recalcitrantadj.n.

Brit.

/rᵻˈkalsᵻtr(ə)nt/, U.S.

/rəˈkælsətrənt/,

/riˈkælsətrənt/

Origin: Either (i) a borrowing from French. Or (ii) a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French récalcitrant; Latin recalcitrant-, recalcitrāns.

Etymology: Either < French récalcitrant (1551 in Middle French; use as adjective of present participle of récalcitrer to stubbornly resist (first half of the 12th cent. in Anglo-Norman) < classical Latin recalcitrāre recalcitrate v.), or < classical Latin recalcitrant-, recalcitrāns, present participle of recalcitrāre recalcitrate v. Compare Italian recalcitrante (a1712).

A. adj.

1. Esp. of a person or animal: obstinately disobedient; uncooperative, refractory; objecting to constraint or restriction. Also with to.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > lack of subjection > [adjective] > intractable or recalcitrant

unbuxoma1250

unbowsomec1290

sturdy13..

wildc1350

stubbornc1386

unbaina1400

stoutc1410

kimeta1450

staffish?a1513

untractable1538

intractable1545

sullen1577

restiff1578

indocile1603

resty1603

hot-mouthed1609

immorigerous1623

intractive1623

uncompliable1626

restivea1628

non-complying1649

uncompliant1659

incompliant1706

unobliging1707

recalcitrant1797

unbiddable1825

stocky1836

recalcitrary1861

calcitrant1866

non-cooperative1867

recalcitrating1870

ropeable1870

non-cooperating1895

bolshie1918

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > disobediently stubborn

incorrigiblea1340

unchastisable1382

contumaxc1386

stubbornc1386

stoutc1410

contumacec1425

staffish?a1513

unwieldy1513

untractable1538

intractable1545

prefract?1549

incounselable1554

indocible1555

uncorrectable1562

refractorious1563

haggard1566

neck-stiff1570

uncounsellablea1578

refractary1583

contumacious1603

refractarious1609

refractory1615

unmanageable1616

immorigerous1623

refractive1623

pervicacious1633

unrectifiable1645

undocible1653

undocile1656

untractible1670

unadvisable1672

recalcitrant1797

unguidable1822

recalcitrary1861

1797 ‘English Lady’ Resid. in France II. 71 He was unaccommodating and recalcitrant.

1843 W. M. Thackeray Confessions of G. Fitz-Boodle: Mr. & Mrs. Berry 361 In oaths both French and English [he] called upon the recalcitrant Anatole.

1861 Sat. Rev. 7 Sept. 240/2 If you are recalcitrant to the rules of his art.

1866 Cornhill Mag. Sept. 339 A recalcitrant pin falling from its rightful place.

1937 O. Stapledon Star Maker xv. 301 Some of his creatures were manifesting traces of a life of their own, recalcitrant to the conscious purpose of the Star Maker.

1948 ‘H. Green’ Concluding 159 He had found the animal once more but she had been recalcitrant, would not be driven.

1997 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 97 No. 2. 32/1 Mr. Moore was admitted to the medical unit of a tertiary teaching hospital with recalcitrant oral thrush.

2007 Advocate (Nexis) 11 Dec. b2 He thinks there is more wrong with this case other than missing or recalcitrant witnesses.

2. Characterized by obstinacy or refractoriness.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective]

starkOE

moodyOE

stithc1000

stidyc1175

stallc1275

harda1382

stubbornc1386

obstinate?1387

throa1400

hard nolleda1425

obstinant?a1425

pertinacec1425

stablec1440

dour1488

unresigned1497

difficultc1503

hard-necked1530

pertinatec1534

obstacle1535

stout-stomached1549

hard-faced1567

stunt1581

hard-headed1583

pertinacious1583

stuntly1583

peremptory1589

stomachous1590

mulish1600

stomachful1600

obstined1606

restive1633

obstinacious1649

opinionated1649

tenacious1656

iron-sided1659

sturdy1664

cat-witted1672

obstinated1672

unyielding1677

ruggish1688

bullet-headed1699

tough1780

pelsy1785

stupid1788

hard-set1818

thick and thin1822

stuntya1825

rigwiddie1826

indomitable1830

recalcitrant1830

set1848

mule-headed1870

muley1871

capitose1881

hard-nosed1917

tight1928

1830 Polar Star 3 358/1 The whole and sole end of such prosecutions is to prevent the defendant from getting a knock-down blow, or to protect his seat of honour from recalcitrant invasion.

1856 Times 25 Nov. 6/1 Propositions of submission, which have been..clogged by the recalcitrant humour of the head of the family.

1865 J. S. Mill Auguste Comte 25 A single Deity..keeping in recalcitrant subjection an army of devils.

1910 J. Addams Twenty Years at Hull-House x. 212 She came in rather a recalcitrant mood, expecting to be patronized.

1974 Islander (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 22 Sept. 6/3 Far from being in danger of pinging off astern, the masthead fitting behaved in a most recalcitrant manner.

2001 Social Scientist 29 29 The problems and pressures caused by religious rivalry..appeared to be further compounded by the recalcitrant behaviour of tribal groups.

