reciprocityn.

Brit.

/ˌrɛsᵻˈprɒsᵻti/, U.S.

/ˌrɛsəˈprɑsədi/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element; perhaps modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: Latin reciprocus , -ity suffix.

Etymology: < classical Latin reciprocus reciproque adj. + -ity suffix, perhaps after French réciprocité (1729).Etymological dictionaries of French derive réciprocité < post-classical Latin reciprocitas ; however, this appears to be relatively rare (13th cent. in a British source; from 16th cent. in continental sources). In sense 2b originally after German †Reciprocität (1797 in the passage translated in quot. 1799; now Reziprozität ). In sense 3 originally after French loi de réciprocité law of reciprocity ( A. M. Legendre Essai sur la théorie des nombres (1798) ii. vi. 214).

1. The quality, state, or condition of being reciprocal; reciprocal action or relation, esp. reciprocation of cooperative or altruistic behaviour; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > correlation > [noun] > mutuality or reciprocity

affinitya1398

reciprocation1546

mutualitya1586

mutualness1620

intermutualness1628

reciprocality1653

reciprocalness1657

reciprocity1753

reciprocy1803

commutuality1812

interdependence1822

interdependency1838

symbiosis1921

1753 Duke of Newcastle Let. to M. Michell 20 There would be no reciprocity, the King of Prussia don't agree to be bound by the Clauses, to which other Powers have, by their respective Treaties, signed.

1760 G. Wallace Princ. Law Scotl. I. vi. 344 The Law endeavours, as much as it can, to maintain an equitable reciprocity in all cases.

1776 tr. J. Necker Legislation & Commerce Corn xii. 60 It may be said..that if other nations buy up our corn, we shall do the same by theirs, and that by this reciprocity, this liberty will not be hurtful.

1791 T. Paine Rights of Man i. 115 A Declaration of Rights is, by reciprocity, a Declaration of Duties also.

1835 I. Taylor Spiritual Despotism ii. 75 People and priest ought to be connected by some sort of effective reciprocity.

1865 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia VI. xx. vi. 158 Touched by these horrors of war, and by the reciprocities evidently liable to follow.

1867 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. iv. 249 Reciprocity of a certain kind was the essence of the feudal relation.

1904 W. T. Mills Struggle for Existence xx. 262 Reciprocity is a new word in politics, but it expresses an old fact in real life.

1963 World Politics 15 432 Luftwaffe assaults on Britain in late 1941 were limited to reprisal attacks designed to give an impression of precise reciprocity for British raids on Germany.

1972 Jrnl. Social Psychol. 87 89 Gouldner has postulated the existence of a universal norm of reciprocity which stipulates that..people should help those who help them.

1994 Bottom Line 1 Sept. 14/2 The trick to building strong peer relationships is reciprocity.

a. Mutual recognition by two parties of certain rights and privileges, esp. as the basis for commercial relations.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > importing and exporting > [noun] > mutual concessions of privileges

reciprocity1778

1778 U.S. Treaties (1910) I. 469 The Most Christian King [of France], and the thirteen United States of North America..[take] for the basis of their agreement the most perfect equality and reciprocity..respecting commerce and navigation.

1783 Prelim. Art. Peace w. France xviii. 10 To agree upon new arrangements of trade, on the footing of reciprocity and mutual convenience.

1847 H. Clay in Whig Almanac 1848 22/1 Out of these acts have sprung a class..of treaties,..commonly called Reciprocity Treaties.

1868 M. E. Grant Duff Polit. Surv. 24 The Danish Government passed two new..laws granting freedom from remeasurement in Danish ports to all foreigners according reciprocity.

1880 A. J. Wilson (title) Reciprocity, Bimetallism and Land Tenure Reform.

1911 Springfield (Mass.) Weekly Republican 31 Aug. 1 Its enactment into law would have ditched them in their present reciprocity campaign.

1989 Freight Distribution Mar. 4/1 Putting aside constraints on capacity, market access and reciprocity in favour of a wider choice of competitive services for the user.

