rawadj.n.¹

Brit.

/rɔː/, U.S.

/rɔ/,

/rɑ/

Forms:

α. Old English hræw (rare), Old English–early Middle English hreaw, Middle English rau, Middle English raugh, Middle English rauhe, Middle English ravȝ, Middle English rawȝe, Middle English rawgh, Middle English rawh, Middle English rawhe, Middle English rew, Middle English–1600s rawe, Middle English– raw; English regional 1800s wrawe (Yorkshire), 1800s– rawee (Devon); Scottish pre-1700 rau, pre-1700 rav, pre-1700 rawe, pre-1700 1700s– raw; N.E.D. (1903) also records a form Middle English raughe.

β. Old English hreow, Middle English–1500s rowe, Middle English–1600s row; English regional (northern) 1800s– ro, 1800s– roa, 1800s– rou, 1800s– row; Scottish 1800s row.

γ. (northern) Middle English ra, Middle English rae; English regional (chiefly northern) 1700s rey, 1800s– raa, 1800s– ray, 1800s– reea; Scottish pre-1700 1900s– ra (Shetland), 1900s– raa (northern).

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with West Frisian rie , (regional: Schiermonnikoog) rē raw, uncooked, (of weather) cold, bleak (c1540 as ree ), Middle Dutch raeu , raeuw , rau , rauw , rō , rou (inflected forms rauw- , rōw- , etc.) uncooked, unprocessed, coarse (Dutch rauw , †rouw , also ‘immature, inexperienced, naive, uncivilized, coarse, (of flesh or parts of the body) exposed, lacerated’), Old Saxon hrā , rā (inflected forms also rāw- ) raw (glossing classical Latin crūdus (see crude adj.); Middle Low German rō , (rare) rā (inflected forms also rōw- ) uncooked, unprocessed, unrefined, uncivilized, coarse, painful, (of flesh or parts of the body) exposed, lacerated), Old High German hrao , hrō , rao , rō (inflected forms also rāw- , rōw- ) raw, rough, done or made lately, cruel (glossing classical Latin crūdus (see crude adj.), recēns recent adj., sevērus severe adj.; Middle High German rā , rō , rou (inflected forms also rāw- , rōw- , rouw- ) uncooked, undigested, unprocessed, (of fabric) unfinished, uncivilized, coarse, painful, (of weather) cold, bleak; German roh uncooked, unprocessed, uncivilized, crude, coarse, (of flesh or body parts) exposed, lacerated), Old Icelandic hrár uncooked, Old Swedish raa , rar (Swedish rå ), Old Danish ra , raa uncooked, (of fish also) undried (Danish rå ), both in sense ‘uncooked, unprocessed’, in the modern languages also ‘immature, characteristic of inexperience, crude, coarse, (of flesh) exposed, (of a wound) bloody, (of weather) cold, bleak’ < the same Indo-European base (with a variety of different ablaut grades and suffixations) as classical Latin cruor , Early Irish crú (Irish cró ), Welsh †creu , †crau , Old Church Slavonic krŭvĭ , Old Russian krov' , kr"v' (Russian krov' ), Old Prussian crauyo , krawia , Lithuanian kraujas , all in sense ‘blood’, Sanskrit kravis , ancient Greek κρέας , both in sense ‘raw flesh’. Compare crude adj. (ultimately < the same Indo-European base) and rough adj. (etymologically unrelated), which both show semantic overlap.The β. forms reflect the rounding of the second element of the diphthong before w in Old English (compare quot. OE at sense B. 1a, and see further A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §274). The γ. forms show various reflexes of (chiefly northern) Middle English long ā , perhaps reinforced by the cognate adjective in early Scandinavian. especially in early use, frequently translating classical Latin crūdus (see crude adj.). In to dye in the raw (see sense B. 2(a)) after French teindre sur crud (1763 in the passage translated in quot. 1785 at sense B. 2; now teindre sur le cru).

A. adj.

I. Uncooked; unprocessed, unrefined.

a. Of food: uncooked. In early use also of water: †unboiled (obsolete). Also in extended use.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > [adjective] > cooked > not cooked or raw

raweOE

unsoddenc1000

greenOE

unsoda1250

crude1542

undecocted1542

unleepeda1568

uncoqued1617

incocted1645

rough1793

uncooked1846

raw food1904

cookless1907

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > pollution or defilement > environmental pollution > [adjective] > partially polluted (water) > unboiled (water)

raw1577

α.

eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. xxxix. 102 Nim wines dræstan, meng wið hreaw ægru.

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xv. 150 Ne ete ge of ðam lambe nan ðing hreaw, ne on wætere gesoden.

OE tr. Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarium (Vitell.) (1984) cxxxvi. 176 Wið þæt stanas on blædran wexen genim ðas wyrte, syle etan oððe gesodene oððe hræwe [?a1200 Harl. 6258B hreawe].

a1200 Recipe (Faust. A.x) in T. O. Cockayne Leechdoms, Wortcunning, & Starcraft (1866) III. 292 Wið hefdeca, þare clata mora et raw festende.

c1300 St. Michael (Laud) 152 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 304 (MED) Heo hadde fisch and drinke; ȝe wuten wel it was ravȝ.

a1350 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 27 (MED) Þe deuel huem afretye, Rau oþer a-roste!

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 265 (MED) In þe norþwest side of Germania is a peple þat..eteþ rawe flesch [L. crudis animalium carnibus vescuntur].

a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) 1668 (MED) Þare he lifed a grete sesowne With rotes and raw venysowne.

a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 44 Take raw porke and hew hit smalle.

1533 T. Paynell tr. U. von Hutten De Morbo Gallico f. 1^v The infirmitie, wherwith the monke Euager was greued, throughe immoderate colde and eatynge of rawe meates.

1577 J. Frampton tr. N. Monardes Three Bookes ii. f. 46^v With the naughtie meates and drinkyng of the rawe waters,..the moste parte of theim came to fall into continuall Agues.

1607 T. Dekker & J. Webster North-ward Hoe i. sig. B4 The Northerne man loues white-meates, the Southery man Sallades.., the Welshman Leekes and Cheese, and your Londoners rawe Mutton.

1658 W. Johnson tr. F. Würtz Surgeons Guid ii. xxiii. 139 The raw Water is better than if boyled.

1704 Dict. Rusticum at Appetite—Lost You must cause them to swallow raw Eggs.

1748 T. Smollett Roderick Random II. xlv. 96 He must certainly be very bad from having eat last night such a vast quantity of raw oysters.

1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xxvi. 580 A Chinese princess..who complains that sour milk was her only drink, raw flesh her only food, a tent her only palace.

1826 J. F. Cooper Last of Mohicans I. vi. 72 I've known stout detachments of the corps glad to eat their venison raw, and without a relish, too.

1861 F. Nightingale Notes on Nursing (new ed.) 48 A patient should, if possible, not..even hear food talked about or see it in the raw state.

1904 J. Conrad Nostromo iii. ix. 400 Old Viola..emptied upon the table..a few dry crusts of bread and half a raw onion.

1964 A. Launay Caviare & After vii. 54 The Bayonne and Parma hams are served raw.

2003 Arena Aug. 35/2 Many people think that sushi is just a piece of raw fish and a lump of rice but so much more is involved.

β. a1450 (?a1300) Richard Coer de Lyon (Caius) (1810) 3407 Lay euery hed on a plater; Bryng it hoot forth..And look that they be nought rowe.?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) f. 105^v Rowe, crudus, incoctus..to be Rowe, crudere, crudescere.1551 W. Turner Herball (1568) i. B v Garlyke..swageth the olde coughe, taken row or soden.1562 W. Turner Herball (1568) ii. 72 The rowe iuice..dronken softeneth the belly.1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words Ro, roa, row, raw, as meat that is under-cooked.γ. a1425 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 662 Caro cruda, ra flesche.?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 198 [?a1425 Titus Þei eten boþe flessch & fissch all] rae.1876 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Words Whitby Reea, raw.1886 H. Cunliffe Gloss. Rochdale-with-Rossendale Words & Phrases Ray, raw.1915 H. Beaton At Back o' Benachie 16 Yonner's the flagon fur the raa sowens. Gae me't, I'll need tae full't, Aw doot; for they'll a' be famishin' I'm seer.1933 J. Gray Lowrie 34 Minds doo, Olie, whin we wir peerie, wir fok wis aye tellin wis at if we ute raa neeps it wid fill wir stammicks wi' wirms.

†b. Of a substance in the stomach or blood: undigested, unassimilated; not fully digested. Also: (of bodily fluids) containing undigested material; (of the process of digestion) incomplete. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > [adjective] > digested > undigested

undefied1398

undigest1398

crude1533

raw1533

undecoct1542

undigested1598

hard1601

inconcocted1605

unconcoct1605

unconcocted1611

indigested1620

untempered1822

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 35^v His vrine is white and þicke, rawe & euel I-coloured [L. cruda et discolorata].

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 103 It nediþ by medicine to putte of þinges þat is defied & noȝt þing þat is rawȝe.

c1425 tr. J. Arderne Treat. Fistula (Sloane 6) (1910) 59 (MED) Digestion waxeþ raw, and of rawnes of digestion is þe vryne discolored.

c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Gouernaunce of Princis (1993) xxiii. 96 Quhen jt [sc. the stomach] ressauis mare na jt was wont to, that remaynis jn the stomak vndegest and rawe.

1533 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe ii. ix Rape rootes..if they be not perfectly concoct in the stomake, they do make crude or raw iuice in the veynes.

1533 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe ii. xxix In a cold stomake, the litell heate is suffocate with grosse meate, & the fine meate lefte rawe for lacke of concoction.

1581 R. Mulcaster Positions 49 Or that daunsing beside the warmth, driueth awaye numnesse, & certaine palsies, comforteth the stomacke, being cumbred with weaknes of digestion, & confluence of raw humours, [etc.].

1633 T. Johnson Gerard's Herball (new ed.) ii. cccxxiii. 880 It [sc. white wine]..digesteth humors that be halfe rawe.

1671 J. Sharp Midwives Bk. ii. i. 87 Excess in meat or drink choakes the natural heat, causeth raw, crude humours, which will never make good blood.

1704 Dict. Rusticum at Belching Belching in Cattle; is a sign of Crudities or raw Humours in their Stomachs undigested.

1784 B. Cornwell Domest. Physician 48 Raw cucumbers..generate raw humours, and are cold and humid to excess, and difficult of concoction.

c. Of clay, pottery, a brick, etc.: unbaked; not hardened or fused by firing in a kiln. Cf. green adj. 6e.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > clay compositions > baked clay > [adjective] > not

rawa1398

uneledc1440

unbakenc1550

unbaked1563

green1601

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 157 Ȝif a man take a vessel of þe erþe newe and rawe, [etc.].

a1550 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (Sloane 1873) (1975) 2791 (MED) Dedd clay..medlide in powdire with good rawe cley Will fyre abide & not go awey.

1577 R. Willes & R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Hist. Trauayle W. & E. Indies f. 332 This citie is esteemed almost twyse as byg as London, and for the most parte is buylded of rawe brickes, not burnt, but only dryed and hardened in the sunne.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xxxv. xii. 552 Chalcosthenes made diverse peeces of worke in raw cley at Athens.

1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 131 The Castle..was large, but rude, and the Wall of raw Brick.

1719 H. Eelbeck tr. Persius Six Satyrs iii. 32 You will be slighted as an earthen Vessel of raw Clay, not well baked.

1768 Ware's Compl. Body Archit. (new ed.) vi. 554 A square aperture in one side of the structure with the raw bricks as edges.

1882 Chambers's Jrnl. 80 The salt-glaze process must essentially modify the ornamentation of the ware, since it receives it in the stage of raw or green clay.

