re-enforcev.

Brit.

/ˌriːᵻnˈfɔːs/, U.S.

/ˈˌriənˈfɔrs/

Forms: see re- prefix and enforce v.; also 1700s– reënforce.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; partly modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: re- prefix, enforce v.

Etymology: < re- prefix + enforce v., partly after Middle French renforcer renforce v. Compare reinforce v., renforce v., and see discussion at those entries. Compare also re-enforce n.Except in sense 5, reinforce v. is now more commonly found in the senses below.

a. transitive. To give additional force to; to add to the strength, power, intensity, etc., of; to make stronger. Cf. reinforce v. 1a, 3b. Now rare.In quots. c1595, a1711: †to provide strength or support to compensate for (a weakness) (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > strengthening or confirmation of immaterial things > strengthen or confirm immaterial things [verb (transitive)]

strengha1175

strengthc1200

astrengthc1250

strength1340

confirmc1386

affirma1393

forcec1430

renforce?1473

corrobore1485

re-enforcec1485

reinforcec1485

stronga1500

consolidate?a1547

strengthen1546

sinewize1600

sinew1625

confortate1651

nervate1682

scaffolda1693

corroborate1698

substantiate1792

nerve1856

stouten1887

affirm1899

toughen1901

to put stuffing into1938

the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [verb (transitive)] > increase the intensity of

multiplya1398

sharpenc1450

heighten1523

height1528

strengthen1546

aggravate1549

enhance1559

intend1603

enrich1620

re-enforce1625

wheel1632

reinforce1660

support1691

richen1795

to give a weight to1796

intensify1817

exalt1850

intensate1856

to step up1920

to hot up1937

ramp1981

c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Gouernaunce of Princis (1993) xxiii. 96 And than the naturale hete yat is reenforssit..consumys soner the fude jn the stomak.

1566 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure I. l. f. 297 The chaste hearte of this woman, did reenforce and fortefie her courage in double wise.

1594 T. Kyd Cornelia iii Thy brauest Captaines, whose coragious harts (Ioyn'd with the right) did re-enforce our hopes.

c1595 Countess of Pembroke Psalme lxxxvi. 38 in Coll. Wks. (1998) II. 126 Thou, Iehoua,..With strength my weaknesse reenforce.

1625 K. Long tr. J. Barclay Argenis v. x. 364 He was with these and the like speeches re-enforcing his anger.

a1711 T. Ken Hymnarium 49 in Wks. (1721) II. Thou to thyself dost Glory raise, By re-enforcing our Decays.

1731 T. Knight Vindic. Late Ess. Transmutation Blood 152 Assisting Nature..to re-enforce the Efforts of the Constitution.

1774 Monthly Rev. 51 186 [Mr. Henry]..has drawn upon him the severe animadversions of Dr. Glass, re-enforced with those of the present Proprietor of that medicine.

1850 I. Mayhew Pop. Educ. 270 If the chemical ingredients and affinities of the soil are not understood, an attempt may be made to re-enforce it by substances with which it is already sur-charged.

1883 Harper's Mag. Nov. 886/2 The sonority of this reservoir is expected materially to re-enforce the volume of tone.

1959 W. Goldschmidt Understanding Human Society v. 178 Rituals involving the whole community, called rites of intensification, re-enforce the initiate's sense of belonging.

1997 J. Ryan Dismantling Mr Doyle viii. 95 She added that episode..to a number of others which..re-enforced her sense of inadequacy.

†b. transitive (reflexive). To strengthen or encourage oneself again. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1601 B. Jonson Fountaine of Selfe-love iii. v. sig. F4 And then,..if she shall coyly recoyle, and signifie your repulse; you are to re-enforce your selfe with [etc.] .

a1664 M. Frank LI Serm. (1672) 241 If you have been deficient..you may re-enforce your selves, ask pardon, and set your selves the more strictly to righteousness, and devotion, good desires, and holy practises hereafter.

a. transitive. To strengthen or increase (an army, etc.) by providing additional troops; = reinforce v. 2a; (formerly also) †to strengthen (a military force) by replenishing supplies (obsolete). Also in extended use: to strengthen or increase (any group, party, etc.) by adding to the number; = reinforce v. 2d.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military operations > distribution of troops > [verb (transitive)] > reinforce

enforce1340

stuffc1400

renforce?1473

relieve1487

supply1487

refreshc1500

ranforce1547

strengthen1548

re-enforce1579

reinforce1589

seconda1609

recrew1637

recruit1642

society > armed hostility > military organization > logistics > practise logistics [verb (transitive)] > provision > strengthen with fresh supplies

fortify1470

renforce?1473

relieve1487

re-enforce1579

1579 G. Fenton tr. F. Guicciardini Hist. Guicciardin 371 And albeit the king was already passed into Italie, and reenforced his armie continually to assaile Genes without delay.

