was preferred by some orthoepists from the late 1500s, although the form without -l- (pronounced with the reflex of Middle English open ē) was still more commonly prescribed in the 16th and 17th centuries. The current pronunciation with short e arose from shortening of the vowel before the consonant group lm in early modern English (see E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500–1700 (ed. 2, 1968) II. 475). 1. society > authority > rule or government > a or the state > [noun] > a monarchical state society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > jurisdiction or territory of specific rulers or nobles > [noun] > of king or royal ruler the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > immateriality > [noun] > immaterial or incorporeal thing > realm or kingdom α. c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) 276 in C. Horstmann (1887) 114 (MED) Þare nas Man In engelond þat hadde so gret power Of þe reaume ase seint thomas. a1375 (c1350) (1867) 135 (MED) He ne schuld wiȝtli in þis world neuer weld reaume. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1882) VIII. 87 Þe kyng committed þe destourbance of þe reawme to þe bisshop of Durham. c1440 S. Scrope tr. C. de Pisan (St. John's Cambr.) (1970) 6 Ancient pepill..wurschipid many goddes..as the reaume of Assire, of Perse, the Grekes, the Troyens, Alexander, the Romaynes and many othir. a1475 J. Fortescue (Laud) (1885) 112 (MED) Mankynde was..willynge to be vnite and made a body pollitike callid a reawme, hauynge an hed to gouerne it. 1485 (Caxton) i. viii. sig. a.vi It was grete shame..to see suche a boye to haue a rule of soo noble a reaume. c1450 ( J. Walton tr. Boethius (Linc. Cathedral 103) 271 (MED) In þe reavme of certeyn purveaunce, Þat myghti god haþ in his goueraunce, Þere may noþing be doon vncertanly. a1500 (Harl. 149) (1974) 114 (MED) Than seyde the prynce of helle to Sathan..by her prayeres oure reeme ys destroyed. a1586 Sir P. Sidney (1591) v. 53 Thou..wert borne in the Realme of Loue, And yet against thy Prince, thy force dost daily proue. 1600 E. Wilkinson iii. sig. F1 In my [sc. Neptune's] Realme you may be bould. 1682 J. Dryden 3 Flecknoe..had Govern'd long..Through all the Realms of Nonsense, Absolute. 1733 A. Pope iii. 186 The Ants Republic, and the Realm of Bees. 1785 W. Cowper vi. 579 He that hunts Or harms them there..Disturbs the economy of Nature's realm. 1812 J. Wilson i. 148 Lift thy queen-like diadem O'er these thy realms of rest. 1856 R. W. Emerson xvii. 297 New means were employed, and new realms added to the empire of the muse. 1903 E. Fawcett 134 Tis a realm thou shouldst love; 'tis the kingdom where Science reigns king. 2007 (Nexis) 25 Sept. Consoles are just getting into the whole free demo download thing, but the PC is king of that realm. the world > the supernatural > deity > heaven > [noun] > kingdom of c1384 (Douce 369(2)) Mark viii. 39 Ther ben summe of men..the whiche schulen not taste deeth til thei sen the rewme [L. regnum] of God comynge in vertu. c1400 (?c1380) 735 This makellez perle..Is lyke þe reme of heuenesse. a1450 (?c1400) Comm. Pater Noster (BL Add.) in (1942) 337 Þe rewme of þis fadere is called holi churche. a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) xliv. 3 Blissid has the man god withouten end, gifand til the reum of the whilke is nane endynge. 1581 T. Rogers tr. N. Hemmingsen iv. 42 For somuch as the kingdome of Christ is gouerned by the worde, they are princes which by the worde and heauenlie doctrine do rule the realme of Christ. 1632 H. Hawkins tr. G. P. Maffei 78 For all that would it be nothing at all, if we regard but the Realme of the Heauens, which is proposed to vs. 1705 B. Jenks iii. iii. 147 The Peers of the Heavenly Realm; not only Nigh to, but Great with the Eternal King. 3. society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > [noun] > sphere ?a1425 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius ii. pr. ii. 94 Thow that art put in the comune realme of alle, desire nat to lyven by thyn oonly propre ryght. 1557 Earl of Surrey et al. sig. L.iiiiv To thee therfore that trottes still vp and downe: And neuer restes, but runnyng day and night, From realme to realme. 1679 J. Bancroft iii. v. 30 Tell Mithridates, Cappadocia, And the Bithynian Realms, are his again. 1707 I. Watts iii. 189 Were the whole Realm of Nature mine, That were a Present far too small. 1726 E. Young 4 A realm of death! and on this side the grave! 1796 I. Kelly II. xii. 210 If you have spirit to persevere, affluence is your's; if in a distant realm, what then? 1830 Ld. Tennyson Recoll. Arab. Nights x, in 54 Through the garden I was borne—A realm of pleasance. 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. VI. 626 Loss of sensory and motor power in the realm of the nerve affected. 1924 W. B. Selbie 80 Though the term unconscious is used very loosely by Freudians it generally means a ‘realm’ where various emotions which have from time to time been repressed, lie hidden. 