razzian.

Brit.

/ˈrazɪə/, U.S.

/ˈræziə/

Forms:

α. 1800s ghrazzie, 1900s– ghazâ, 1900s– ghazia, 1900s– ghaziya, 1900s– ghazzia.

β. 1800s– razzia.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Arabic. Etymons: French razzia; Arabic ġāziya, ġazā.

Etymology: < French razzia (1725 as gaze , 1808 as gazia , 1836 as razia , 1838 as razzia ) and its etymon Maghribi Arabic ġāziya military expedition, campaign, foray, raid (in literary Arabic ġazā war, battle, military expedition, raid against infidels) < ġazā to carry out a military expedition, to make a raid, foray, or incursion, to attack, assault (a person or country) ( > ghazi n.). Compare Spanish razzia (1936), Portuguese razia (1881 as razzía; earlier as gazia, gazua (1569), gaziva (a1585), Italian razzia (1866).The initial ghr- in the α. forms (which are perhaps directly < Arabic) and the initial r- in the β. forms (which are < French) are attempts to represent the pronunciation of the Arabic voiced velar fricative ġ (= /ɣ/), which in French came to be spelt as r because it was perceived as closest to the standard French voiced uvular fricative /#/. The α. forms with initial gha- represent alternative transliterations of the Arabic etymon; the form ghazâ is directly < literary Arabic ġazā. Some dictionaries give the pronunciation as /ˈrætsɪə/, apparently by analogy with the pronunciation of Italian words of similar form.

1. Esp. in North Africa: a hostile or aggressive incursion, foray, or raid, esp. for the purposes of conquest, plunder, capture of slaves, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > attack > raid > [noun]

roadeOE

skeck1297

chevacheec1380

forayc1400

reisea1450

raid1455

bodrag1537

skeg1542

reid1544

inroad1548

outroad1560

excursion1577

excurse1587

bodraging1590

cavalcade1591

chevachance1592

chivancy1616

algaradea1649

course1651

outrakea1765

commando1791

razzia1821

muru1836

chappow1860

night raid1872

α.

1821 G. F. Lyon Narr. Trav. N. Afr. vi. 262 None but the Bedouins appear to approve of these ghrazzies.

1826 D. Denham & H. Clapperton Narr. Trav. N. & Central Afr. 75 These people could lead 3000 men into action, for his ghrazzie was to consist of that number.

1931 Geog. Jrnl. 77 218 The ghaziya however is by now practically non-existent throughout the Hadhramaut.

1977 Jrnl. Afr. Hist. 18 29 Even after a ghazzia, the order frequently mediated between the attackers and their victims.

β. 1844 Punch 7 103/1 Let us consider a razzia by the French—one of those interludes which, to the employment, if not the delight of the recording angel, they are every day enacting in Africa.1861 J. G. Sheppard Fall of Rome ix. 515 The wars of Charlemagne..were something very different from the freebooting razzias of his Merovingian predecessors.1884 Harper's Mag. May 848/1 The caïds are obliged to manage their subordinates to be sure of them in the perilous hour of the razzias and the harvests.1910 Geogr. Jrnl. 36 279 A friendly Teda..brought the news that five days before a razzia from Galaka had carried off..a part of the smala of the friendly Arabs and Tubus.1957 V. W. Turner Schism & Continuity in Afr. Society i. 5 Verhulpen mentions how the razzias of the Lunda and Luba states swept the Central African area for slaves.1998 N.Y. Times 5 Apr. iv. 1/1 Didn't African chiefs themselves conduct razzias, or slaving raids, on neighboring tribes and march their harvest to the shores for sale?

2. In extended use. Cf. raid n. 3a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > hostile action or attack > [noun] > sudden or vigorous

swengOE

stounda1400

pounce1806

raid1812

razzia1852

1852 Racine (Wisconsin) Advocate 31 Mar. 1/5 M. de Maupas..earned the President's confidence by what may be termed a civil or administrative razzia of the most adventurous kind.

1859 J. R. Green Lett. (1901) 29 One of our maids has been making a razzia in my study.

1865 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire (new ed.) VIII. lxiii. 25 He executed what..we might call a razzia upon the remnant of the culprits.

1933 B. Gadelius Human Mentality i. 41 When at length a razzia was made of the ill-famed asylum, they spared no effort to obliterate the traces of their crimes.

1965 C. D. Eby Siege of Alcázar (1966) v. 100 Small bands had been stealing out of the fortress at night to scavenge in the houses near by. The purpose of these razzias was to bring back food for the infirmary.