1589 Trve Coppie Disc. Voy. Spaine 56 Who after one battaile lost, were neuer able to reenforce themselues against him.

1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage iv. ii. 295 The Magi..himselfe re-enforcing his power, and bidding battell.., was taken aliue.

1614 T. Danett's tr. P. de Commynes's Hist. (new ed.) i. viii. 24 Then vsed we to re-enforce [1596 renforce] them with new supplies.

1693 tr. J. Le Clerc Mem. Count Teckely iv. 62 They thought only upon reposing themselves, and re~enforcing their Army by detachments out of the neighbouring Garrisons.

1729 J. Bernardi Short Hist. Life 29 The French had neither Time nor any Opportunity to re-enforce that important Garrison.

1783 F. Hervey et al. Naval Hist. Great Brit. (new ed.) IV. iii. 257 Re-enforcing the garrison of that place [sc. Gibraltar], he steered his course for England.

1804 Let. 11 Mar. in Calendonian Mercury 20 Apr. 3/4 As soon as we are re-enforced by the two regiments expected..an Expedition..will proceed against that important Colony.

1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. (1856) III. xiii. 248 The majority, re-enforced by the crowd of deserters from the minority, proceeded to name a Committee of Elections.

1885 J. L. Allen in Harper's Mag. Apr. 709/2 With my house re-enforced by a housekeeper,..there would be nothing more to desire.

1903 H. Butterworth Brother Jonathan ix. 154 Your Excellency was pleased to request the militia of our State to be sent forward with all possible expedition to reenforce the army at New York.

1963 Jrnl. Asian Stud. 22 165 The reluctance to re-enforce the Shanghai garrison.

1996 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 28 Oct. a1 An excruciating internal debate, which included plans to re-enforce American troops in South Korea.

†b. transitive. To reassemble (troops, a military force, etc.); to regroup. Also figurative. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military operations > manoeuvre > [verb (transitive)] > rally

rely?a1400

re-allyc1485

re-enforce1594

retire1596

rally1600

rallier1619

steady1901

1594 T. Kyd tr. R. Garnier Cornelia Argt. His purpose was to have re~enforc'd a newe Armie.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) iv. vi. 36 The French haue re-enforc'd their scatter'd men.

1653 W. Prynne Sword Christian Magistracy Supported 167 I shall here openly challenge Master Dell, Master Peters, Master Goodwin..to rally and re-enforce these their routed scattered Forces.

1672 W. Penn New Witnesses Proved old Hereticks To Rdr. sig. A2 As if the scattered Limbs of Heresie had rallied and re-enforced themselves for a new Combate.

3. transitive. To add to the force or strength of (an argument, assertion, etc.); to make more powerful or compelling; (also) to provide support for or add substance to (an argument, point of view, etc.); = reinforce v. 3a.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [verb (transitive)] > attach importance to > render outstanding > again

re-enforcea1593

reinforce1610

reimpress1667

re-emphasize1856

a1593 C. Marlowe Hero & Leander (1598) sig. Cij Yet might he hope for mo. Which makes him quickly re-enforce his speech, And her in humble maner thus beseech.

a1630 S. Page Broken Heart (1637) 177 To magnifie him, and to reenforce his Petition, he calleth him Deum salutis.

1833 Penny Cycl. I. 535/2 It was Galileo..who re-enforced the notions of Copernicus, by arguments of the most forcible character drawn from probability.

1888 R. L. Stevenson Some Gentlemen in Fiction in Scribner's Mag. June 764/2 The opinions.., though..re-enforced with excellent images, are not peculiar..to Hamlet.

1918 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 23 690 Here is assembled a useful body of descriptive material, re-enforced by up-to-date statistics.