2007 (Nexis) 11 Aug. 47 Scientists..will have to solve the hard problem of exactly how a desire in the mental realm can cross into the physical world and cause something to happen. the world > the universe > [noun] > part of 1565 A. Golding tr. Ovid i. f. 3 Giantes went about the Realme of Heauen to wyn. 1596 E. Spenser iv. viii. sig. H5 His soule descended downe into the Stygian reame . View more context for this quotation 1667 J. Milton ii. 133 Thir Legions..Scout farr and wide into the Realm of night. View more context for this quotation 1677 S. Speed 62 Thou,..That death subduing, didst unlock Heav'ns Realms unto thy faithful Flock. 1723 T. Newcomb i. 3 The Voice was heard Deep in the Realms of Heaven. 1757 T. Gray Ode II ii. ii, in 17 Proudly riding o'er the azure realm In gallant trim. 1767 F. Fawkes tr. Theocritus xvii. 163 Him with the gods Jove equals, and has given A golden palace in the realms of heaven. 1816 J. Wilson i. ii. 309 The realms of Hell are gleaming fiery bright. 1898 2 419 Amidst mystic invocations..the fiery realms of heaven are passed. 1941 9 419 Concentric spheres..in eternal and complex revolutions through a variety of heavens..to the realm of the fixed stars. 2007 (Nexis) 26 Sept. a1 Only men with three or more wives can reach the highest realm of heaven. the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > immateriality > [noun] > immaterial or incorporeal thing > realm or kingdom > sphere or domain of a1771 T. Gray (1775) I. 18 Each realm of science and of art explore. 1850 A. Smee ii. 35 If no human being had dared to hazard the expression of an original thought, then nothing in the realms of science would have been disclosed. 1873 P. G. Hamerton x. ix. 385 The fairest realms of fancy. 1903 18 42 Materialism..led many of us to neglect or discredit phenomena that appeared to be outside the realm of chemistry and physics. 1958 A. West 16 Wells conceded that such a change was not within the realm of possibility. 2005 (Nexis) 9 July (Sport section) 11 To suggest a runner can turn around form to such a degree in the space of four days may seem to be bordering on the realms of insanity. the world > the earth > region of the earth > zone or belt > [noun] > biogeographical zone the world > life > biology > balance of nature > environment or habitat > [noun] > portion of 1854 L. Agassiz in J. C. Nott & G. R. Gliddon p. lxiii Considering the whole range of the temperate zone from east to west, we may divide it in accordance with the prevailing physical features into—1st, an Asiatic realm, [etc.]. 1876 A. R. Wallace I. 68 The following terms are proposed: realm, region, province, district..; the first being the highest, the last the lowest and smallest subdivision. 1895 F. E. Beddard 78 The fewness of the peculiar genera and their alliance with Australian forms seems to render it necessary to place the entire Polynesian realm within the Australian. 1936 76 923 A marine molluscan province is a subdivision of a region, subregion, or realm, populated by a distinctive assemblage of species. 1985 E. H. Colbert (new ed.) iv. 136 Gondwanaland and Laurasia would appear to have been in late Paleozoic and early Triassic times two great zoogeographical realms in terms of land-living vertebrates. 1997 M. W. Lewis & K. Wigen i. 34 Madagascar,..while conventionally classified as merely a large African island, unambiguously forms its own faunal realm. Compounds1559 W. Baldwin et al. Clarence xlix For realme rape spareth neither kin nor frend. 1633 v. sig. H3 These realme-sucking slaues, That build their pallace upon poore mens graves. 1643 W. Prynne Ded. sig. A3 Their..Realm-destroying, Church-subverting selfe-seeking. 1768 A. Tucker IV. xxiii. 271 The wide-extended ocean, the realm-bounding mountains. 1777 R. Potter tr. Æschylus 495 He in realm-unpeopling war Wasted not his subjects' blood. 1810 J. Montgomery ii. 60 The dun gloom of realm-o'ershadowing trees. 1994 55 375 Percy's indebtedness to Gaunt for various political offices and their distant kinship are usually also adduced to explain Gaunt's realm-destroying rage. C2. 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie (1888) I. 307 All Realme raikaris to put furth of the land. Derivatives society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > jurisdiction or territory of specific rulers or nobles > [adjective] > of or relating to realm 1865 No. 38. 149 Individual, realmic, and epicosmic. 1874 H. Doherty iii. 188 It is..a consequence of individual evolution and successive generations of individuals of any given type, to discern laws of realmic evolution in all collective organisms. 1895 4 Mar. 3/2 When petty party politics shall have been forgotten in the rise of a great Realmist League. 1949 R. Frost in 27 Nov. 20/5 I am not a regionalist. I am a realmist. 1883 A. C. Swinburne xi As flowers on the sea are her small green realmlets. 1904 D. De Leon tr. A. Bebel 74 The keeping of mistresses..stood in inverse ratio to the size and capabilities of the realms and realmlets. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online June 2022). <  n.c1300 |