1885 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 638/2 The ‘raw’ vessels fresh from the wheel, which only require a moderate heat to prepare them for being glazed.

1967 M. Chandler Ceramics in Mod. World v. 146 (caption) Many refractory units are installed raw and fired in situ.

1992 Times Educ. Suppl. 31 Jan. 41/1 A real kiln, without which it is impossible to heat the raw clay to the 1000 degrees Celsius which fuses the particles together.

†d. Of blood emerging from a wound: fresh, not clotted. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

a1529 J. Skelton Ware the Hauke (1545) sig. B.v^v The blode ran downe raw Upon the auter stone.

?1790 S. Pattison Orig. Poems 255 Though found as innocent as an angel, yet [Christ] is stripped naked, and severely lashed with a heavy scourge: sanguine was the scene, and hard was the punishment; his raw blood issuing back, witnessed this.

†e. Of fruit: not preserved or dried. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > fruit or a fruit > [adjective] > not preserved

raw1686

1686 tr. J. Chardin Trav. Persia 391 They export from thence vast quantities of Fruit dry'd and raw [Fr. des fruits frais & secs].

f. Of the taste or flavour of tea: harsh, bitter.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > tea > [adjective] > qualities of tea

milkless1816

slushy1839

miserable1842

overdrawn1847

raw1881

mealy1892

stewy1895

tannined1898

potty1901

stiff1904

stewed1908

metallic1909

the world > physical sensation > taste and flavour > unsavouriness > [adjective] > unpalatable

unsweetc1440

boisterous1483

untasty1566

untoothsome1576

twice sod1601

coarse1607

irrelishable1608

asper1626

insuave1657

untoward1662

physicala1665

asperous1670

unpalatable1682

woolly1687

inelegant1708

smoked1761

impalatable1782

brassy1789

soddena1800

metallic1800

inky1805

unsweetened1817

weedy1851

tinny1873

tangy1875

raw1881

unappetizing1884

twangy1887

stavy1888

toasty1890

soapy1892

stewy1895

gloppy1976

1881 Tea Cycl. iii. 220/1 To obtain a raw, rasping and pungent flavor I am compelled to underferment, the indication of which is that the colour of infused leaves are of a greenish brown tint.

1892 J. M. Walsh Tea vii. 170 Ceylon and Javas are either ‘raw’, ‘uncooked’..or sour in flavour.

1933 C. R. Harler Culture & Marketing of Tea xiv. 278 The infused leaf of tea made from under-withered leaf is generally greenish. The infusions from such leaf are usually raw and rasping.

1990 K. Chow & I. Kramer All Tea in China 180 De-enzyme, to deactivate enzymes by steaming, pan-frying, or baking to halt oxidation and remove the source of the raw green taste in tea.

g. to come the raw prawn: see prawn n. 2b.

2. In a natural state; not yet processed or worked.

a. Of sinew: untreated. Of leather or hide: untanned; undressed. Cf. rawhide n. and adj., green adj. 6b.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > skin or hide > [adjective] > undressed or untanned

rougheOE

rawOE

greena1400

untanned1535

untawed1545

unbarked1569

OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 353 [Refragantem udis et] crudis [nervorum nexibus crudeliter vinciunt] : hreawum.

a1399 in W. G. Benham Oath Bk. Colchester (1907) 9 (MED) Item, Salffel comende to towne by londe raw, for j dos., j d.; and barket, dos. j d. ob.

1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes ii. xiv. 118 Covered wyth lamynes of yron or wyth rawe leder.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xvi. f. x^v/2 Also ther they found..mo than. x. M. olde shoos made of rawe lether, with the heare styll on them.

1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene v. xii. sig. Y7 Her lips were like raw lether, pale and blew.

1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 15 As a couer to their modest parts, they gird themselues with a piece of raw leather, and fasten a square peece..to it.

1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors vi. 263 Bikirkeha being found among the Prisoners, was sown up in a raw Ox-Hide.

1730 W. P. tr. P. de Ribadeneyra Lives Saints II. 282 [He] commanded..Justina, after many Buffets, to be whipped with raw Sinews.

1744 J. Randall Syst. Geogr. ii. xxviii. 546 They usually wear two Mantles..which are sometimes bordered with a Fringe of raw Leather.

1849 G. Grote Hist. Greece VI. ii. xlix. 254 Hides, raw as well as dressed.

1882 Cent. Mag. Apr. 959 With jack-boots of raw leather, and a Spanish cloak, and feather.

1932 T. E. Lawrence tr. Homer Odyssey xii. The heel of the mast had torn out from the keelson—to which, however, the backstay (a thong of raw bull's-hide) had been made fast.

1994 Independent on Sunday 11 Dec. (Review Suppl.) 20/1 Pampooties—traditional footwear made from raw cowhide and soaked every night to keep them supple.

b. Of fabric or cloth: unfinished, spec. unfulled, untucked, or undyed. Also in figurative context.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric manufactured in specific way > treated or processed in specific way > [adjective] > fulled > not

raw?a1346

unfulled1467

unwalked1488

unmilled1555

?a1346 in F. B. Bickley Little Red Bk. Bristol (1900) II. 7 Nule manere drap a foler qe home appele raucloth.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1965) Ecclus. xl. 4 Gret ocupacioun is shapen to alle men..fro hym þat vseþ blu silc & berþ crowne vn to hym þat is crownyd with raw lynene.

1467–8 Rolls of Parl. V. 621/2 It is daily used..to bie rawe Clothes, untoked and unfulled.

1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus in Paraphr. New Test. I. Matt. ix. f. lix^v No manne soweth a patche of new and rawe cloth in an old garment.

1561 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 175 vj fardellis of raw claith allegit schippit in name of Petir de Randea.

1611 T. Coryate Crambe sig. A4^v I..do offer vnto your Maiestie..a farregrowne but a home spunne present, made indeede of course Wooll..and now wouen into a piece of Rawe cloth.

1625 in S. A. Gillon Sel. Justiciary Cases (1953) I. 31 This raw claithe can nocht be put in wark..till first it be wett and how sone it is wett it draweth so far in that tuentie fyve elnes of raw unwett claith will nocht equill tuentie elnes of watt claithe.

1723 A. Ramsay Monk & Miller's Wife 140 Knaves..Whase kytes can streek out like raw plaiding.

1789 J. Brand Hist. & Antiq. Newcastle II. 320 The ordinary of this society..enacted that no brother should..tentor cloth on a Sunday, nor ‘wend to the walk mylne’ with any raw cloth on that day.

1868 Chambers's Encycl. X. 265/2 When the cloth is taken from the loom, it has a bare look, and is called the raw thread.

1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. (at cited word) The room in which goods are placed when taken from the weaver is always the ‘raw-piece shop’.

1949 Brit. Colour Council Dict. Colours III. 9/2 The colour names of Ecru, Beige and Grège..mean exactly the same thing—the colour of the condition of cloth in its raw, unbleached state.

2001 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 26 Aug. 8 A virtually deserted..factory, which houses tired-looking fabric-drying and dying machines, huge rolls of raw cloth and just 34 workers per shift.

c. Of a fibre used in the manufacture of cloth: unprocessed; spec. (of cotton) that has been ginned (see gin v.² 2) but otherwise processed no further. Cf. raw silk n. at Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > [adjective] > not subjected to manufacturing process

rawc1350

unspun1545

undressed1763

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > treated or processed textiles > [adjective] > silk

rawc1350

filoselle1561

reeled1695

soft1769

ungummed1839

marabou1929

c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 91 Wel to conne and nauȝ [read nauȝt] no don Nys naþer rawe ne y-sponne.

a1600 in R. Hakluyt Voy. (1810–12) III. 174 By reason of the transportation of raw wooll of late dayes more excessiuely then in times past.

1680 W. Petyt Britannia Languens v. 57 Their Competition in the Cloathing-Trade..have already sunk our Forreign Market and Vent; this hath sunk the price of our raw Wooll.

1712 J. Gay Arachne in A. Pope Misc. Poems 83 Whether raw Wool in its first Orbs she wound.

1741 J. Campbell Conc. Hist. Spanish Amer. ii. ix. 174 The principal Commodities, in which the Traders of Porto Rico deal, are Sugar, Ginger, Hides, Cotton-thread, or Raw Cotton, Cassia, Mastick, &c.

1822 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 12 Oct. 2/5 Nearly three million pounds of raw cotton, which produces 2,500,000 pounds of yarn.

1863 H. Fawcett Man. Polit. Econ. i. iv. 47 A tax on cotton goods would be far preferable to a tax on raw cotton.

1943 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) VI. 135/2 The crude mixture of wool wax and fatty acids recovered from the soapy liquor used for the scouring of raw wool.

1998 Textile Month June 37/1 The production of raw cotton and the spinning of cotton into exportable products is..crucial to..developing countries such as India and Pakistan.

d. Of various natural substances, products, foodstuffs, etc. (occasionally also of their qualities): untreated; unrefined or only partly refined; spec. (a) (of a gem) uncut, unpolished; (b) (of water) undistilled; not filtered; (c) (of alcoholic spirit) undiluted; (d) (of grain) unmalted, undried; (e) (of sewage) untreated.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > [adjective]

rough1364

rudec1384

crudec1386

rawa1398

unwroughtc1400

unwerkedc1430

uncured1622

unmanufactured1644

unworked1730

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > pollution or defilement > environmental pollution > [adjective] > partially polluted (water) > not distilled or filtered (water)

raw1626

the world > food and drink > food > additive > sweetener > [adjective] > unrefined (of sugar)

raw1797

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > dirt > [adjective] > untreated (of sewage)

raw1868

untreated1883

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 317 Raw hony not wel y-clarified..bredeþ swellyng and grollynge in þe wombe.

?a1425 MS Hunterian 95 f. 167^v (MED) Enspesse honye wiþ a litil floure of whete and schal not be decocte but rawe.

c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 84 (MED) Recipe reed nettil and morelle..& raw grese and þe mooste part of buttere and bete hem togidere and leye hem hoot to þe wounde.

1567 J. Maplet Greene Forest f. 3^v [The beryl] is first found also raw and rude without eyther good looke or pleasant shewe.

1568 in D. W. Crossley Sidney Ironworks Accts. 1541–73 (1975) 242 To him more by thandes of Mr xpofer [sic] in rawe Iron.

1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §347 Distilled Waters will last longer than Raw waters.

1664 P. Vernatti in T. Sprat Hist. Royal Soc. (1959) 269 This Lixivium the Workmen call their Raw-liquor.

1787 G. Winter New Syst. Husbandry 9 The application of raw dung unmixed with earth.

1797 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 59/2 After the melasses are drained off, the sugar becomes pretty dry and fair, and is then called muscovado or raw sugar.

1829 G. Jones Sketches Naval Life I. 103 It makes two gills of whiskey, per day: in some ships, it is served out differently; half a gill, raw, in the morning, and evening; and a gill, diluted, at noon.

1830 M. Donovan Domest. Econ. I. vii. 247 New spirit is stored in wooden vessels until the raw flavour is ameliorated.

1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 1017 It existed, no doubt, in the raw grain, but underwent considerable modifications during the process of malting.

1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts (1853) II. 75 The raw oil is converted into a drying oil of a pale straw colour.

1868 Chem. News 20 Nov. 248/2 Several accidents happened; one..by which no less than 150,000 gallons of raw sewage were pumped into a tank holding 430,000 gallons of purified sewage.

1930 Engineering 25 July 121/1 The net quantity of raw water distilled and passed into the feed line as make-up amounts to 1,138 tonnes per day.