1979 J. Greenfield China & Law of Sea i. v. 130 This view is further re-enforced by the concept of the continental shelf as the ‘natural prolongation’ of a State's land territory.

2003 Irish Times (Nexis) 12 July 15 Mr Myers cites Sligo as an ‘extreme example’ to re-enforce his spurious argument.

†4. transitive. To renew or repeat (an action, statement, etc.) with fresh force; to reiterate. Also (occasionally) intransitive. Obsolete. Cf. reinforce v. 4.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > insistence or persistence > insist or persist [verb (intransitive)]

perseverec1380

clencha1400

standc1400

to stand to it1549

beat1579

insist1596

hammer1598

consist1600

persist1600

re-enforce1603

to swear pink1956

the world > action or operation > endeavour > make an attempt or endeavour [verb (intransitive)] > strive or struggle > anew

re-enforce1603

restrive1613

1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 219 Reenforcing the charge, he with much adoe obtained the victorie.

1624 R. Montagu Gagg for New Gospell? To Rdr. Though he fall off to day, hee will re-enforcce to morrow, though he faile to day, he will assay to morrow.

1642 Bp. J. Taylor Of Sacred Order Episcopacy 325 This account we have from S. Cyprian, and he reenforces againe upon the same charge in his Epistle.

1750 ‘Philocalos’ Rev. Mr. M–ke D–s' Case 14 His L—p contented himself with admonishing and reproving Mr. D—s from Time to Time, always re-enforceing his first Prohibition that Mr. D—s should not presume..to perform any ministerial Function within his Diocess.

5. transitive. To enforce (a law, rule, etc.) for a second or further time; to put into force again.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legislation > make (laws) or establish as law [verb (transitive)] > pass a (law) > again

renewc1400

re-enact1613

re-enforce1635

repass1769

1635 S. Birckbek Protestants Evid. (new ed.) vii.199 The sixt Synod..being called together by the then penitent and restored Emperour Iustinian, gathered up, and set forth the Canons formerly made, and by them re-enforced.

1660 W. Prynne 1st & 2nd Pt. Signal Loyalty ii. vi. 13 A very good ground to revive and re-enforce this Duty both on Ministers and people now.

1765 T. Haweis Evangelical Expositor I. xxiv. 138 The law against blasphemy re-enforced.

1772 W. Pennington Free Inq. Pluralities 97 It was judged necessary to summon another council to re-enforce and confirm the synodical decrees.

1811 Times 9 Sept. 2/5 What authority has he..to re-enforce his Non-intercourse against France?

1883 G. W. Rusden Hist. N.Z. III. xviii. 189 Any parent or guardian neglecting to comply..was liable to pay a fine not exceeding 40s., and the penalty might be re-enforced week by week.

1917 Northeastern Reporter 117 362/2 To re-enforce this general rule the General Assembly of Ohio has specially enacted section 10214, General Code.

2004 OECD Econ. Surv.: Poland iv. 146 Draft legislation has been prepared re-enforcing prohibitions on insider-trading.

6. transitive. To strengthen (a material thing) by incorporating additional support, thickness, etc.; = reinforce v. 1b.

ΚΠ

1883 Harper's Mag. Nov. 887/1 The re-entrant angles..are re-enforced..with..pilasters.

1897 Outing 30 278/2 It goes to the brazing furnace, where the joints are re-enforced and solidified.

1931 Calif. Law Rev. 20 68 Liability of the owner of the building for the cost of the work of re-enforcing it was denied.

1949 A. Chujoy & P. W. Manchester Dance Encycl. 480/2 The toe of the shoe is re-enforced with a box made of several layers of strong glue between layers of material.

2006 N. Mikhaila & J. Malcolm-Davies Tudor Tailor 107 A steel bone is recommended to re-enforce the point at waist and to help create the dip between the breasts evident in portraits of the time.

7. transitive. Psychology. To strengthen or support (a response, behaviour, etc.); = reinforce v. 1d.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > psychology > experimental psychology > conditioning > establish response [verb (transitive)] > strengthen

re-enforce1888

reinforce1901

1888 Science 10 Feb. 66 Normally the mind is full of a host of ideas, and, if they harmonize with the idea that is to lead to action, they will re-enforce and quicken the act.