3. Botany. Of seeds: viable for only a short time; spec. unable to survive drying or freezing, making them difficult to preserve. Of a plant: having seeds of this kind.

ΚΠ

1973 E. H. Roberts in Seed Sci. & Technol. 1 501 In these seeds, which I shall refer to as recalcitrant, a decrease in moisture content below some relatively high value—anything between 12 and 31% moisture content, depending on the species—tends to decrease the period of viability.

1989 Green Mag. Oct. 44/3 Wakehurst can do little to preserve the threatened species of the tropical rainforests; the seeds cannot survive if dried below 20% moisture content—they are what is called, ‘recalcitrant’.

2000 Daily Tel. 21 Nov. 13/2 They are among several British species known as ‘recalcitrant’, where the drying process would kill the seed. This also affects rainforest plants.

B. n.

A recalcitrant person or thing; (with the and plural agreement) recalcitrant people as a class.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > lack of subjection > [noun] > insubordinate person > intractable person

repugnant1625

Tartar1669

ugly customer1811

recalcitrant1825

non-compliant1854

intractable1883

non-cooperator1896

hardcore1916

badman1954

badass1956

banduluc1977

1825 Pamphleteer 25 310 These juries are not niggardly in their estimates in favor of the recalcitrant.

1865 Pall Mall Gaz. 30 May 10 All recalcitrants were treated as rebels and traitors.

1865 A. Maffei Brigand Life II. 50 The number of the recalcitrant was exceedingly small.

1918 Oxf. Mag. 21 June 343/2 The American Universities have generally adopted the ‘Elective System’... There is, however, a distinguished recalcitrant in the University of Princeton.

1970 R. Davies Fifth Business iv. iii. 205 It stood in my way as much as if I had been a stiff-necked recalcitrant and troublemaker.

2004 O. Gray Demeaned but Empowered vii. 209 Various tactics ensured that recalcitrants fled—gunfire, stone throwing and the hurling of crude bombs.

Derivatives

reˈcalcitrantly adv.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > lack of subjection > [adverb] > intractably or recalcitrantly