1991 Computing 10 Jan. 8/4 Reciprocity agreements which would enable European firms with overseas operations to have access to Japanese and US r&d programmes.

b. In Kantian philosophy: the mutual action and reaction of coexistent substances; (also) the disjunctive judgement identified with this.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > idealism > [noun] > Kantianism > elements of

conception1701

schematism1794

categorical imperative1796

intuition1796

matter1796

receptivity1796

schema1796

dialectic1797

multifarious1798

reciprocity1799

form1803

synthesis1817

Anschauung1820

manifold?1822

category1829

modality1836

multiplex1836

predicable1838

multiple1839

multiplicity1839

presentmenta1842

elanguescence1855

1799 tr. I. Kant Metaphysic of Morals I. viii. 13 The reciprocity [Ger. Reciprocität] of the obligation from an universal rule.

1838 F. Haywood tr. I. Kant Critick Pure Reason i. 76 Both the Judgments, the relationship of which forms the hypothetical judgment.., in whose reciprocity [Ger. Wechselwirkung] likewise the disjunctive consists.

1883 A. Barratt Physical Metempiric 232 We can think of Things-in-themselves..only under the categories of substance, causality and reciprocity.

1933 Jrnl. Philos. 30 254 This point about causality..applies with proper qualifications equally to the other two relation-categories of Kant, substance-quality and reciprocity.

1998 Rev. Metaphysics 52 1 Reciprocity in Kant is not a condition for treating someone as end-in-himself, but the social and historical outcome for which moral agents (and their posterity) are entitled to hope: this is Kant's ideal of the ‘ethical community’.

3. Inverse or complementary correspondence; (Photography) the correspondence between the degree of darkening of an emulsion and both the light intensity and the exposure time, such that the darkening is constant for a given product of light intensity and exposure time (chiefly in compounds: see Compounds 2); (also) = reciprocity failure n. at Compounds 2 (colloquial).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > action of taking photograph > technical factors > [noun] > reciprocity law or failure

reciprocity1815

reciprocity law1900

reciprocity failure1907

1815 C. Hutton Philos. & Math. Dict. II. 290/1 Reciprocity of prime numbers, a certain law that obtains regard to the remainders..when n and m are both primes, first demonstrated by Legendre.

1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 2/2 Either (M^y − 1) : N and (N^x + 1) : M are both whole numbers, or else (M^y + 1) : N and (N^x − 1) : M are both whole numbers. This theorem..has been termed the law of reciprocity of prime numbers.

1876 Proc. Royal Soc. 25 118 Although the principle of reciprocity appears to be firmly grounded on the theoretical side, instances are not uncommon in which a sound generated in the open air at a point A is heard at a distant point B, when an equal or even more powerful sound at B fails to make itself heard at A.

1899 Astrophysical Jrnl. 10 228 Bond and Lohse based their measurements upon the law of reciprocity between intensity and exposure.

1945 Sci. Monthly May 327/1 Taking advantage of the principle of reciprocity between number and length of rays, it was soon possible to overcome these disadvantages.

1972 M. Kline Math. Thought xxv. 611 The law of quadratic reciprocity..states that if p and q are distinct odd primes, then (p/q)(q/p) = (−1)^{(p − 1)(q − 1)/4}.

2001 Outdoor Photographer Aug. 27 (caption) The film is also less susceptible to reciprocity, making it ideal for extended low-light exposures.

Compounds

C1.

reciprocity technique n.

ΚΠ

1940 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 24 Feb. d7/1 On the tariff it suggests changes in the present reciprocity technique, but it is for reciprocity.

1973 Times 18 Oct. (Brazil Suppl.) p. ii/4 There is a dependence on imported technology and design, as well as insufficient use of reciprocity techniques.

2004 Information Today (Nexis) 1 July 29 Publishers..should consider new methods of charging for content that better reflect their added value: user-satisfaction measures, sponsorship, or other reciprocity techniques.

C2.

reciprocity failure n. Photography departure from adherence to the reciprocity law (as in all real emulsions), whereby greater exposure than that predicted by the law is required at both very low and very high light intensities.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > action of taking photograph > technical factors > [noun] > reciprocity law or failure

reciprocity1815

reciprocity law1900

reciprocity failure1907

1907 S. E. Sheppard & C. E. K. Mees Investig. Theory Photogr. Process ii. vi. 221 The reciprocity failure may be considered to start at much the same point relatively to the inertia points in the two plates.