1942 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 55 203 Delayed response should prove to be reinstatable in animals deprived of the frontal areas by actually reënforcing the response to the correct side at the moment of presentation of the stimulus.

1996 Diss. Abstr. Internat. B. 56 7055 Group therapy provides the opportunity to express competitive-based feelings towards another member in a safe environment where constructive verbal expression is re-enforced.

2005 N. M. Gnezda Teaching Difficult Students vii. 80 We continue to reenforce what we perceive to be ‘good behaviors’ with praise, awards, and tokens such as candy or stickers.

Derivatives

reenˈforceable adj. rare that may be re-enforced.

ΚΠ

1895 I. K. Funk et al. Standard Dict. Eng. Lang. II. at Reenforce Reenforceable... Reenforcible.

1974 H. Pak China & West vii. 72 Such an ethically-oriented conception of law in China may have been more justifiable and re-enforceable than we are willing to recognize.

2004 E. F. Ziemke Red Army x. 161 Defenses would be deep and always re-enforceable and renewable over railroads reaching back into the interior.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	re-enforce
释义	† re-enforcen. Forms: 1800s re-enforce, 1800s reënforce. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: re-enforce v. Etymology: < re-enforce v. Compare reinforce n. Obsolete. 1. The acquisition of renewed strength and courage. Cf. re-enforce v. 1. rare. ΚΠ a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) i. vi. sig. D8 The Helots resistance, discomfiture, and reenforce by the returne of their new captaine. 2. Military. = reinforce n. 1. rare. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > armed forces > the Army > group with special function or duty > [noun] > reinforcements succour?c1225 over-numbera1450 supplies1488 supplement1548 re-enforce1618 recrew1619 recruit1635 reinforcement1641 enforcement1643 reinforce1648 sustainer1708 re-enforcement1718 supporter1796 stiffening1900 1618 A. Munday tr. N. de Herberay Amadis de Gaule iv. xxii. 96/1 Barsinan had beene instan[t]ly foyled: but for the re-enforce, which king Arauigne sent by the Duke of Bristoy [Fr. sans le renfort que leur enuoya le roy Arauigne]. 3. = reinforce n. 2. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device for discharging missiles > firearm > parts and fittings of firearms > [noun] > reinforcing fortification1626 reinforce1757 jacket1854 re-enforce1861 gun hoop1891 1861 U.S. Patent 33,401 1/1 What I have called the ‘body’, to distinguish it from the re-enforce, may be a cast-iron gun which has been already finished for use, but requires strengthening. 1863 Sci. Amer. 4 July 118/3 The gun in use at the time of the accident was an old-fashioned navy 42-pounder, which had been rifled, and a very heavy brass re-enforce shrunk on. 1886 American 12 141 The gun is a small one,..composed of two concentric cylinders, the inside one being of steel, the outside or reënforce of cast iron. 1891 U.S. Patent 458,329 3 Gun A..presenting the peculiarity of a much longer re-enforce a and shorter chase. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online December 2020). re-enforcev. Brit. /ˌriːᵻnˈfɔːs/, U.S. /ˈˌriənˈfɔrs/ Forms: see re- prefix and enforce v.; also 1700s– reënforce. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; partly modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: re- prefix, enforce v. Etymology: < re- prefix + enforce v., partly after Middle French renforcer renforce v. Compare reinforce v., renforce v., and see discussion at those entries. Compare also re-enforce n.Except in sense 5, reinforce v. is now more commonly found in the senses below. 1. a. transitive. To give additional force to; to add to the strength, power, intensity, etc., of; to make stronger. Cf. reinforce v. 1a, 3b. Now rare.In quots. c1595, a1711: †to provide strength or support to compensate for (a weakness) (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > strengthening or confirmation of immaterial things > strengthen or confirm immaterial things [verb (transitive)] strengha1175 strengthc1200 astrengthc1250 strength1340 confirmc1386 affirma1393 forcec1430 renforce?1473 corrobore1485 re-enforcec1485 reinforcec1485 stronga1500 consolidate?a1547 strengthen1546 sinewize1600 sinew1625 confortate1651 nervate1682 scaffolda1693 corroborate1698 substantiate1792 nerve1856 stouten1887 affirm1899 toughen1901 to put stuffing into1938 the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [verb (transitive)] > increase the intensity of multiplya1398 sharpenc1450 heighten1523 height1528 strengthen1546 aggravate1549 enhance1559 intend1603 enrich1620 re-enforce1625 wheel1632 reinforce1660 support1691 richen1795 to give a weight to1796 intensify1817 exalt1850 intensate1856 to step up1920 to hot up1937 ramp1981 c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Gouernaunce of Princis (1993) xxiii. 