unbuxomly1390

sturdily1538

restily1611

restively1650

intractably1846

recalcitrantly1912

1912 W. E. Weyl New Democracy viii. 103 The political or personal morality of the recalcitrantly honest.

1950 Times 11 May 7/5 The annual turnover of labour within any firm or industry..remains recalcitrantly high.

2003 R. Sorensen Brief Hist. Paradox (2005) xxii. 317 [Russell] planned to next write a book on the foundations of physics. However, dynamics proved recalcitrantly empirical.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	recalcitrant
释义	recalcitrantadj.n. Brit. /rᵻˈkalsᵻtr(ə)nt/, U.S. /rəˈkælsətrənt/, /riˈkælsətrənt/ Origin: Either (i) a borrowing from French. Or (ii) a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French récalcitrant; Latin recalcitrant-, recalcitrāns. Etymology: Either < French récalcitrant (1551 in Middle French; use as adjective of present participle of récalcitrer to stubbornly resist (first half of the 12th cent. in Anglo-Norman) < classical Latin recalcitrāre recalcitrate v.), or < classical Latin recalcitrant-, recalcitrāns, present participle of recalcitrāre recalcitrate v. Compare Italian recalcitrante (a1712). A. adj. 1. Esp. of a person or animal: obstinately disobedient; uncooperative, refractory; objecting to constraint or restriction. Also with to. ΘΚΠ society > authority > lack of subjection > [adjective] > intractable or recalcitrant unbuxoma1250 unbowsomec1290 sturdy13.. wildc1350 stubbornc1386 unbaina1400 stoutc1410 kimeta1450 staffish?a1513 untractable1538 intractable1545 sullen1577 restiff1578 indocile1603 resty1603 hot-mouthed1609 immorigerous1623 intractive1623 uncompliable1626 restivea1628 non-complying1649 uncompliant1659 incompliant1706 unobliging1707 recalcitrant1797 unbiddable1825 stocky1836 recalcitrary1861 calcitrant1866 non-cooperative1867 recalcitrating1870 ropeable1870 non-cooperating1895 bolshie1918 the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > disobediently stubborn incorrigiblea1340 unchastisable1382 contumaxc1386 stubbornc1386 stoutc1410 contumacec1425 staffish?a1513 unwieldy1513 untractable1538 intractable1545 prefract?1549 incounselable1554 indocible1555 uncorrectable1562 refractorious1563 haggard1566 neck-stiff1570 uncounsellablea1578 refractary1583 contumacious1603 refractarious1609 refractory1615 unmanageable1616 immorigerous1623 refractive1623 pervicacious1633 unrectifiable1645 undocible1653 undocile1656 untractible1670 unadvisable1672 recalcitrant1797 unguidable1822 recalcitrary1861 1797 ‘English Lady’ Resid. in France II. 71 He was unaccommodating and recalcitrant. 1843 W. M. Thackeray Confessions of G. Fitz-Boodle: Mr. & Mrs. Berry 361 In oaths both French and English [he] called upon the recalcitrant Anatole. 1861 Sat. Rev. 7 Sept. 240/2 If you are recalcitrant to the rules of his art. 1866 Cornhill Mag. Sept. 339 A recalcitrant pin falling from its rightful place. 1937 O. Stapledon Star Maker xv. 301 Some of his creatures were manifesting traces of a life of their own, recalcitrant to the conscious purpose of the Star Maker. 1948 ‘H. Green’ Concluding 159 He had found the animal once more but she had been recalcitrant, would not be driven. 1997 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 97 No. 2. 32/1 Mr. Moore was admitted to the medical unit of a tertiary teaching hospital with recalcitrant oral thrush. 2007 Advocate (Nexis) 11 Dec. b2 He thinks there is more wrong with this case other than missing or recalcitrant witnesses. 2. Characterized by obstinacy or refractoriness. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] starkOE moodyOE stithc1000 stidyc1175 stallc1275 harda1382 stubbornc1386 obstinate?1387 throa1400 hard nolleda1425 obstinant?a1425 pertinacec1425 stablec1440 dour1488 unresigned1497 difficultc1503 hard-necked1530 pertinatec1534 obstacle1535 stout-stomached1549 hard-faced1567 stunt1581 hard-headed1583 pertinacious1583 stuntly1583 peremptory1589 stomachous1590 mulish1600 stomachful1600 obstined1606 restive1633 obstinacious1649 opinionated1649 tenacious1656 iron-sided1659 sturdy1664 cat-witted1672 obstinated1672 unyielding1677 ruggish1688 bullet-headed1699 tough1780 pelsy1785 stupid1788 hard-set1818 thick and thin1822 stuntya1825 rigwiddie1826 indomitable1830 recalcitrant1830 set1848 mule-headed1870 muley1871 capitose1881 hard-nosed1917 tight1928 1830 Polar Star 3 358/1 The whole and sole end of such prosecutions is to prevent the defendant from getting a knock-down blow, or to protect his seat of honour from recalcitrant invasion. 1856 Times 25 Nov. 6/1 Propositions of submission, which have been..clogged by the recalcitrant humour of the head of the family. 1865 J. S. Mill Auguste Comte 25 A single Deity..keeping in recalcitrant subjection an army of devils. 1910 J. Addams Twenty Years at Hull-House x. 212 She came in rather a recalcitrant mood, expecting to be patronized. 1974 Islander (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 22 Sept. 6/3 Far from being in danger of pinging off astern, the masthead fitting behaved in a most recalcitrant manner. 2001 Social Scientist 29 29 The problems and pressures caused by religious rivalry..appeared to be further compounded by the recalcitrant behaviour of tribal groups. 3. Botany. Of seeds: viable for only a short time; spec. unable to survive drying or freezing, making them difficult to preserve. Of a plant: having seeds of this kind. ΚΠ 1973 E. H. Roberts in Seed Sci. & Technol. 1 501 In these seeds, which I shall refer to as recalcitrant, a decrease in moisture content below some relatively high value—anything between 12 and 31% moisture content, depending on the species—tends to decrease the period of viability. 1989 Green Mag. Oct. 44/3 Wakehurst can do little to preserve the threatened species of the tropical rainforests; the seeds cannot survive if dried below 20% moisture content—they are what is called, ‘recalcitrant’. 2000 Daily Tel. 21 Nov. 13/2 They are among several British species known as ‘recalcitrant’, where the drying process would kill the seed. This also affects rainforest plants. B. n. A recalcitrant person or thing; (with the and plural agreement) recalcitrant people as a class. ΘΚΠ society > authority > lack of subjection > [noun] > insubordinate person > intractable person repugnant1625 Tartar1669 ugly customer1811 recalcitrant1825 non-compliant1854 intractable1883 non-cooperator1896 hardcore1916 badman1954 badass1956 banduluc1977 1825 Pamphleteer 25 310 These juries are not niggardly in their estimates in favor of the recalcitrant. 1865 Pall Mall Gaz. 30 May 10 All recalcitrants were treated as rebels and traitors. 1865 A. Maffei Brigand Life II. 50 The number of the recalcitrant was exceedingly small. 1918 Oxf. Mag. 21 June 343/2 The American Universities have generally adopted the ‘Elective System’... There is, however, a distinguished recalcitrant in the University of Princeton. 1970 R. Davies Fifth Business iv. iii. 205 It stood in my way as much as if I had been a stiff-necked recalcitrant and troublemaker. 2004 O. Gray Demeaned but Empowered vii. 209 Various tactics ensured that recalcitrants fled—gunfire, stone throwing and the hurling of crude bombs. Derivatives reˈcalcitrantly adv. ΘΚΠ society > authority > lack of subjection > [adverb] > intractably or recalcitrantly unbuxomly1390 sturdily1538 restily1611 restively1650 intractably1846 recalcitrantly1912 1912 W. E. Weyl New Democracy viii. 103 The political or personal morality of the recalcitrantly honest. 1950 Times 11 May 7/5 The annual turnover of labour within any firm or industry..remains recalcitrantly high. 2003 R. Sorensen Brief Hist. Paradox (2005) xxii. 317 [Russell] planned to next write a book on the foundations of physics. However, dynamics proved recalcitrantly empirical. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.1797
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