1966 D. G. Brandon Mod. Techniques Metallogr. 13 Emulsions for astronomical applications, involving exposure times of several hours, show almost no reciprocity failure at all.

2006 Jrnl. Optics A. 8 797/1 Digital recording devices seem not to be subject to an effect comparable to the so-called ‘reciprocity failure’ of photochemical materials.

reciprocity law n. Photography the principle that the degree of darkening of an ideal emulsion is constant for a given incident energy, i.e. for a given product of light intensity and exposure time.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > action of taking photograph > technical factors > [noun] > reciprocity law or failure

reciprocity1815

reciprocity law1900

reciprocity failure1907

1900 Sci. Abstr.: Physics & Electr. Engin. 3 852 He [sc. Eder] shows how these variations from Bunsen's reciprocity law may be corrected in determining the sensitiveness of a plate.

2004 Digital Photographer No. 24. 50/2 Film suffers from Reciprocity Law failure. Digital suffers not from that, but from ‘noise’ over long exposures.

reciprocity-monger n. now rare = reciprocitarian n.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > [noun] > other international policies > supporters of

reciprocitarian1869

reciprocity-monger1869

scuttler1884

sanctionist1935

sanctioneer1937

1869 Times 14 Dec. 6/6 He does not fear the reciprocity-mongers of his own country.

1885 A. Crump Formation Polit. Opinion 198 The declamations of the Fair Traders and the reciprocity-mongers..fail to disturb the convictions of the sound thinkers in the country.

1905 Times 18 Dec. 10/2 Your fiscal reformers, your retaliators, your reciprocity mongers, your Imperial thinkers and your Imperial drinkers,..there they lay in one mingled mass of misery.

1913 Amer. Economist 8 Aug. 69/3 But medieval torture could not extract that information from any reciprocity monger. A fair trade for the shoe industry, for example, would be to offer to Canada or Japan free entry for footwear into this country in exchange for free entry of our footwear into those countries.

reciprocity theorem n. Physics and Mathematics any of various theorems stating the reciprocal nature of two phenomena or situations (cf. Onsager's law at Onsager n. 2a); spec. (a) a theorem stating that a voltage acting in a given branch of a circuit will produce the same current in some other branch as the same voltage in the other branch would produce in the given branch; (b) Nuclear Physics the statement that time-reversal leaves the transition rate for a nuclear reaction unchanged.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > nuclear fission > [noun] > theory of

reciprocity theorem1878

the world > matter > physics > mechanics > dynamics > thermodynamics > [noun] > specific theorems or principles

reciprocity theorem1878

Nernst heat theorem1912

Onsager's principle1945

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > voltage > [noun] > theorem concerning

reciprocity theorem1878

1878 Amer. Jrnl. Math. 1 98 The true nature of the reciprocity theorem, in the general case where i, j have any values whatever, is now obvious.

1938 G. P. Harnwell Princ. Electr. & Electromagn. xiii. 451 The reciprocity theorem is a consequence of the symmetry of the determinant.

1952 J. M. Blatt & V. E. Weisskopf Theoret. Nucl. Physics x. 529 We obtain the reciprocity theorem... This theorem states that the probability for a transition proceeding one way in time is equal to the probability for the same transition but with the sense of time reversed.

1968 Times 31 Oct. 5/4 The Onsager principle or ‘reciprocity theorem’..asserts that where two or more kinds of flow affect each other the equations describing them will be reciprocally related in a specific way.

1970 I. E. McCarthy Nuclear Reactions ii. 31 The reciprocity theorem or time-reversal invariance is an essential property of nuclear systems.

1972 M. Kline Math. Thought xxxiv. 815 Gauss says that he sought many proofs because he wished to find one that could be used to establish the biquadratic reciprocity theorem.