96 And than the naturale hete yat is reenforssit..consumys soner the fude jn the stomak. 1566 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure I. l. f. 297 The chaste hearte of this woman, did reenforce and fortefie her courage in double wise. 1594 T. Kyd Cornelia iii Thy brauest Captaines, whose coragious harts (Ioyn'd with the right) did re-enforce our hopes. c1595 Countess of Pembroke Psalme lxxxvi. 38 in Coll. Wks. (1998) II. 126 Thou, Iehoua,..With strength my weaknesse reenforce. 1625 K. Long tr. J. Barclay Argenis v. x. 364 He was with these and the like speeches re-enforcing his anger. a1711 T. Ken Hymnarium 49 in Wks. (1721) II. Thou to thyself dost Glory raise, By re-enforcing our Decays. 1731 T. Knight Vindic. Late Ess. Transmutation Blood 152 Assisting Nature..to re-enforce the Efforts of the Constitution. 1774 Monthly Rev. 51 186 [Mr. Henry]..has drawn upon him the severe animadversions of Dr. Glass, re-enforced with those of the present Proprietor of that medicine. 1850 I. Mayhew Pop. Educ. 270 If the chemical ingredients and affinities of the soil are not understood, an attempt may be made to re-enforce it by substances with which it is already sur-charged. 1883 Harper's Mag. Nov. 886/2 The sonority of this reservoir is expected materially to re-enforce the volume of tone. 1959 W. Goldschmidt Understanding Human Society v. 178 Rituals involving the whole community, called rites of intensification, re-enforce the initiate's sense of belonging. 1997 J. Ryan Dismantling Mr Doyle viii. 95 She added that episode..to a number of others which..re-enforced her sense of inadequacy. †b. transitive (reflexive). To strengthen or encourage oneself again. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1601 B. Jonson Fountaine of Selfe-love iii. v. sig. F4 And then,..if she shall coyly recoyle, and signifie your repulse; you are to re-enforce your selfe with [etc.] . View more context for this quotation a1664 M. Frank LI Serm. (1672) 241 If you have been deficient..you may re-enforce your selves, ask pardon, and set your selves the more strictly to righteousness, and devotion, good desires, and holy practises hereafter. 2. a. transitive. To strengthen or increase (an army, etc.) by providing additional troops; = reinforce v. 2a; (formerly also) †to strengthen (a military force) by replenishing supplies (obsolete). Also in extended use: to strengthen or increase (any group, party, etc.) by adding to the number; = reinforce v. 2d. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military operations > distribution of troops > [verb (transitive)] > reinforce enforce1340 stuffc1400 renforce?1473 relieve1487 supply1487 refreshc1500 ranforce1547 strengthen1548 re-enforce1579 reinforce1589 seconda1609 recrew1637 recruit1642 society > armed hostility > military organization > logistics > practise logistics [verb (transitive)] > provision > strengthen with fresh supplies fortify1470 renforce?1473 relieve1487 re-enforce1579 1579 G. Fenton tr. F. Guicciardini Hist. Guicciardin 371 And albeit the king was already passed into Italie, and reenforced his armie continually to assaile Genes without delay. 1589 Trve Coppie Disc. Voy. Spaine 56 Who after one battaile lost, were neuer able to reenforce themselues against him. 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage iv. ii. 295 The Magi..himselfe re-enforcing his power, and bidding battell.., was taken aliue. 1614 T. Danett's tr. P. de Commynes's Hist. (new ed.) i. viii. 24 Then vsed we to re-enforce [1596 renforce] them with new supplies. 1693 tr. J. Le Clerc Mem. Count Teckely iv. 62 They thought only upon reposing themselves, and re~enforcing their Army by detachments out of the neighbouring Garrisons. 1729 J. Bernardi Short Hist. Life 29 The French had neither Time nor any Opportunity to re-enforce that important Garrison. 