1939 Sun (Baltimore) 28 Sept. 12/1 The work might be done in part by carrying raw sewage lines to Colgate creek.

1956 Jrnl. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 48 1281 (heading) Relation of treatment methods to limits for coliform organisms in raw waters.

1978 Daily Tel. 7 July 19/1 The slide in the daily price of raw sugar on the London futures market continued yesterday.

1992 Economist 2 May 79/1 The Americans say that British Columbia's prohibition on the export of raw logs constitutes a trade subsidy.

e. Designating any unprocessed commodity, item of produce, or the condition of such an item. Cf. raw material n. at Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > types of material generally > [adjective] > unused

raw1991

1634 E. Grimeston tr. P. de Béthune Counsellor of Estate i. xlii. 146 Among those things which ought not to be transported out of an Estate, are rawe stuffes [Fr. matieres cruës].

1708 Polit. Instr. for Use of Gentlemen iii. 86 Magistrates..should be very cautious to prevent the Exportation of raw Commodities.

1738 E. Burke Rep. Affairs India in Wks. (1842) II. 28 This forced preference of traffick in a raw commodity.

1795 H. T. Colebrooke Remarks Husbandry & Commerce Bengal v. 153 Filature silk..may be considered..in an intermediate state between the infancy of raw produce and the maturity of manufacture.

1825 J. R. McCulloch Princ. Polit. Econ. iii. v. 273 A farmer who rents a farm,..employing upon it such a capital as will, at the existing prices of raw produce, enable him to pay his rent.

1837 J. R. McCulloch Statist. Acct. Brit. Empire I. i. i. 129 The earths, the metals, and other substances..either in a raw or manufactured shape..sent abroad.

1890 C. Gross Gild Merchant I. 140 The staplers were merchants who had the monopoly of exporting the principal raw commodities of the realm.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 808/1 Like the Spaniards it held that this trade should be confined to an exchange of colonial raw produce for home manufactures.

1991 Impact of Sci. on Society (UNESCO) No. 162. 186 A country which once despatched its goods in a raw form, now processes them before shipping.

f. Ceramics. Designating a glaze made from materials which need no preparation.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > painting or coating materials > [adjective] > glazed > types of ceramic or pottery glaze

stanniferous1823

raw1825

flambé1886

tea-dust1897

monastic1909

tin-enamelled1933

starved1964

1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 472 Raw glazes are employed for the common pottery... They are generally composed of white-lead, Cornish-stone, and flint, ground by a hand-mill.

1847 J. Timbs Man. Domest. Econ. 123 The quantity of lead in the composition of the better kinds of glazes is so small, that the deteriorating and pernicious effects of the use of raw glaze need not be apprehended from their employment.

1934 Webster's New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. Raw glaze, a glaze made from materials which need no preparation, but can be bought ready for use.

1964 H. Hodges Artifacts ii. 46 Any glaze in which the raw materials are simply ground up and applied in this way is called a raw glaze.

1996 P. A. Ciullo Industr. Minerals & their Uses xi. 476 Raw glazes are those compounded directly from the minerals used as raw materials with no intermediate step of smelting (or ‘fritting’) the glaze.

g. North American. Of land: undeveloped, not cleared or otherwise prepared for cultivation or building.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > wild or uncultivated land > [adjective] > undeveloped

raw1849

1849 Monthly Relig. Mag. Aug. 381 It seems that manure injures the quality of the weed [sc. tobacco], and affects its price; so the raw land is worked a few years and then abandoned.

1883 A. E. Sweet & J. A. Knox On Mexican Mustang xxi. 282 [He] came to Atascoso County, Texas, and bought a piece of raw land.

1920 S. Carolina Hist. & Genealogical Mag. 21 99 They scattered here and there. Some..were assigned to woodland and raw fields.

1973 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 7 July 3/1 Speculation in raw land is a major contributor to high housing costs..according to Mayor Art Phillips.

2007 M. Veron Shell Game 205 As raw farmland, he estimated the 120 acres to be worth $108,000.

h. figurative. Of a quality or faculty: pure, unmitigated; sheer.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > [adjective] > utter or absolute

shirea1225

purec1300

properc1380

plainc1395

cleana1400

fine?a1400

entirec1400

veryc1400

starka1425

utterc1430

utterlyc1440

merec1443

absolute1531

outright1532

cleara1535

bloodyc1540

unproachable1544

flat1553

downright1577

sheer1583

right-down?1586

single1590

peremptory1601

perfecta1616

downa1625

implicit1625

every way1628

blank1637

out-and-outa1642

errant1644

inaccessional1651

thorough-paced1651

even down1654

dead1660

double-dyed1667

through stitch1681

through-stitched1682

total1702

thoroughgoing1719

thorough-sped1730

regular1740

plumb1748

hollow1751

unextenuated1765

unmitigated1783

stick, stock, stone dead1796

positive1802

rank1809

heart-whole1823

skire1825

solid1830

fair1835

teetotal1840

bodacious1845

raw1856

literal1857

resounding1873

roaring1884

all out1893

fucking1893

pink1896

twenty-four carat1900

grand slam1915

stone1928

diabolical1933

fricking1937

righteous1940

fecking1952

raving1954

1856 Mercersburg Q. Rev. Jan. 99 He had perhaps as much raw intellect as any member of the family.

1899 Rec. Techn. & Secondary Educ. 8 62 Specialised training would improve certain kinds of raw ability.

1958 J. Barth End of Road ii. 16 It took raw courage to run their fire again.

1969 Times 21 Mar. 10/1 The people of the little island of Anguilla knuckle under to raw power as the British invade.

2006 Wall St. Jrnl. 18 Aug. w8/1 NFL scouts are paying more attention to raw talent.

i. Of manufactured material: unused. Cf. raw stock n. at Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > disadvantage > uselessness > non-use > [adjective] > specifically of manufactured material

raw1968

1968 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 3 Feb. 27/3 She paints on the floor of her..studio, beginning with raw canvas.

1971 W. G. Salm Stereo in your Home xii. 168 Prerecorded open-reel tape production line in Ampex plant records all four tracks simultaneously, taking raw tape from large blank pancake.

1991 Metalworking Production Sept. 20/4 The 9 machines now only require periodic attention..from two operators who monitor quality and ensure that the pallet tables are kept loaded with raw blanks.

†3.

a. Unripe; immature. Chiefly figurative. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > unpreparedness > [adjective] > unready or immature

green?a1300

rawa1398

indigest1398

unmatured?a1425

unripea1500

unseasonable1515

unbuilded1519

inchoate1534

unripened1561

uncivil1572

unmellowed1573

unmanured1577

unblown1587

ungrown1593

unpolished1594

rudimental1597

rude1600

unsalted1602

unseasoned1602

unlicked1612

embryon1613

unbakeda1616

unbloweda1616

unfledged1615

unmellow1615

sappya1627

embryous1628

unconcocteda1631

unkneaded1633

immature1635

sucking1648

vacuous1651

embryo1659

unelaborate1663

unmature1673

unformed1689

undeveloped1736

infantile1772

uncultivated1796

unelaborated1817

fetal1820

embryotic1823

embryonic1825

embryonary1833

sophomoric1837

seedling1843

rudimentary1851

unwrought1869

juvenescent1875

vealy1890

under-developed1892

the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [adjective] > in specific way: defective or faulty > crude or undeveloped

rawa1398

rude1517

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 210 Þe laste fruyte rypeþ nought but abydeþ rawe and grene.

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. 3381 (MED) Þat first was raw in fruitis & in flouris, And watrie..He drieth vp and ripeth at þe fulle With his feruence.

1432 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1883) II. 132 Dimidietatem unius quarterii brasii ordei rawe, reket, et cum weselys spevelled.

1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason sig. Ovii I meane not that honestie it self is so, for I neuer knew it ripe as yeat, but euer rawe.

1576 A. Fleming tr. Erasmus in Panoplie Epist. 357 Alowing one anothers weakenesse of wit, which, though it bee but rawe, yet in tracte of time..it wil waxe riper.

1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II ii. iii. 42 I tender you my seruice, Such as it is, being tender, raw, and young, Which elder daies shal ripen.

1652 Bp. S. Patrick Funeral Serm. in J. Smith Sel. Disc. 526 Holy and pious counsels for the teaching of rawer and greener heads.

1692 E. Settle Fairy-Queen iii. 20 When I saw Hermia first, I was unripe, Raw, green, and unacquainted with the World.

1739 H. Baker & J. Miller tr. Molière Countess of Escarbagnas i. iv. 22 Tis my Nurse's Daughter, whom I have made my Woman; she is raw yet.

1799 C. B. Brown Arthur Mervyn I. xxii. 211 Your scruples are ridiculous and criminal. I treat them with less severity, because your youth is raw and your conceptions crude.

b. New, unfamiliar. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > newness or novelty > [adjective] > new, novel, or not previously known

newOE

fresha1382

unhearda1382

new-founda1425

raw1448

newfanglec1450

newfangled?1531

new-fashioned1574

novile1586

modern1590

newelty1590

unheard1592

novellous1601

new-discovered1609

novelizing1625

nouvelle1650

new-type1887

edgy1976

1448 in S. A. Moore Lett. & Papers J. Shillingford (1871) 38 Afterward y spake with the ijde Chif Justise..to whom oure mater myche was rawe.

a. Of a person (also occasionally of an animal): inexperienced; unskilled, untrained; naive. Cf. Johnny Raw n.

(a) Without complement.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > want of knowledge, ignorance > unfamiliarity with, inexperience > [adjective]

unwistc1374

unknowna1393

ignorantc1475

imperfect1508

rawa1513

unskilfula1547

imperite?1550

illiterate1556

strange1561

unacquainted1565

green-headed1569

unacquainted1581

unacquaint1587

unfledged1603

inexperienced1626

guiltless1667

inexperient1670

unconversanta1674

unversed1675

uninitiated1678

a stranger to1697

uninitiate1801

inconversant1802

lay1821

griffish1836

wet behind the ears1851

neophytic1856

griffinish1860

experienceless1875

neophytish1897

wet-eared1967

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. f. Cxxxix Nowe shaketh my hande, my pen waxeth dulle For weryed and tyred, seynge this werke so longe The Auctours so Rawe.

1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. iv. f. 23 They so framed them from their tender age, that they shoulde not come vnskilfull and rawe to the executyng of their office.

1618 N. Field Amends for Ladies i. i. sig. B4 I, a yong thing and raw, being seduced, set my minde vpon him.

1685 N. Luttrell Diary in Brief Hist. Relation State Affairs (1857) I. 352 The horse (being most raw and badly mounted) never stood one shock.

1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 288. ⁋1 A raw, innocent, young Creature, who thinks all the World as sincere as herself.

1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. xi. 866 He supposed me raw As yet, and ignorant.

1835 New Sporting Mag. Feb. 219 There was a fine horseman in Herefordshire, by the name of Vevers, who was famous for making raw horses into hunters.

1867 A. Trollope Last Chron. Barset I. xv. 122 It was remembered..how raw a lad he had been when he first came there.

1961 O. Nash Coll. Verse 62 The loving offspring of Mr. N. Won't trouble her head with raw young men.

1990 Sports Illustr. 28 May 68/4 It's time to face the fact that Kansas City outfielder Bo Jackson is still very raw.

(b) With at, in, to. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > ability > inability > unskilfulness > [adjective] > inexperienced

youngOE

unfraisted?a1400

rudec1489

raw1534

unfleshed1542

untraded1542

fresh water?1548

unpractised1551

unexperienced1569

unacquainted1581

prenticea1586

fresh-watered1590

unsifted1604

unseen1606

unexperient1609

inexperienced1626

low water1643

inexperient1670

unproficient1794

nyoung1852

punk1907

raggedy-ass1930

1534 (?a1500) Weavers' Pageant 897 in H. Craig Two Coventry Corpus Christi Plays (1931) 61 (MED) No marvell thogh thow schuldist be rawe In soche hy poyntis for to be reysonyng, For of age art thow a vere yonglyng.