2007 Superconductor Sci. & Technol. 20 69/1 The violation of the reciprocity theorem has been recently confirmed.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	reciprocity
释义	reciprocityn. Brit. /ˌrɛsᵻˈprɒsᵻti/, U.S. /ˌrɛsəˈprɑsədi/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element; perhaps modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: Latin reciprocus , -ity suffix. Etymology: < classical Latin reciprocus reciproque adj. + -ity suffix, perhaps after French réciprocité (1729).Etymological dictionaries of French derive réciprocité < post-classical Latin reciprocitas ; however, this appears to be relatively rare (13th cent. in a British source; from 16th cent. in continental sources). In sense 2b originally after German †Reciprocität (1797 in the passage translated in quot. 1799; now Reziprozität ). In sense 3 originally after French loi de réciprocité law of reciprocity ( A. M. Legendre Essai sur la théorie des nombres (1798) ii. vi. 214). 1. The quality, state, or condition of being reciprocal; reciprocal action or relation, esp. reciprocation of cooperative or altruistic behaviour; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > correlation > [noun] > mutuality or reciprocity affinitya1398 reciprocation1546 mutualitya1586 mutualness1620 intermutualness1628 reciprocality1653 reciprocalness1657 reciprocity1753 reciprocy1803 commutuality1812 interdependence1822 interdependency1838 symbiosis1921 1753 Duke of Newcastle Let. to M. Michell 20 There would be no reciprocity, the King of Prussia don't agree to be bound by the Clauses, to which other Powers have, by their respective Treaties, signed. 1760 G. Wallace Princ. Law Scotl. I. vi. 344 The Law endeavours, as much as it can, to maintain an equitable reciprocity in all cases. 1776 tr. J. Necker Legislation & Commerce Corn xii. 60 It may be said..that if other nations buy up our corn, we shall do the same by theirs, and that by this reciprocity, this liberty will not be hurtful. 1791 T. Paine Rights of Man i. 115 A Declaration of Rights is, by reciprocity, a Declaration of Duties also. 1835 I. Taylor Spiritual Despotism ii. 75 People and priest ought to be connected by some sort of effective reciprocity. 1865 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia VI. xx. vi. 158 Touched by these horrors of war, and by the reciprocities evidently liable to follow. 1867 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. iv. 249 Reciprocity of a certain kind was the essence of the feudal relation. 1904 W. T. Mills Struggle for Existence xx. 262 Reciprocity is a new word in politics, but it expresses an old fact in real life. 1963 World Politics 15 432 Luftwaffe assaults on Britain in late 1941 were limited to reprisal attacks designed to give an impression of precise reciprocity for British raids on Germany. 1972 Jrnl. Social Psychol. 87 89 Gouldner has postulated the existence of a universal norm of reciprocity which stipulates that..people should help those who help them. 1994 Bottom Line 1 Sept. 14/2 The trick to building strong peer relationships is reciprocity. 2. a. Mutual recognition by two parties of certain rights and privileges, esp. as the basis for commercial relations. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > importing and exporting > [noun] > mutual concessions of privileges reciprocity1778 1778 U.S. Treaties (1910) I. 469 The Most Christian King [of France], and the thirteen United States of North America..[take] for the basis of their agreement the most perfect equality and reciprocity..respecting commerce and navigation. 1783 Prelim. Art. Peace w. France xviii. 10 To agree upon new arrangements of trade, on the footing of reciprocity and mutual convenience. 1847 H. Clay in Whig Almanac 1848 22/1 Out of these acts have sprung a class..of treaties,..commonly called Reciprocity Treaties. 1868 M. E. Grant Duff Polit. Surv. 24 The Danish Government passed two new..laws granting freedom from remeasurement in Danish ports to all foreigners according reciprocity. 1880 A. J. Wilson (title) Reciprocity, Bimetallism and Land Tenure Reform. 1911 Springfield (Mass.) Weekly Republican 31 Aug. 1 Its enactment into law would have ditched them in their present reciprocity campaign. 1989 Freight Distribution Mar. 4/1 Putting aside constraints on capacity, market access and reciprocity in favour of a wider choice of competitive services for the user. 1991 Computing 10 Jan. 8/4 Reciprocity agreements which would enable European firms with overseas operations to have access to Japanese and US r&d programmes. b. In Kantian philosophy: the mutual action and reaction of coexistent substances; (also) the disjunctive judgement identified with this. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > idealism > [noun] > Kantianism > elements of conception1701 schematism1794 categorical imperative1796 intuition1796 matter1796 receptivity1796 schema1796 dialectic1797 multifarious1798 reciprocity1799 form1803 synthesis1817 Anschauung1820 manifold?1822 category1829 modality1836 multiplex1836 predicable1838 multiple1839 multiplicity1839 presentmenta1842 elanguescence1855 1799 tr. I. Kant Metaphysic of Morals I. viii. 13 The reciprocity [Ger. Reciprocität] of the obligation from an universal rule. 1838 F. Haywood tr. I. Kant Critick Pure Reason i. 76 Both the Judgments, the relationship of which forms the hypothetical judgment.., in whose reciprocity [Ger. Wechselwirkung] likewise the disjunctive consists. 1883 A. Barratt Physical Metempiric 232 We can think of Things-in-themselves..only under the categories of substance, causality and reciprocity. 1933 Jrnl. Philos. 30 254 This point about causality..applies with proper qualifications equally to the other two relation-categories of Kant, substance-quality and reciprocity. 1998 Rev. Metaphysics 52 1 Reciprocity in Kant is not a condition for treating someone as end-in-himself, but the social and historical outcome for which moral agents (and their posterity) are entitled to hope: this is Kant's ideal of the ‘ethical community’. 3. Inverse or complementary correspondence; (Photography) the correspondence between the degree of darkening of an emulsion and both the light intensity and the exposure time, such that the darkening is constant for a given product of light intensity and exposure time (chiefly in compounds: see Compounds 2); (also) = reciprocity failure n. at Compounds 2 (colloquial). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > action of taking photograph > technical factors > [noun] > reciprocity law or failure reciprocity1815 reciprocity law1900 reciprocity failure1907 1815 C. Hutton Philos. & Math. Dict. II. 290/1 Reciprocity of prime numbers, a certain law that obtains regard to the remainders..when n and m are both primes, first demonstrated by Legendre. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 2/2 Either (M^y − 1) : N and (N^x + 1) : M are both whole numbers, or else (M^y + 1) : N and (N^x − 1) : M are both whole numbers. This theorem..has been termed the law of reciprocity of prime numbers. 1876 Proc. Royal Soc. 25 118 Although the principle of reciprocity appears to be firmly grounded on the theoretical side, instances are not uncommon in which a sound generated in the open air at a point A is heard at a distant point B, when an equal or even more powerful sound at B fails to make itself heard at A. 1899 Astrophysical Jrnl. 10 228 Bond and Lohse based their measurements upon the law of reciprocity between intensity and exposure. 1945 Sci. Monthly May 327/1 Taking advantage of the principle of reciprocity between number and length of rays, it was soon possible to overcome these disadvantages. 1972 M. Kline Math. Thought xxv. 611 The law of quadratic reciprocity..states that if p and q are distinct odd primes, then (p/q)(q/p) = (−1)^{(p − 1)(q − 1)/4}. 2001 Outdoor Photographer Aug. 27 (caption) The film is also less susceptible to reciprocity, making it ideal for extended low-light exposures. Compounds C1. reciprocity technique n. ΚΠ 1940 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 24 Feb. d7/1 On the tariff it suggests changes in the present reciprocity technique, but it is for reciprocity. 1973 Times 18 Oct. (Brazil Suppl.) p. ii/4 There is a dependence on imported technology and design, as well as insufficient use of reciprocity techniques. 2004 Information Today (Nexis) 1 July 29 Publishers..should consider new methods of charging for content that better reflect their added value: user-satisfaction measures, sponsorship, or other reciprocity techniques. C2. reciprocity failure n. Photography departure from adherence to the reciprocity law (as in all real emulsions), whereby greater exposure than that predicted by the law is required at both very low and very high light intensities. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > action of taking photograph > technical factors > [noun] > reciprocity law or failure reciprocity1815 reciprocity law1900 reciprocity failure1907 1907 S. E. Sheppard & C. E. K. Mees Investig. Theory Photogr. Process ii. vi. 221 The reciprocity failure may be considered to start at much the same point relatively to the inertia points in the two plates. 1966 D. G. Brandon Mod. Techniques Metallogr. 