1783 F. Hervey et al. Naval Hist. Great Brit. (new ed.) IV. iii. 257 Re-enforcing the garrison of that place [sc. Gibraltar], he steered his course for England. 1804 Let. 11 Mar. in Calendonian Mercury 20 Apr. 3/4 As soon as we are re-enforced by the two regiments expected..an Expedition..will proceed against that important Colony. 1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. (1856) III. xiii. 248 The majority, re-enforced by the crowd of deserters from the minority, proceeded to name a Committee of Elections. 1885 J. L. Allen in Harper's Mag. Apr. 709/2 With my house re-enforced by a housekeeper,..there would be nothing more to desire. 1903 H. Butterworth Brother Jonathan ix. 154 Your Excellency was pleased to request the militia of our State to be sent forward with all possible expedition to reenforce the army at New York. 1963 Jrnl. Asian Stud. 22 165 The reluctance to re-enforce the Shanghai garrison. 1996 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 28 Oct. a1 An excruciating internal debate, which included plans to re-enforce American troops in South Korea. †b. transitive. To reassemble (troops, a military force, etc.); to regroup. Also figurative. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military operations > manoeuvre > [verb (transitive)] > rally rely?a1400 re-allyc1485 re-enforce1594 retire1596 rally1600 rallier1619 steady1901 1594 T. Kyd tr. R. Garnier Cornelia Argt. His purpose was to have re~enforc'd a newe Armie. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) iv. vi. 36 The French haue re-enforc'd their scatter'd men. View more context for this quotation 1653 W. Prynne Sword Christian Magistracy Supported 167 I shall here openly challenge Master Dell, Master Peters, Master Goodwin..to rally and re-enforce these their routed scattered Forces. 1672 W. Penn New Witnesses Proved old Hereticks To Rdr. sig. A2 As if the scattered Limbs of Heresie had rallied and re-enforced themselves for a new Combate. 3. transitive. To add to the force or strength of (an argument, assertion, etc.); to make more powerful or compelling; (also) to provide support for or add substance to (an argument, point of view, etc.); = reinforce v. 3a. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [verb (transitive)] > attach importance to > render outstanding > again re-enforcea1593 reinforce1610 reimpress1667 re-emphasize1856 a1593 C. Marlowe Hero & Leander (1598) sig. Cij Yet might he hope for mo. Which makes him quickly re-enforce his speech, And her in humble maner thus beseech. a1630 S. Page Broken Heart (1637) 177 To magnifie him, and to reenforce his Petition, he calleth him Deum salutis. 1833 Penny Cycl. I. 535/2 It was Galileo..who re-enforced the notions of Copernicus, by arguments of the most forcible character drawn from probability. 1888 R. L. Stevenson Some Gentlemen in Fiction in Scribner's Mag. June 764/2 The opinions.., though..re-enforced with excellent images, are not peculiar..to Hamlet. 1918 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 23 690 Here is assembled a useful body of descriptive material, re-enforced by up-to-date statistics. 1979 J. Greenfield China & Law of Sea i. v. 130 This view is further re-enforced by the concept of the continental shelf as the ‘natural prolongation’ of a State's land territory. 2003 Irish Times (Nexis) 12 July 15 Mr Myers cites Sligo as an ‘extreme example’ to re-enforce his spurious argument. †4. transitive. To renew or repeat (an action, statement, etc.) with fresh force; to reiterate. Also (occasionally) intransitive. Obsolete. Cf. reinforce v. 4. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > insistence or persistence > insist or persist [verb (intransitive)] perseverec1380 clencha1400 standc1400 to stand to it1549 beat1579 insist1596 hammer1598 consist1600 persist1600 re-enforce1603 to swear pink1956 the world > action or operation > endeavour > make an attempt or endeavour [verb (intransitive)] > strive or struggle > anew re-enforce1603 restrive1613 1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 219 Reenforcing the charge, he with much adoe obtained the victorie. 1624 R. Montagu Gagg for New Gospell? To Rdr. Though he fall off to day, hee will re-enforcce to morrow, though he faile to day, he will assay to morrow. 1642 Bp. J. Taylor Of Sacred Order Episcopacy 325 This account we have from S. Cyprian, and he reenforces againe upon the same charge in his Epistle. 