1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Mark ii. f. 23 The disciples, who were as yet rawe in their profession.

1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. ii. f. 109 So that when they are called, they be not altogether rude and raw to discipline.

1616 S. Hieron Doctrines Triall 51 Neuer shall a man bee other then raw in Religion, that was not well seasoned with the first rudiments.

a1668 W. Davenant Man's the Master (1669) v. i I have been a raw fellow at fighting.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis xi, in tr. Virgil Wks. 545 Young as thou wert in Dangers, raw to War.

1728 Marriage i. 43 Raw to the Town, and weary of his Wife, He seeks the Pleasures of a rakish Life.

1734 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. I. 219 So raw and inexperienced in naval affairs.

1790 J. Wolcot Benevolent Epist. 3 Stiffer than recruits so raw at drill.

1842 R. H. Barham Black Mousquetaire in Ingoldsby Legends 2nd Ser. 28 But painting's an art I confess I am raw in.

1923 H. W. Garrod Wordsworth ii. 46 This is the record..of the pilgrimage of some Childe Harold born out of due time—and very raw in his trade.

1996 Times 20 May 25/4 He must remain master of the ship until the moment when the reins pass to Hoddle, who will be as raw to the responsibility as was Graham Taylor in 1990.

b. spec. Of a soldier: lacking training or experience in fighting.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > type of soldier generally > [adjective] > untrained

raw1561

untrained1594

1561 J. Dolman tr. Cicero 5 Questions ii. sig. Lii A yonge and rawe souldioure [L. rudem illum et inexercitatum], hauynge a small blowe wyll weepe like a childe: But the olde beaten warryoure..will but call for a Surgyan to binde vp his woundes.

1621 M. Wroth Countesse of Mountgomeries Urania iv. The other Army are all young men, who though bold and valiant, yet raw and vnexperienced.

1671 C. Wase tr. B. Priolo Hist. France iii. 126 One of a hasty resolution, and elevated with his sudden Commission, with his old Troops engaged the raw and forward Bands of Longueville without success.

1702 S. Centlivre Beau's Duel iv. 37 My Heart beats faster than a Raw Soldier's in his first Engagement.

1754 D. Hume Hist. Great Brit. I. 113 Raw troops, conducted by unexperienced commanders.

1807 G. Crabbe Parish Reg. ii, in Poems 81 Like raw Recruits drawn forth for Exercise.

1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar xxii. 394 With a raw and inexperienced army he engaged legions in perfect discipline.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 819/1 The first battle of Bull Run..fought by the raw troops of both sides with an obstinacy that foreboded the desperate battle of subsequent campaigns.

1999 Newsweek 26 Apr. 34/1 Another KLA unit of raw recruits from Germany was thrown across the Albania border at the Yugoslav Army.

c. Of a thing, quality, action, etc.: indicative or characteristic of inexperience.

ΚΠ

1576 G. Pettie Petite Pallace 71 Surely in my iudgment hee reaped the right reward of his doatinge desire, for there only grafts of greife must needes grow, where sutch raw conceite doth set, and sutch rashe consent dooth sowe.

1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet v. ii. 107 + 17 The concernancy sir, why doe we wrap the gentleman in our more rawer breath?

1677 T. Otway Titus & Berenice i. i. sig. B3 His Fancy does with wild Distraction rove, Which thy raw ignorance, interprets Love.

1718 N. Amhurst Strephon's Revenge p.v This is indeed a Thing so very practicable upon young Men of raw Judgment and warm Inclinations.

1746 T. Hervey Let. to W. Pitt 35 New Troops, under the Direction of experienced Officers, make but raw Work of it.

1828 C. Lamb Old Margate Hoy in Elia 2nd Ser. 30 The raw questions which we..would be..putting to them.

1979 W. Styron Sophie's Choice 167 That impression—of a certain amount of learning, of casually expressed good manners, of sophistication—made me cringe at my raw ignorance.

2006 L. Jackson 20th-cent. Pattern Design 47 Exuding a raw naïvety, its printed textiles..were decorated with bold, simplified floral patterns or stylized vegetation.

a. Crude in form or quality; lacking finish or polish. †to leave raw: to leave unfinished (cf. rawly adv. 2) (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > completing > non-completion > do incompletely [verb (transitive)] > leave unfinished

to leave rawa1529

stick1782

the world > matter > colour > quality of colour > [adjective] > garish

violenta1522

garisha1568

savage1706

raw1763

criard1840

tranchant1841

flagrant1858

blaring1866

criant1876

screamy1882

screaming1883

raucous1919

shrieking1958

shrill1973

a1529 J. Skelton Magnyfycence (?1530) sig. Aii Softe my frende, herein your reason is but rawe.

1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason sig. Xj The iudges..lefte the matter rawe without iudgement for that tyme.

1577 J. Grange Golden Aphroditis sig. G2^v She made no wordes therof, but closed it by againe, mistrusting the author, & maruellyng at the vnperfect ende therof, whiche N.O. lefte so rawe.

1607 J. Norden Surueyors Dialogue iii. 137 Some Surueyors ouer credulous, will take their raw reports for matter of record.

1691 J. Dunton Voy. round World III. xi. 404 How crude and raw soever our Evenings Conversation had been, these Reflections like a desert of Condited Fruits, gave a good Farewel.

1720 D. Waterland Farther Vind. Christ's Div. viii. §7 To set his raw conceptions and fond reasonings about the meaning of a word, against such valuable authorities.

1763 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Painting III. i. 6 The colouring of the Saturn [was] too raw, and his figure too muscular.

1869 H. F. Tozer Res. Highlands of Turkey I. 284 That peculiarly raw, half-discordant sound which is characteristic of all Oriental music.

1876 E. Jenkins Blot on Queen's Head 13 That great raw pretentious building.

1925 J. M. Murry Keats & Shakespeare ii. 13 At the beginning of his four years in 1816, Keats had written a handful of raw sonnets, from which I doubt whether the most perceptive of critics could have deduced even a moderate harvest to come.

1990 Ideal Home Aug. 88/1 Some may appear rather raw at first, but soon weather and tone down to a softer shade.

b. Uncivilized, coarse; brutal. In later use South African (derogatory): designating a black African from a traditional tribal or rural culture. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > savagery > [adjective]

grimlyc893

retheeOE

grim971

bitterOE

bremec1175

grillc1175

grimfula1240

cruel1297

sturdy1297

fiercea1300

fellc1300

boistousa1387

felonousc1386

savagea1393

bestiala1398

bremelya1400

felona1400

hetera1400

cursedc1400

wicked14..

vengeablec1430

wolvishc1430

unnatural?1473

inhuman1481

brutisha1513

cruent1524

felonish1530

mannish1530

abominate1531

lionish1549

boarish?1550

truculent?c1550

unhumanc1550

lion-like1556

beastly1558

orped1567

raw?1573

tigerish?1573

unmanlike1579

boisterous1581

savaged1583

tiger-like1587

yond1590

truculental1593

savage wild1595

tigerous1597

inhumane1598

Neronian1598

immane1599

Phalarical1602

ungentle1603

feral1604

savagious1605

fierceful1607

Dionysian1608

wolvy1611

Hunnish1625

lionly1631

tigerly1633

savage-hearted1639

brutal1641

feroce1641

ferocious1646

asperous1650

ferousa1652

wolfish1674

tiger1763

savage-fierce1770

Tartar1809

Tartarly1821

Neroic1851

tigery1859

Neronic1864

unmannish1867

inhumanitarian1947

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > want of knowledge, ignorance > cultural ignorance > [adjective]

rudea1382

roida1400

borel1513

rustical?1532

illiberal1535

waste?1541

rusticc1550

illiterate1556

ruggedc1565

profane1568

unskilful1572

raw?1573

clownish1581

home-born1589

rough-hewn1593

unpolished1594

artless1598

home-bred1602

unbevelled1602

incult1628

museless1644

uncultivated1646

incultivateda1657

uncultivate1659

incultivate1661

unpolite1674

uncult1675

repent1684

uncultivated1725

uncultured1777

unenlightened1792

cultureless1824

sloven1856

philistinic1869

undoctrined1869

Philistine1871

Philistinish1871

roughneck1906

lowbrow1907

low-level1916

no-brow1922

bohunk1957

bakya1960

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > civilization > lack of civilization > [adjective]

wilda1300

bestiala1398

wilderna1400

savagine?a1439

barbaric1490

rudea1530

barbar1535

barbarous1538

pagan1550

uncivil1553

Scythical1559

raw?1573

savaged1583

incivil1586

savage1589

barbarian1591

uncivilized1607

negerous1609

mountainous1613

ruvid1632

ruvidous1632

barbarious1633

incivilizeda1645

alabandical1656

inhumanea1680

tramontane1740

semi-barbarous1798

irreclaimed1814

semi-savage1833

semiferine1854

warrigal1855

sloven1856

semi-barbaric1864

pre-civilized1876

wild and woolly1884

jungle1908

medieval1917

jungli1920

?1573 L. Lloyd Pilgrimage of Princes f. 18 Men as yet rude and rawe, leading their liues beastly, and brutishly, for want of ciuilitie..some in caues of the grounde had their chiefe mantions.

a1612 W. Fowler Trivmphs Petrarke iv. i, in Wks. (1914) I. 101 And looke how Raw and how seueir he bloodye was and fearse.

a1625 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Two Noble Kinsmen (1634) iii. v. 124 I first appeare, though rude, and raw, and muddy, To speake before thy noble grace.

1741 S. Richardson Pamela IV. lviii. 380 O that your lordly Sex were all like my dear Mr. B.—I don't mean, that they should all take raw, uncouth, unbred, lowly Girls.

1800 C. Smith tr. A. von Kotzebue La Peyrouse ii. ii. 27 I was a raw savage being.

1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess ii. 29 The man;..Raw from the prime, and crushing down his mate.

1933 W. H. S. Bell Bygone Days 62 An instance of where a raw native, quite unaccustomed to the ways of civilization, did not get justice.

1963 M. H. Wilson & A. Mafeje Langa 14 Class differences are clearly evident in town..the townsmen looking down on the migrants as uncivilized or ‘raw’.

6. Of measurements, data, etc.: not yet (statistically) analysed or evaluated; unadjusted; uncorrected.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > probability or statistics > [adjective] > unadjusted

crude1889

raw1902

unsmoothed1945

1902 Biometrika 1 464 Craniometry cannot in future content itself with either the raw measurements, tables of mere averages, or graphical exhibition of correlation results, but must adopt the methods of modern statistical investigation.

1920 C. S. Yoakum & R. M. Yerkes Mental Tests iii. 78 The result of examination alpha is expressed in a total score which is the sum of the raw scores of the several tests.

1945 Jrnl. Exper. Psychol. 35 46 Only the general problems involved in the evaluation of the raw data will be treated in this paper.

1977 Time 4 Apr. 13/2 The console operators do not see a raw radar picture. The information is translated into digital bits and then filtered through complicated computer programming.

2004 D. F. Wallace Oblivion 13 Schmidt himself..had helped Darlene train Laleman to run chi-square or t distributions on raw phone-survey data.