13 Emulsions for astronomical applications, involving exposure times of several hours, show almost no reciprocity failure at all. 2006 Jrnl. Optics A. 8 797/1 Digital recording devices seem not to be subject to an effect comparable to the so-called ‘reciprocity failure’ of photochemical materials. reciprocity law n. Photography the principle that the degree of darkening of an ideal emulsion is constant for a given incident energy, i.e. for a given product of light intensity and exposure time. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > action of taking photograph > technical factors > [noun] > reciprocity law or failure reciprocity1815 reciprocity law1900 reciprocity failure1907 1900 Sci. Abstr.: Physics & Electr. Engin. 3 852 He [sc. Eder] shows how these variations from Bunsen's reciprocity law may be corrected in determining the sensitiveness of a plate. 2004 Digital Photographer No. 24. 50/2 Film suffers from Reciprocity Law failure. Digital suffers not from that, but from ‘noise’ over long exposures. reciprocity-monger n. now rare = reciprocitarian n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > [noun] > other international policies > supporters of reciprocitarian1869 reciprocity-monger1869 scuttler1884 sanctionist1935 sanctioneer1937 1869 Times 14 Dec. 6/6 He does not fear the reciprocity-mongers of his own country. 1885 A. Crump Formation Polit. Opinion 198 The declamations of the Fair Traders and the reciprocity-mongers..fail to disturb the convictions of the sound thinkers in the country. 1905 Times 18 Dec. 10/2 Your fiscal reformers, your retaliators, your reciprocity mongers, your Imperial thinkers and your Imperial drinkers,..there they lay in one mingled mass of misery. 1913 Amer. Economist 8 Aug. 69/3 But medieval torture could not extract that information from any reciprocity monger. A fair trade for the shoe industry, for example, would be to offer to Canada or Japan free entry for footwear into this country in exchange for free entry of our footwear into those countries. reciprocity theorem n. Physics and Mathematics any of various theorems stating the reciprocal nature of two phenomena or situations (cf. Onsager's law at Onsager n. 2a); spec. (a) a theorem stating that a voltage acting in a given branch of a circuit will produce the same current in some other branch as the same voltage in the other branch would produce in the given branch; (b) Nuclear Physics the statement that time-reversal leaves the transition rate for a nuclear reaction unchanged. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > nuclear fission > [noun] > theory of reciprocity theorem1878 the world > matter > physics > mechanics > dynamics > thermodynamics > [noun] > specific theorems or principles reciprocity theorem1878 Nernst heat theorem1912 Onsager's principle1945 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > voltage > [noun] > theorem concerning reciprocity theorem1878 1878 Amer. Jrnl. Math. 1 98 The true nature of the reciprocity theorem, in the general case where i, j have any values whatever, is now obvious. 1938 G. P. Harnwell Princ. Electr. & Electromagn. xiii. 451 The reciprocity theorem is a consequence of the symmetry of the determinant. 1952 J. M. Blatt & V. E. Weisskopf Theoret. Nucl. Physics x. 529 We obtain the reciprocity theorem... This theorem states that the probability for a transition proceeding one way in time is equal to the probability for the same transition but with the sense of time reversed. 1968 Times 31 Oct. 5/4 The Onsager principle or ‘reciprocity theorem’..asserts that where two or more kinds of flow affect each other the equations describing them will be reciprocally related in a specific way. 1970 I. E. McCarthy Nuclear Reactions ii. 31 The reciprocity theorem or time-reversal invariance is an essential property of nuclear systems. 1972 M. Kline Math. Thought xxxiv. 815 Gauss says that he sought many proofs because he wished to find one that could be used to establish the biquadratic reciprocity theorem. 2007 Superconductor Sci. & Technol. 20 69/1 The violation of the reciprocity theorem has been recently confirmed. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1753
随便看	to etc at no reputation to etc back on her heels to etc back on his heels to etc back the clock to etc back to the world to etc behalf to etc between the eye to etc between the eyes to etc bloody murder to etc blue murder to etc broadcast to etc by a head to etc by example to etc by planets to etc by the button to etc by the ears to etc by the heels to etc by the throat to etc caution to the wind to etc caution to the winds to etc circles around to etc circles round to etc clock to etc commons to fall in step