1750 ‘Philocalos’ Rev. Mr. M–ke D–s' Case 14 His L—p contented himself with admonishing and reproving Mr. D—s from Time to Time, always re-enforceing his first Prohibition that Mr. D—s should not presume..to perform any ministerial Function within his Diocess. 5. transitive. To enforce (a law, rule, etc.) for a second or further time; to put into force again. ΘΚΠ society > law > legislation > make (laws) or establish as law [verb (transitive)] > pass a (law) > again renewc1400 re-enact1613 re-enforce1635 repass1769 1635 S. Birckbek Protestants Evid. (new ed.) vii.199 The sixt Synod..being called together by the then penitent and restored Emperour Iustinian, gathered up, and set forth the Canons formerly made, and by them re-enforced. 1660 W. Prynne 1st & 2nd Pt. Signal Loyalty ii. vi. 13 A very good ground to revive and re-enforce this Duty both on Ministers and people now. 1765 T. Haweis Evangelical Expositor I. xxiv. 138 The law against blasphemy re-enforced. 1772 W. Pennington Free Inq. Pluralities 97 It was judged necessary to summon another council to re-enforce and confirm the synodical decrees. 1811 Times 9 Sept. 2/5 What authority has he..to re-enforce his Non-intercourse against France? 1883 G. W. Rusden Hist. N.Z. III. xviii. 189 Any parent or guardian neglecting to comply..was liable to pay a fine not exceeding 40s., and the penalty might be re-enforced week by week. 1917 Northeastern Reporter 117 362/2 To re-enforce this general rule the General Assembly of Ohio has specially enacted section 10214, General Code. 2004 OECD Econ. Surv.: Poland iv. 146 Draft legislation has been prepared re-enforcing prohibitions on insider-trading. 6. transitive. To strengthen (a material thing) by incorporating additional support, thickness, etc.; = reinforce v. 1b. ΚΠ 1883 Harper's Mag. Nov. 887/1 The re-entrant angles..are re-enforced..with..pilasters. 1897 Outing 30 278/2 It goes to the brazing furnace, where the joints are re-enforced and solidified. 1931 Calif. Law Rev. 20 68 Liability of the owner of the building for the cost of the work of re-enforcing it was denied. 1949 A. Chujoy & P. W. Manchester Dance Encycl. 480/2 The toe of the shoe is re-enforced with a box made of several layers of strong glue between layers of material. 2006 N. Mikhaila & J. Malcolm-Davies Tudor Tailor 107 A steel bone is recommended to re-enforce the point at waist and to help create the dip between the breasts evident in portraits of the time. 7. transitive. Psychology. To strengthen or support (a response, behaviour, etc.); = reinforce v. 1d. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > psychology > experimental psychology > conditioning > establish response [verb (transitive)] > strengthen re-enforce1888 reinforce1901 1888 Science 10 Feb. 66 Normally the mind is full of a host of ideas, and, if they harmonize with the idea that is to lead to action, they will re-enforce and quicken the act. 1942 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 55 203 Delayed response should prove to be reinstatable in animals deprived of the frontal areas by actually reënforcing the response to the correct side at the moment of presentation of the stimulus. 1996 Diss. Abstr. Internat. B. 56 7055 Group therapy provides the opportunity to express competitive-based feelings towards another member in a safe environment where constructive verbal expression is re-enforced. 2005 N. M. Gnezda Teaching Difficult Students vii. 80 We continue to reenforce what we perceive to be ‘good behaviors’ with praise, awards, and tokens such as candy or stickers. Derivatives reenˈforceable adj. rare that may be re-enforced. ΚΠ 1895 I. K. Funk et al. Standard Dict. Eng. Lang. II. at Reenforce Reenforceable... Reenforcible. 1974 H. Pak China & West vii. 72 Such an ethically-oriented conception of law in China may have been more justifiable and re-enforceable than we are willing to recognize. 2004 E. F. Ziemke Red Army x. 161 Defenses would be deep and always re-enforceable and renewable over railroads reaching back into the interior. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.a1586v.c1485
随便看	deducate deducated deducation deducator deduce deduced deducement deducements deducer deduces deducibilities deducibility deducible deducibleness deduciblenesses deducing deducive deduct deducted deductibilities deductibility deductible deductibles deductile deducting

† re-enforcen.

re-enforcev.

Derivatives