II. Painful, lacerated; exposed; cold.

a. Of flesh, a part of the body, etc.: exposed by having the skin removed; inflamed and painful, esp. as a result of skin abrasion; excoriated, lacerated; (of a wound) bloody. Cf. red-raw adj. at red adj. and n. Compounds 1f(c)(ii).In quot. 1607 applied to the inner or flesh side of an animal skin.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > [adjective] > raw of flesh

soreOE

rawc1390

rawish1577

red-raw1749

sprayed1869

the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > types of pain > [adjective] > smarting or stinging

smartingOE

biting1340

stingingc1400

mordicant?a1425

pungitive?a1425

raw1590

pungent1598

stanging1602

stingyc1615

scorpiaca1670

verberous1688

shrewd1842

snapping1845

stounding1848

mordant1876

smartful1906

c1390 Talkyng of Love of God (Vernon) (1950) 52 (MED) Þer þow hongedest reuþly, so cold and so blodi; al rau and wori is þi swete bodi.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 211 (MED) Cristen men..fand þe child in þe ovyn, syttand opon þe hate colis..and hym aylid no rew sore.

c1470 tr. R. D'Argenteuil's French Bible (Cleveland) (1977) 85 (MED) He made him alle quycke to be flayne that ther shal no partie of his body be coverid with the skynne, but alle rede, rawe fleish.

1576 A. Fleming tr. Cicero in Panoplie Epist. 28 The woundes which..haue beene healed vp and couered ouer with skinne, beginne a fresh to waxe rawe and greene.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. x. sig. I5 All his sinewes woxen weake and raw, Through long enprisonment, and hard constraint.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 236 The man..in Winter time, turneth the hary side next to his bodie,..and in Summer, the raw side.

1611 Bible (King James) Lev. xiii. 10 If..there be quicke raw flesh.

1653 Duchess of Newcastle Poems & Fancies 32 The Skin made red, the Flesh raw.

1719 E. Young Busiris i. 11 Felt him, as the raw Wound the burning Steel.

?1746 ‘T. Bobbin’ View Lancs. Dial. 22 Aw lookt as rey as a fleed meawse!

1788 A. Falconbridge Acct. Slave Trade 41 They were both flogged till their backs were raw.

1844 Times 5 Apr. 7/6 There were deep raw wounds in the neck [of the horse], caused by the friction of the collar.

1885 R. F. Burton tr. Arabian Nights' Entertainm. I. viii. 78 She..flogged him cruelly... Then she drew the cilice over his raw and bleeding skin.

1959 P. H. Johnson Unspeakable Skipton (1961) 123 One of the little knitted toes had a great hole in it, through which his own toe, protruding, had rubbed itself raw.

1985 M. Larson Pawns & Symbols xi. 223 Now she levered grating bone against raw flesh to rise and face whoever was coming.

2003 C. Birch Turn again Home xxxv. 398 Her eyes were raw. She was a crier, like her mother.

b. Of a bone: visible, exposed; showing through the skin. Also of an animal: raw-boned. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > slim shape or physique > [adjective] > thin

leanc1000

thinc1000

swonga1300

meagrea1398

empty?c1400

(as) thin (also lean, rank) as a rakec1405

macilent?a1425

rawc1425

gauntc1440

to be skin and bone (also bones)c1450

leany?a1475

swampc1480

scarrya1500

pinched1514

extenuate1528

lean-fleshed1535

carrion-lean1542

spare1548

lank1553

carrion1565

brawn-fallen1578

raw-bone1590

scraggeda1591

thin-bellied1591

rake-lean1593

bare-boned1594

forlorn1594

Lented1594

lean-looked1597

shotten herring1598

spiny1598

starved1598

thin-belly1598

raw-boned1600

larbar1603

meagry?1603

fleshless1605

scraggy1611

ballow1612

lank-leana1616

skinnya1616

hagged1616

scraggling1616

carrion-like1620

extenuated1620

thin-gutted1620

haggard1630

scrannel1638

leanisha1645

skeletontal1651

overlean1657

emaciated1665

slank1668

lathy1672

emaciate1676

nithered1691

emacerated1704

lean-looking1713

scranky1735

squinny-gut(s)1742

mauger1756

squinny1784

angular1789

etiolated1791

as thin (also lean) as a rail1795

wiry1808

slink1817

scranny1820

famine-hollowed1822

sharp featured1824

reedy1830

scrawny1833

stringy1833

lean-ribbeda1845

skeletony1852

famine-pinched1856

shelly1866

flesh-fallen1876

thinnish1884

all horn and hide1890

unfurnished1893

bone-thin1899

underweight1899

asthenic1925

skin-and-bony1935

skinny-malinky1940

skeletal1952

pencil-neck1960

the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > types of bones > [adjective]

rawc1425

foveable?1541

spongy1594

short-grained1694

ossicular1714

ossiculated1752

interhaemal1846

mesopodial1880

c1425 Evangelie (Bodl. Add.) 1487 in Publ. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. (1915) 30 601 (MED) Þei..so his lymes drawe þat his bones were sene al rawe.

1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene iv. xii. sig. M His wonted chearefull hew Gan fade,..His cheeke bones raw, and eie-pits hollow grew.

1728 S. Croxall tr. Æsop Fables (new ed.) lxvi. 121 Death no sooner heard him, than he came, with his Skeleton Mein, his raw Bones, his Scythe, and all that.

1791 T. Beddoes tr. J. K. A. Musäus Pop. Tales of Germans I. 52 The stranger had an hardy look was firm built and had large raw bones.

1849 E. B. Eastwick Dry Leaves 75 They were..miserably mounted on raw nags, that looked as if they had fed on sand for the last year.

1922 J. Joyce Ulysses i. iii. [Proteus] 43 Raw facebones under his peep of day boy's hat.

2003 Leader-Post (Regina, Sask.) (Nexis) 9 June c2 I'm sure guys who collide with him, feel it. He's one of those guys who's all elbows and raw bones.

†c. Of the eyes: unprotected. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

c1450 (?a1422) J. Lydgate Life Our Lady (Durh.) ii. 934 (MED) Eyen rawe may not abyde For to behalde agayne his bemez bryght.

†d. Of the stomach: affected with indigestion; = crude adj. 3b. Cf. raw stomached adj. at Compounds 1. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > digestive disorders > [adjective] > having indigestion

raw1540

raw stomached1591

crude1607

indigestive1632

indigested1663

undigesting1725

dyspeptic1809

dyspeptical1831

bradypeptic1879

1540 J. Palsgrave tr. G. Gnapheus Comedye of Acolastus iv. sig. S What shal I nede or shal I haue nede of tarr or bytter tasted Eliacampana, (which amongest other his properties is good for a raw stomake).

1574 Homilies ii. Sacrament 412 Wholesome meate receiued into a rawe stomacke corrupteth and marreth all.

a1625 J. Fletcher Pilgrim iii. vii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Hhhhh^v/2 Gent. Have you no fearfull dreams? Schol. Sometimes, as all have That go to bed with raw and windy stomacks.

1653 Duchess of Newcastle Poems & Fancies 77 Your Stomack cold, and raw, digesting nought.

1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks I. iii. 306 What Distaste possibly may have arisen from some medicinal Doses of a like nature, administer'd to raw Stomachs, at a very early Age, I will not pretend to examine.

1794 J. Ebers Vollständiges Wörterbuch der Englischen Sprache II. 509 To have a raw Stomach, einen schlechten Magen haben, der nicht gut verdauet.

e. colloquial. Of a person: naked, bare (esp. when sleeping). Also (of a show): performed in the nude.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > nakedness or state of being unclothed > [adjective]

nakedOE

bareOE

start nakedc1225

nakec1300

unarrayedc1380

clothelessc1386

mother-nakedc1390

stark nakedc1390

bareda1400

naked as a needlec1400

unattiredc1400

uncladc1400

uncoveredc1400

loose1423

unclothedc1440

belly-nakeda1500

naked as one's nail1563

unabuilyeit1568

sindonlessc1595

leathern1596

disarrayed1611

undressed1613

debaredc1620

unapparelled1622

unaccoutred?1750

stark1762

disrobed1794

ungarmented1798

undraped1814

au naturel1828

nude1830

skyclad1832

garbless1838

kitless1846

spar-naked1849

raimentless1852

undoffed1854

togless1857

garmentless1866

naked as a robin1866

clothesless1868

sky clothed1878

nakedized1885

altogether1896

buck naked1913

raw1916

bollock naked1922

starkers1923

starko1923

stitchless1927

naked as a jaybird1931

bollock1950

rollock naked1962

nekkid1977

kit-off1992

1916 Variety 7 Jan. 5/1 The dirty shows being given at the Trocadero, regardless of..the imperative order issued by the American Burlesque Association to its company managers to refuse to give performances in instances where house managers insist upon giving ‘raw’ performances.

1926 L. H. Nason Chevrons x. 307 We didn't have no pajamas neither. The guys were all lyin' around raw.

1974 H. Waugh Parrish for Defence (1975) lxvii. 309 She didn't own any nightgowns. She slept raw.

2000 Calgary (Alberta) Herald (Nexis) 9 Dec. g9 The results suggested that 59 per cent of Canadian households, or 17.9 million Canadians, have slept or would sleep raw.

†8. Of the voice: hoarse. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > [adjective] > making harsh or discordant sound

hoarsec1369

ganglinga1398

roughlyc1400

rauk?a1425

rustyc1430

hask?1440

savagea1450

raw1474

hoar?a1505

harsh1530

untunable1545

jarring1552

jarry1582

barking1589

absonant1600

wrangling1608

raucous1615

asper1626

streperous1637

scrannel1638

caterwaulinga1652

unmelodious1665

jangling1667

latrant1702

untuneful1709

raucid1730

unharmonious1742

unmelodized1771

unmelodic1823

raucal1826

rauque1845

raspish1847

serratic1859

jangled1874

jangly1891

amelodic1937

1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iii. vi. 132 Luxurye..blyndeth the syght, and maketh the woys hoors & rawe [Fr. elle empesche et en aigrist la voix].

1480 W. Caxton tr. Ovid Metamorphoses xiv. xi There was seen a fowle fleying & fyrst knowen, whyche hade a rawe voys [Fr. La fut veu vng oyseau volant..à cruelle voix].

9. Of the weather, the air, etc.: damp and chilly; penetratingly cold; bleak.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cold weather > [adjective] > cold and damp

raw1546

rawish1577

rawky1601

rafty1655

1546 in State Papers Henry VIII (1852) XI. 162 Mr. Wotton beyng so weake, and the wethur so rawe foule and fervent cold.

?1585 W. Perkins Foure Great Lyers sig. A3 Uariable windes, and cold rawe weather.

1601 J. Marston et al. Iacke Drums Entertainm. v. sig. H3 The evenings rawe and danke, I shall take cold.

1663 R. Stapleton Slighted Maid iv. 64 The raw Air Has made my Head ake.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 116 When the raw Rain has pierc'd 'em to the quick.

1729 R. Savage Wanderer i. 42 Raw clouds, that sadden all th' inverted year.

1773 O. Goldsmith She stoops to Conquer i. 4 You shan't venture out this raw evening.

1831 W. Scott Pirate (new ed.) II. ix. 152 The young ladies spend the night under cover from the raw evening air.

1861 J. R. Hind in G. F. Chambers Handbk. Descr. Astron. ii. iv. 111 The weather..was raw and ungenial.

a1902 S. Butler Way of All Flesh (1903) lxxxii. 380 The weather was cold and raw—the very ideal of a November day.

1991 D. Mortman Wild Rose v. xxxiii. 672 ‘I remember,’ Katalin said, shivering in the warm water at her memory of the dank, raw cold of that deserted vestry.