2000 Independent (Nexis) 21 Oct. 2 It is sad to see yet another Secretary of State for Education embarking on yet another razzia against children who do not go to school.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	razzia
释义	razzian. Brit. /ˈrazɪə/, U.S. /ˈræziə/ Forms: α. 1800s ghrazzie, 1900s– ghazâ, 1900s– ghazia, 1900s– ghaziya, 1900s– ghazzia. β. 1800s– razzia. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Arabic. Etymons: French razzia; Arabic ġāziya, ġazā. Etymology: < French razzia (1725 as gaze , 1808 as gazia , 1836 as razia , 1838 as razzia ) and its etymon Maghribi Arabic ġāziya military expedition, campaign, foray, raid (in literary Arabic ġazā war, battle, military expedition, raid against infidels) < ġazā to carry out a military expedition, to make a raid, foray, or incursion, to attack, assault (a person or country) ( > ghazi n.). Compare Spanish razzia (1936), Portuguese razia (1881 as razzía; earlier as gazia, gazua (1569), gaziva (a1585), Italian razzia (1866).The initial ghr- in the α. forms (which are perhaps directly < Arabic) and the initial r- in the β. forms (which are < French) are attempts to represent the pronunciation of the Arabic voiced velar fricative ġ (= /ɣ/), which in French came to be spelt as r because it was perceived as closest to the standard French voiced uvular fricative /#/. The α. forms with initial gha- represent alternative transliterations of the Arabic etymon; the form ghazâ is directly < literary Arabic ġazā. Some dictionaries give the pronunciation as /ˈrætsɪə/, apparently by analogy with the pronunciation of Italian words of similar form. 1. Esp. in North Africa: a hostile or aggressive incursion, foray, or raid, esp. for the purposes of conquest, plunder, capture of slaves, etc. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > attack > raid > [noun] roadeOE skeck1297 chevacheec1380 forayc1400 reisea1450 raid1455 bodrag1537 skeg1542 reid1544 inroad1548 outroad1560 excursion1577 excurse1587 bodraging1590 cavalcade1591 chevachance1592 chivancy1616 algaradea1649 course1651 outrakea1765 commando1791 razzia1821 muru1836 chappow1860 night raid1872 α. 1821 G. F. Lyon Narr. Trav. N. Afr. vi. 262 None but the Bedouins appear to approve of these ghrazzies. 1826 D. Denham & H. Clapperton Narr. Trav. N. & Central Afr. 75 These people could lead 3000 men into action, for his ghrazzie was to consist of that number. 1931 Geog. Jrnl. 77 218 The ghaziya however is by now practically non-existent throughout the Hadhramaut. 1977 Jrnl. Afr. Hist. 18 29 Even after a ghazzia, the order frequently mediated between the attackers and their victims. β. 1844 Punch 7 103/1 Let us consider a razzia by the French—one of those interludes which, to the employment, if not the delight of the recording angel, they are every day enacting in Africa.1861 J. G. Sheppard Fall of Rome ix. 515 The wars of Charlemagne..were something very different from the freebooting razzias of his Merovingian predecessors.1884 Harper's Mag. May 848/1 The caïds are obliged to manage their subordinates to be sure of them in the perilous hour of the razzias and the harvests.1910 Geogr. Jrnl. 36 279 A friendly Teda..brought the news that five days before a razzia from Galaka had carried off..a part of the smala of the friendly Arabs and Tubus.1957 V. W. Turner Schism & Continuity in Afr. Society i. 5 Verhulpen mentions how the razzias of the Lunda and Luba states swept the Central African area for slaves.1998 N.Y. Times 5 Apr. iv. 1/1 Didn't African chiefs themselves conduct razzias, or slaving raids, on neighboring tribes and march their harvest to the shores for sale? 2. In extended use. Cf. raid n. 3a. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > hostile action or attack > [noun] > sudden or vigorous swengOE stounda1400 pounce1806 raid1812 razzia1852 1852 Racine (Wisconsin) Advocate 31 Mar. 1/5 M. de Maupas..earned the President's confidence by what may be termed a civil or administrative razzia of the most adventurous kind. 1859 J. R. Green Lett. (1901) 29 One of our maids has been making a razzia in my study. 1865 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire (new ed.) VIII. lxiii. 25 He executed what..we might call a razzia upon the remnant of the culprits. 1933 B. Gadelius Human Mentality i. 41 When at length a razzia was made of the ill-famed asylum, they spared no effort to obliterate the traces of their crimes. 1965 C. D. Eby Siege of Alcázar (1966) v. 100 Small bands had been stealing out of the fortress at night to scavenge in the houses near by. The purpose of these razzias was to bring back food for the infirmary. 2000 Independent (Nexis) 21 Oct. 2 It is sad to see yet another Secretary of State for Education embarking on yet another razzia against children who do not go to school. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † razziav. Forms: 1800s ghrazzy, 1800s razzia. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: razzia n. Etymology: < razzia n. Compare French razzier (1842), Italian razziare (1908). Obsolete. rare. intransitive. To raid, harry. Cf. razzia n. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > attack > raid > [verb (intransitive)] rideOE skeckc1330 reisea1387 skicka1400 road1600 razzia1846 raid1848 1846 R. Ford Gatherings from Spain iv. 34 The object of these border guerrilla-warfares was..to ‘harry’, to ‘razzia’. 1888 C. M. Doughty Trav. Arabia Deserta I. xii. 347 Bye and bye we shall know..which tribesmen robbed our camels; then will we ghrazzy upon them and..take as many of them again. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online December 2020). < n.1821v.1846
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razzian.

† razziav.