10. figurative.

a. Characterized by extreme emotional sensitivity; emotionally scarred or fragile. Frequently in raw nerve; cf. to touch (also hit) a (raw) nerve at nerve n. Phrases 3.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > cause of mental pain or suffering > [adjective]

eileOE

soreOE

balefulc1200

carefulc1200

aching?c1225

pinefulc1225

sughendc1230

pininga1250

stinginga1250

toughc1275

deringa1325

unsetec1325

unwinc1330

throlya1375

encumbrousc1384

grievable1390

painful1395

plaintfula1400

sweamlya1400

swemandc1400

temptingc1400

importunea1425

sweamfulc1430

penible?a1439

discomfortingc1450

grievingc1450

remordingc1450

sorousc1503

badc1530

paining1532

raw1548

nippingc1550

smartful1556

pinching1563

grievesome1568

griping1568

afflictive1576

pressing1591

boisterous1599

heartstruck1608

carkingc1620

gravaminous1659

vellicating1669

weary1785

traumatizing1970

gut-wrenching1972

the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > touchiness > [adjective]

stomaching1579

pepper-nosed1580

ticklish1581

touchy1602

sensible1613

touchousa1618

tender1641

tickly1661

indigestive1670

snuffy1678

huffy1680

snuffish1689

sorea1694

mifty1699

resentive1710

sensitive1735

uppish1778

miffish1790

miffy1810

stomachy1825

porcupinish1829

insultable1841

offensible1846

highty-tighty1847

prickly1853

fuffy1858

piquable1860

offendable1864

raw1864

ear-sore1865

uffish1871

porcupiny1890

feisty1896

ticklish-tempered1897

toey1930

1548 P. Moone Short Treat. Thinges Abused in Popysh Church sig. Aiii^v Thorow suche tyranny, the peoples hartes were rawe.

1864 G. O. Trevelyan Competition Wallah ix. 307 Always sore upon the question of the..native, he now became positively raw and festering.

1895 A. Conan Doyle Exploits Brigadier Gerard in Strand Mag. Apr. 368/2 This vile monster..had one raw nerve which I could prod at pleasure.

1933 G. Greene in Spectator 8 Dec. 854 A raw sensibility, a bundle of shrieking nerves which barred the possessor hopelessly from any easy comfort.

1990 T. Hillerman Coyote Waits xiv. 188 He explained it to himself as a product of raw nerves.

2006 Daily Mail (Nexis) 29 July 38 My mother had gone back to Spain but was still feeling raw at her loss.

b. Of an emotion: deeply felt, undisguised; strong, palpable.

ΚΠ

1890 F. M. Robinson Woman of World III. xxxiii. 220 What sort of thing did she suppose maternal affection to be, if its raw sorrow could be healed by the presence of a strange young lady.

1915 M. G. D. Bianchi Kiss of Apollo i. 14 Pennell thought he had never seen such raw longing... Funny to be near a body that felt as hard as that about anything!

1985 ‘J. Higgins’ Confessional (1986) ix. 153 The bitterness was there in the voice, the shake of raw anger.

2005 C. Stross Accelerando vi. 237 She's quieting down into a slough of raw despair.

B. n.¹

a. A raw person, article, product, etc.; in later use spec. (in plural) (a) raw sugar; (b) raw oysters.In Old English in the genitive singular.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > [noun] > state of being cooked > state of being undercooked or improperly cooked > raw or uncooked substances

rawOE

crudity1626

OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Exod. (Claud.) xii. 9 Ne ne eton ge of ðam nan ðing hreawes [OE Laud hreowes].

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 2^v Laxe [?c1425 Paris Slakynge þinges] bene gode; crude, i. rawe [?c1425 Paris rawe þinges], forsoþ yuel.

1820 J. H. Reynolds Fancy Gloss. Raw, an innocent.

1832 J. Wilson Noctes Ambrosianae lx, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Feb. 270 ‘How would you wish, sir, to have the—raws?’..‘Leave a moderate fringe of unoyster'd timber, which strew with rizzars.’

1868 Chambers's Jrnl. 15 Feb. 110/2 Soft-going raws an' delicate boys with romantic heads.

1884 N.Y. Herald 27 Oct. 6/2 Sugar—Raws steady but inactive.

1992 Independent 6 Feb. 28/1 The amount of sugar involved was not disclosed but a Sucden trader put the total quantity at about a million tonnes of raws.

2005 Tampa (Florida) Tribune (Nexis) 23 Oct. 1 A $5 per half bushel price hike that has resulted in a $1 jump, to $7.95 per dozen, for diners who want to gobble raws at the company's restaurants.

†b. An unfulled section of a piece of cloth. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

raw1463

1463–4 Rolls of Parl. V. 501/2 In case that eny such diversite, or rawe, scawe, kokell, or fagge happen to be in eny part of the seid Clothes.

c. Scottish slang. Usually with the. Undiluted whisky. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > distilled drink > whisky > [noun] > other whiskies

peat-reek1792

Monongahela1805

rye?1808

corn1820

small-still (whisky)1822

bald-face1840

corn-whiskey1843

raw1844

Bourbon1846

sod corn1857

valley tan1860

straight1862

forty-rod whisky1863

rock and rye1878

sour-mash1885

grain-whisky1887

forty rod lightning1889

Suntory1942

Wild Turkey1949

mash1961

pot still1994

1844 J. Ballantine Miller of Deanhaugh v. 100 After swallowing a single glass of the ‘raw’.

1967 in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. 363/2 Raw, neat whisky (Sh[etland], Cai[thness]).

†d. U.S. colloquial. An untrained pony. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > equus caballus or horse > [noun] > defined by size > small > pony > with particular characteristics

heath-cropper1819

show pony1842

piney-wood tacky1846

shaganappi1879

raw1895

1895 Outing 26 389/2 The animals are mostly from the Texan and New Mexican mustang herds. They pay for a ‘raw’ on an average fifty dollars.

1895 Outing 26 476/2 The way to circumvent fancy prices is to buy a ‘raw’ and make him over into a ‘trained’.

2. in the raw: (a) in a natural or untreated state; (b) bare, naked; in a starkly realistic way (colloquial).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > foundation in fact, validity > [adjective] > in its natural state, unsophisticated

purec1300

right1466

sincere1557

in grain?1577

genuine1607

unsophisticate1607

honesta1616

undistracted1656

unsophisticated1664

inartful1714

unabsurd1744

in the raw1785

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > nakedness or state of being unclothed > [adverb]

naked as a worm?a1366

nakedlyc1425

to the skin?1518

in one's (pure) naturals1579

in puris naturalibus1581

unclothedlya1626

puris naturalibus1626

with nothing on1678

uncoveredly1683

in the buff1803

Adamically1860

in the (also one's) altogether1894

in the raw1941

in the nuddy1953

1785 tr. P. J. Macquer in tr. J. Hellot et al. Art of dying Wool, Silk, & Cotton ii. 316 To dye this false colour in the raw [Fr. sur le crud], the silk should be naturally as white as for yellow.

1928 Daily Mail 16 Aug. 19/3 I am not at all sure that here is not a star in the raw.

1941 B. Schulberg What makes Sammy Run? viii. 188 To go swimming in the raw.

1972 L. P. Davies What did I do Tomorrow? vii. 93 My, my. Village life in the raw.

1997 Independent on Sunday 27 July (Real Life section) 10/1 Fresh-forested new pine..is generally of poorer quality and less interesting grain and colour than old, and it doesn't look good in the raw.

a. The exposed flesh. Chiefly in to touch (also get, catch, etc.) (a person) on the raw (figurative): to unsettle (a person) by alluding to or acting in a certain way with regard to a particularly sensitive matter.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > cause of mental pain or suffering > cause mental pain or suffering to [verb (transitive)]

heavyc897

pineeOE

aileOE

sorryeOE

traya1000

sorrowOE

to work (also do) (a person) woeOE

angerc1175

smarta1200

to work, bake, brew balec1200

derve?c1225

grieve?c1225

sitc1225

sweam?c1225

gnawc1230

sughc1230

troublec1230

aggrievea1325

to think sweama1325

unframea1325

anguish1340

teen1340

sowa1352

distrainc1374

to-troublea1382

strain1382

unglad1390

afflicta1393

paina1393

distressa1400

hita1400

sorea1400

assayc1400

remordc1400

temptc1400

to sit (or set) one sorec1420

overthrow?a1425

visit1424

labour1437

passionc1470

arraya1500

constraina1500

misgrievea1500

attempt1525

exagitate1532

to wring to the worse1542

toil1549

lament1580

adolorate1598

rankle1659

try1702

to pass over ——1790

upset1805

to touch (also get, catch, etc.) (a person) on the raw1823

to put (a person) through it1855

bludgeon1888

to get to ——1904

to put through the hoop(s)1919

the mind > emotion > anger > irritation > irritate [verb (transitive)]

gremec893

grillc897

teenOE

mispay?c1225

agrillec1275

oftenec1275

tarya1300

tarc1300

atenec1320

enchafec1374

to-tarc1384

stingc1386

chafe?a1400

pokec1400

irec1420

ertc1440

rehete1447

nettlec1450

bog1546

tickle1548

touch1581

urge1593

aggravate1598

irritate1598

dishumour1600

to wind up1602

to pick at ——1603

outhumour1607

vex1625

bloody1633

efferate1653

rankle1659

spleen1689

splenetize1700

rile1724

roil1742

to put out1796

to touch (also get, catch, etc.) (a person) on the raw1823

roughen1837

acerbate1845

to stroke against the hair, the wrong way (of the hair)1846

nag1849

to rub (a person, etc.) up the wrong way1859

frump1862

rattle1865

to set up any one's bristles1873

urticate1873

needle1874

draw1876

to rough up1877

to stick pins into1879

to get on ——1880

to make (someone) tiredc1883

razoo1890

to get under a person's skin1896

to get a person's goat1905

to be on at1907

to get a person's nanny1909

cag1919

to get a person's nanny-goat1928

cagmag1932

peeve1934

tick-off1934

to get on a person's tits1945

to piss off1946

bug1947

to get up a person's nose1951

tee1955

bum1970

tick1975

the world > life > the body > bodily substance > flesh > [noun] > exposed

fell1559

raw flesh1611

raw1823

1823 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto VIII l. 136 The veriest jade will wince whose harness wrings So much into the raw.

1837 F. Marryat Snarleyyow III. ii. 25 This was touching up Vanslyperken on the raw.

1866 W. E. Forster 31 Oct. in T. W. Reid Life W. E. Forster (1888) I. x. 387 Obliging me to take any number of newspaper hits..and these, too, on the raw.

1926 A. Bennett Ld. Raingo ii. lxxiv. 341 What got 'im on the raw was Tommy Hogarth going against 'im in that business.

1961 Bible (New Eng.) Acts v. 33 This touched them on the raw [1611 they were cut to the heart], and they wanted to put them to death.

1986 D. Palmer Rawhide & Lace in Diana Palmer Coll. (1992) v. 86 She couldn't know that her remark about her career had caught him on the raw, that he was hurting because she'd as much as told him that he didn't matter.

†b. A raw place on the skin; a sore or sensitive spot. Frequently figurative. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > [noun] > sore

sorec1000

cweise?c1225

sorancec1440

shoyn1527

uncome1542

sorance1592

rawness1607

button farcy1673

fleck1695

raw1825

cold sore1842

bed-sore1861

fox1862

pressure sore1889

Queensland sore1892

salt sore1908

salt-burn1917

pressure point1929

the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > touchiness > [noun] > point in respect of which

quicka1529

sore place1690

raw1825

1825 W. Scott Let. 23–25 Jan. (1935) VIII. 496 Using the hackney coachmans phrase of a raw.

1840 Mrs. Gore in New Monthly Mag. 60 470 Susceptibility on such points is an almost unfailing symptom of a raw.

1858 O. W. Holmes Autocrat of Breakfast-table xii. 326 Parties of travellers have a morbid instinct for ‘establishing raws’ upon each other.

1883 H. W. V. Stuart Egypt 12 Sundry awful raws which stood revealed now that their saddle cloths were removed.

1901 S. Baring-Gould Frobishers i. 1 Ruby turned his head at his mistress's voice..and stood unmoving, save that the skin twitched about an ugly raw on the shoulder.

†c. In plural, with the. slang. The bare fists. Cf. raw 'uns n. at Compounds 2. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > limb > extremities > hand > [noun] > fist > types of

club-fist1575

clod-fist1654

shoulder of mutton fist1694

raws1899

1899 C. Rook Hooligan Nights ii. 27 The average Hooligan..has usually done a bit of fighting with the gloves... But he is better with the raws.

1923 W. Long Memories 51 He used often to lament to his pupils that he was now confined to the gloves, as he far preferred what he called the ‘raws’.

4. With the. Penetrating dampness or cold; bleakness.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cold weather > [noun] > cold and damp

rawness1577

rawishness1628

raftiness1674

raw1864

1832 J. Galt Stanley Buxton i. xxi. 171 The manse of Greenknowes, towards which, in the raw of a blustering November morning, Miss Sibby Ruart went wrestling against the wind.

1864 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia IV. xv. xii. 182 The raw of a September morning.

1996 A. Ostriker Crack in Everything III. 74 This afternoon in the raw of winter, the early Dawn of a new year.

Compounds

C1. Chiefly parasynthetic and complementary.

raw-coloured adj.

ΚΠ

1571 W. Lambard Let. 31 Jan. in Perambulation Kent (1596) sig. A2 A rawe coloured portracture that wanteth poilshing [sic].

1859 N. P. Willis Convalescent xxi. 312 A half dozen old stumps which had been scarce observable on the other side of the brook..now stood in staring horror, monsters of raw-colored beheadedness.

1911 H. H. Saylor in Distinctive Homes (ed. 2) v. 47 Not the highly glazed, raw-colored tiles that we associate with the gas log and the sham fireplace, but dull, hand-made tiles.

1997 Sarasota (Florida) Herald-Tribune (Nexis) 5 May 17 The clean-lined structure, surrounded by a treeless parking lot, imparts a stilly quality, as if the starkly shaped, raw-colored building is holding its breath.

raw-eyed adj.

ΚΠ

1686 London Gaz. No. 2156/4 A white cropt Gelding with a whisk Tail, Row-nosed and Row-eyed.

1927 Dearborn (Mich.) Independent 28 May 9/3 Her husband had died... She stood gaunt, raw-eyed, in the slanting doorway.

2006 Times Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) (Nexis) 8 Apr. a13 That moment when the distraught, raw-eyed father kissed his wife's forehead.

raw-headed adj.

ΚΠ

1586 E. K. in E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Feb. (Emblem) The old man checketh the raw-headed boy.

1676 J. Bunyan Strait Gate 57 The person whose words we have now under consideration, was no blundering raw-headed preacher.

1719 Disc. conc. Soul of Man 41 Some of our young raw headed Divines, are very ready to speak their Thoughts of whatever occurs to them for their ordinar in Scripture.

1863 C. E. Wilbour tr. E. Renan Life of Jesus (1864) xx. 281 There was..‘the raw-headed Pharisee,’ (Kizai), who went with his eyes closed in order not to see the women, and knocked his forehead against the walls so that it was always bloody.

1939 G. Biddle Amer. Artist's Story 111 Off on a mound some twenty raw-headed vultures flapped awkwardly about a dead steer.

raw-jawed adj.

ΚΠ

1932 Flynn's 24 Dec. 136/1 They..resort to what they call a ‘cold-turkey’ heel or a ‘raw-jawed clout’... They refer to the act of going into a store and carrying out several articles without using any finesse at all.

1967 R. Lowell Near Ocean 13 The chinook Salmon..Raw-jawed, weak-fleshed.

raw-looking adj.

ΚΠ

1776 Lady A. Miller Lett. from Italy I. 12 It is a bleak, raw-looking, uninteresting place.

1839 C. J. Lever Confessions Harry Lorrequer 170 That raw-looking young gentleman.

1924 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 24 286 These patches are roundish or oval..covered by a film or membrane beneath which a reddish, raw-looking surface appears.

1989 G. Vanderhaeghe Homesick xii. 168 The football field was a raw-looking rectangle mowed out of prairie grass.

raw-mouthed adj.

ΚΠ

1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 213 Raw mowit ribald.

1756 in A. Pennecuik et al. Coll. Scots Poems 141 For tho' we are young and raw mouth'd beginners, We may live like your selves to be old rotten sinners.

2002 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 8 Nov. 3/4 Raw-mouthed rapper Eminem takes his angry-young-man schtick to the big screen to play a thinly veiled version of his own life story.

raw-nosed adj.

ΚΠ

1679 London Gaz. No. 1423/4 A white Gelding..raw-nosed, tender-footed.

1996 Telegram & Gaz. (Worcester, Mass.) (Nexis) 26 Jan. b1 Red-eyed, raw-nosed creatures, all coughing and spluttering, sneezing out rhinoviruses by the billion.

raw-ribbed adj.

ΚΠ

1639 J. Ford Ladies Triall iii. sig. E4^v The raw rib'd Apothecarie.

1922 E. Blunden Shepherd 81 The young black heifer and the raw-ribbed mare.

1992 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 8 Feb. 70 Raw-ribbed ranges, guttered by aeons of avalanches, so close together they might be trying to squeeze the valley to death.

raw-seamed adj.

ΚΠ

1957 T. Hughes Hawk in Rain 51 Suddenly he awoke and was running-raw In raw-seamed hot khaki.

2006 Los Angeles Times (Nexis) 24 June e1 The 2-week-old wore a Kingsley vintage-washed, raw-seamed gray T-shirt for her debut photo shoot in People magazine last week.

raw-skinned adj.

ΚΠ

1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. x. [Wandering Rocks] 227 A rawskinned crown, scantily haired.

2004 New Yorker (Nexis) 6 Dec. 70 He has sharp, raw-skinned features, a stiff bristle of gray hair, and a voice with the pace and muted precision of a stenography machine.

raw-smelling adj.

ΚΠ

1906 Macmillan's Mag. Apr. 476 Next morning I woke in the raw-smelling dawn, feeling like a corpse.

1989 Messenger (Payneham, Adelaide) (Nexis) 23 June I step up to a raw-smelling meat market, point through the glass and ask for two chicken breast fillets.

† raw stomached adj. Obsolete

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > digestive disorders > [adjective] > having indigestion

raw1540

raw stomached1591

crude1607

indigestive1632

indigested1663

undigesting1725

dyspeptic1809

dyspeptical1831

bradypeptic1879

1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Dict. at Ahitado Rawe stomacked, crudus.

1600 J. Weever Faunus & Melliflora sig. H No Elegies for faire mouth'd Romaines more, Raw stomackt at their banquets to rehearse.

raw-throated adj.

ΚΠ

1852 Chambers's Pocket Misc. VI. 99 A nest of five raw-throated gorlings [sic].

1928 Los Angeles Times 2 Dec. 1 a/1 It was cheered loud and long by the raw-throated mob in the stadium.

2005 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 17 Nov. 31 Slade's sledgehammer sound was topped off by Holder's raw-throated vocals.

C2.

raw bar n. North American a bar (typically in a restaurant) serving raw shellfish.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > trading place > stall or booth > [noun] > for sale of food or drink

shamblec1305

flesh-stall14..

fisher-stall1572

fish-stall1818

whelk-stall1842

coffee stall1850

poultry stall1852

peanut stand1853

raw bar1914

doggery1930

pannam1972

1914 Washington Post 15 Mar. 11 A grand oyster roast will be held... Creamed oysters..steamed oysters..cocktails..raw bar.

1943 Sun (Baltimore) 5 Oct. 16/6 The boys at the raw bar in the end of Bill's place last night said the way oysters are this season a feller'll have to eat shells and all to get a mess.

2000 N.Y. Times 3 Apr. b2/2 The raw bar at Lundy's restaurant in Sheepshead Bay in Brooklyn prompted George Curtis to tell Andrew, one of the shuckers, how mouth-watering the stone crabs appeared to be.

raw cream n. cream which forms of its own accord on the top of milk, as opposed to that which is produced by ‘scalding’ or heating milk.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > [noun] > cream

reameOE

cream1332

raw creama1450

head1684

top of the milk1942

dairy cream1962

a1450 in T. Austin Two 15th-cent. Cookery-bks. (1888) 75 (MED) Temper hit with goode mylke, that hit be no thikker þen rawe creme.

1542 A. Borde Compend. Regyment Helth xiii. sig. G.iv^v Clowtyd crayme and rawe crayme put togyther.

1670 H. Wolley Queen-like Closet xxx. 200 Set a little morning Milk with Runnet, as for a Cheese, when it is come, slice it out with a thin Slice, and lay it into the Dish you mean to serve it in, and put to it a little raw Cream, what Wine you please, and some Sugar, and so eat it.

1796 W. Marshall Provincialisms W. Devonshire in Rural Econ. W. Eng. I. 329 Raw cream, cream raised in the natural way: not ‘scalded’, or ‘clouted’.

1842 T. Shapter Climate of South of Devon ii. iii. 227 Devonshire clouted or clotted cream..is particularly white, thick, soft, deliciously cool, and less greasy than the raw cream.

1900 French Cookery for Eng. Homes 142 Pour over each egg a teaspoonful of good raw cream.

2003 D. Roberts & M. Greenwood Pract. Food Microbiol. (ed. 3) iii. 39 Raw cream may contain any of the pathogens found in raw milk.

raw-devouring adj. [in quot. 1848 after ancient Greek ὠμηστής eating raw flesh; in quot. 1922 after ancient Greek ὠμοσῖτος (of the Sphinx) eating men raw] rare that eats raw flesh.

ΚΠ

1848 T. A. Buckley tr. Homer Iliad (1851) xxii. 404 The raw-devouring dogs [Gk. κύνες..ὠμησταὶ] whom I have nourished in my palaces.

1893 S. O'Grady Bog of Stars & Other Stories ix. 148 Genial Homer would have pictured MacDermot and Brian Ogue as two raw-devouring lions beaten off from the cattle fold, but retreating slowly,..not being at all terrified.

1922 H. W. Smyth tr. Æschylus Seven against Thebes in Aeschylus (1956) I. 367 He kept ever swinging to and fro our city's shame, the raw-devouring Sphinx [Gk. Σϕίγγ᾽ ὠμοσῖτον], a burnished and embossed figure, cunningly riveted thereon.

1974 D. Young tr. Aeschylus Agamemnon in Oresteia 27 Jumping the tower, a raw-devouring lion licked up his fill of princely Trojan blood.

raw edge n. an unfinished or rough edge, esp. of a cut piece of fabric; also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > [noun] > border, edge, or selvage of > unfinished edge of

raw edge1799

1799 W. Nisbet Clin. Guide: Pt. 2 224 He then does the same on the opposite side, producing a raw edge or wound.

a1862 H. D. Thoreau Maine Woods (1864) 10 No doubt the balance of victuals is restored by the time they reach Bangor,—Mattawamkeag takes off the raw edge.

1886 H. Cunliffe Gloss. Rochdale-with-Rossendale Words & Phrases 71 Raw-edge, the severance edge of cloth; not the selvage.

1908 M. E. Morgan How to dress Doll ii. 20 Overcasting is only used to keep raw edges on a seam..from fraying.

1979 A. V. Badgley Rembrandt Decisions (1980) viii. 108 Hot cups of coffee..slowly salved the raw edges of Duncan Forbes' departure.

2003 Quilter's Newslet. Mag. Oct. 55/2 (caption) Align the raw edges with the raw edge of your quilt top, and sew to each side.

raw-edged adj. having a raw edge or edges (literal and figurative).

ΚΠ

1828 W. Carr Dial. Craven (ed. 2) Raw-edg'd, not hemmed, without a selfedge.

1876 A. D. Whitney Sights & Insights viii. 92 A newness of oldness; there was nothing raw-edged; nothing unmellowed.

1920 E. Sitwell Wooden Pegasus 105 Where raw-edged shadows sting forlorn As dank dark nettles.

1972 Ulster (Sunday Times Insight Team) ix. 151 How raw-edged the relationship was..was demonstrated by..the first Army ‘victory’ in Ulster.

2005 N.Y. Times 3 July 3/2 Splendid's gauchos are made of thin, stretch cotton jersey with a raw-edged hem and fold-over waistband.

raw feel n. Psychology an immediate unconceptualized mental impression evoked by a stimulus.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > psychology > experimental psychology > stimulus-response > response > [noun] > immediate

raw feel1918

1918 E. C. Tolman in Psychol. Rev. 25 436 By the quale of a quality, as distinct from its simple meaning, I would indicate the raw feel, which is present in both sensing and imaging, but lacking in ‘unanschauliches’ thought... The sensory excitation will not produce a ‘raw feel’ unless it goes over into an association discharge.

1956 P. E. Meehl & W. Sellars in H. Feigl & M. Scriven Minnesota Stud. Philos. Sci. I. 249 To suppose that ‘raw feels’ as we shall call them, will be found to be emergent..is to suppose that raw feels..are the a's and b's in the generalized function.

1969 H. D. Lewis Elusive Mind ix. 181 There seems, in short, to be some ‘immediate data of first person experience..(e.g. directly experienced sensations, thoughts, feelings..etc.)’. These are also described in many places as ‘raw feels’, a somewhat inelegant but suggestive term made popular, I believe, by Professor R. W. Sellars.

1997 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 110 463 The presence of a raw feel or a phenomenal character is necessary and sufficient for phenomenal consciousness but not for the other sorts of consciousness.

raw humus n. [compare German Rohhumus (1876 or earlier), Swedish råhumus (1877)] vegetable matter not yet fully decomposed; incompletely formed humus.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > earth or soil > kind of earth or soil > [noun] > organic soil > humus

humus1796

raw humus1891

mull1923

mor1931

1891 W. Schlich Man. Forestry II. i. 32 (heading) Accumulation of raw humus.

1935 Forestry 9 43 Raw humus is characterized by its excessive accumulation (slow decomposition), expandibility, and frequently by the presence of some structural remains of plants... [It is] characterized also by an extremely low base content.

1996 Water, Air & Soil Pollution 91 17 Raw humus is formed under pine and larch.

raw material n. (frequently in plural) the basic material from which a product is manufactured or made; unprocessed material; frequently in extended use.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > [noun]

raw material1612

crudity1626

raw produce1832

stock1873

1612 S. Sturtevant Metallica xv. 107 A furnace..for boyling, nealing, and backing of all kinde of Rawe-materials or Rawe-matters.

1794 R. Kirwan Elements Mineral. (ed. 2) I. Pref. 8 The raw materials, or necessary instruments of all manufactures.

1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 417 The raw material out of which a good army may be formed existed in great abundance among the Irish.

1870 J. Yeats Nat. Hist. Commerce 2 Without a considerable knowledge of raw materials, and of their adaptations, we could not live.

1930 R. Campbell Poems 12 Taking as raw material for his lays The good old English beer he loves to praise.

1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth i. 26/2 The processes of erosion, which provide the raw materials of the sedimentary rocks.

2005 J. Diamond Collapse (2006) xii. 370 China's expanding manufacturing economy and industries accept garbage/scrap that could serve as cheap sources of recoverable raw materials.

raw milk n. [compare Old Swedish ramiolk (Swedish råmjölk)] fresh, unprocessed milk, esp. milk which has not undergone heating; unpasteurized milk.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > [noun] > milk > untreated milk

raw milk1594

1594 T. Lodge & R. Greene Looking Glasse sig. B4 Whay, Curds, Creame, sod milk, raw-milke.

1672 in R. Machin Probate Inventories Chetnole, Leigh & Yetminster (1976) Inv. 61 In the Chamber over the hall..21 Cheeses some of the Rawmilk and the rest ordinary.

1734 H. Burdon Fountain of Health 40 Raw Milk, warm from the Cow.

1884 Science 21 Mar. 368/1 If rennet be added to boiled milk at the temperature of the body, no change occurs for some hours; while, if added to raw milk, coagulation takes place rapidly.

1950 N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. Mar. 221/2 Some doctors say raw milk is better for health than pasteurised milk, so who is to be believed?

2007 N.Y. Times 8 Aug. d2/5 In California, raw milk is legal and widely available.

raw-milk cheese n. cheese made from raw milk.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > cheese > [noun] > varieties of cheese

goat cheeseOE

green cheesec1390

rowen cheesea1425

bred-cheesec1440

hard cheesec1470

ruen cheese1510

parmesan1538

spermyse1542

angelot1573

cow-cheese1583

goat's cheese1588

Cheshire Cheese1597

eddish-cheese1615

nettle cheese1615

aftermath cheese1631

marsolini1636

Suffolk cheese1636

Cheddar cheesea1661

rowen1673

parmigianoa1684

raw-milk cheesea1687

fleet cheese1688

sage-cheese1714

Rhode Island cheese1733

Stilton cheese1736

Roquefort cheese1762

American cheese1763

fodder cheese1784

Old Peg1785

blue cheese1787

Dunlop cheese1793

Wiltshire1794

Gloucester1802

Gruyère1802

Neufchâtel1814

Limburger cheese1817

Dunlop1818

fog cheese1822

Swiss cheese1822

Suffolk thumpa1825

Stilton1826

skim dick1827

stracchino cheese1832

Blue Vinney1836

Edam1836

Schabzieger1837

sapsago1846

Munster1858

mysost1861

napkin cheese1865

provolone1865

Roquefort1867

Suffolk bang1867

Leicester1874

Brie1876

Camembert1878

Gorgonzola1878

Leicester cheese1880

Port Salut1881

Wensleydale1881

Gouda1885

primost1889

Cantal1890

Suisse1891

bondon1894

Petit Suisse1895

Gervais1896

Lancashire1896

Pont l'Évêque1896

reggiano1896

Romano1897

fontina1898

Caerphilly cheese1901

Derby cheese1902

Emmental1902

Liptauer1902

farmer cheese1904

robiola1907

gjetost1908

reblochon1908

scamorza1908

Cabrales1910

Jack1910

pimento cheese1910

mozzarella1911

pimiento cheese1911

Monterey cheese1912

processed cheese1918

Tillamook1918

tvorog1918

anari1919

process cheese1923

Bel Paese1926

pecorino1931

Oka1936

Parmigiano–Reggiano1936

vacherin1936

Monterey Jack1940

Red Leicester1940

demi-sel1946

tomme1946

Danish blue1948

Tilsit1950

St.-Maure1951

Samsoe1953

Havarti1954

paneer1954

taleggio1954

feta1956

St. Paulin1956

bleu cheese1957

Manchego1957

Ilchester1963

Dolcelatte1964

chèvre1965

Chaource1966

Windsor Red1969

halloumi1970

Montrachet1973

Chaumes1976

Lymeswold1981

cambozola1984

yarg1984

a1687 W. Petty Polit. Anat. Ireland (1691) 53 The said quantity of Milk will make 2½ C. of Raw-Milk-Cheese, and 1 C. of Whey-Butter.

1742 W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman July x. 62 If we make Raw-Milk Cheese.

1914 Science 39 801/1 Many experimental pasteurized-milk cheeses were made with starters consisting of the organisms isolated from normal raw-milk cheese.

1995 Atlantic Monthly June 107/1 People prefer raw-milk cheese for its subtlety and depth of flavor, not out of some kind of foodie machismo.

raw sienna n. sienna which has not been calcined; (also) the yellowish-brown colour of this pigment; cf. burnt sienna at burnt adj. 4c.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > brown or brownness > [noun] > other browns

umberc1568

Spanish brown1660

earth colour1688

raw umber1702

iron brown1714

clove-brown1794

raw sienna1797

wood-brown1805

moorit1809

coffee1815

oak1815

burnt almond1850

Vandyke brown1850

Turk's head1853

catechu brown1860

oak brown1860

mummy brown1861

walnut-brown1865

Havana1873

havana brown1875

wax-brown1887

box1889

nutria1897

caramel1909

wallflower brown1913

cigar1923

desert-brown1923

sunburn1923

tobacco1923

maple1926

butterscotch1927

walnut1934

snuff1951

mink1955

toffee1960

sludge1962

earth-tone1973

the world > matter > colour > named colours > brown or brownness > colouring matter > [noun] > pigments

brown1549

umberc1568

castory1590

wood-colour1622

burnt umbera1650

Cologne earth1658

Spanish brown1660

raw umber1702

bistre1728

Siena1787

raw sienna1797

Terra Siennaa1817

sepia1821

brown ochre1823

bone brown1831

indigo-brown1838

mummy1854

Cassel brown1860

Prussian brown1860

mineral brown1869

Cappagh brown1875

Verona brown1889

1797 tr. Constant de Massoul Treat. Art of Painting 200 This colour may be made by calcining Mars Yellow, in the same manner as burnt Terra de Sienna is obtained from the Raw Sienna.

1853 E. K. Kane U.S. Grinnell Exped. xxviii. 237 The visual angle is an unbroken tint, rising from the ice with a raw sienna, mellowing into pink, [etc.].

1883 R. Haldane Workshop Receipts 2nd Ser. 192/1 When the cloth tracings have to be heliographed, raw sienna is also added to the ink.

1937 Amer. Home Apr. 116/2 The filler..is made of white lead and oil, mixed with a little raw sienna, a little yellow oil paint, and a dab of umber.

1991 Artist Nov. 23/3 The colours for the warm palette are burnt umber, raw sienna, cadmium yellow, [etc.].

raw silk n. untreated silk fibres as reeled from cocoons; a fabric made from such fibres; frequently attributive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > treated or processed textiles > [noun] > silk > raw silk

bombyxa1398

raw silkc1400

marabou1835

shute1839

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric made from specific material > made from silk > [noun] > types of > made from specific forms of silk fibre or thread

fillatrice-stuff1714

souple1828

supple silk1835

raw silk1866

schappe1885

souple silk1885

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) 790 Royl rollande fax, to raw sylk lyke.

1581 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1814) III. 240/2 That the raw and vnwrocht silkis to be brocht hame be him salbe custome frie.

1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey iv. 245 Eight thousand bailes of raw silke are yearely made in the Iland.

1748 in J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea (1753) II. xvi. 94 To invest it in raw silk cannot be done in less than three racoltas.

1866 A. D. Whitney in Our Young Folks Feb. 104 Two pairs of bright brown raw silk stockings..completed the mountain outfit.

1965 D. MacKenzie Lonely Side of River i. 18 Raw-silk summer curtains rustled in the drawing room.

2006 Time Out N.Y. 24 Aug. 48/1 Upon arrival, smiling hosts clad in raw silk welcome guests with a resounding ‘Sahwatdee’, or ‘hello’.

raw spun adj. (a) (apparently) (of fibrous tissue) poorly or crudely entwined (obsolete rare); (b) (of silk) made from untreated fibres; cf. raw silk n.

ΚΠ

1744 J. Armstrong Art of preserving Health i. 10 Any other injury that grows From raw-spun fibres idle and unstrung.

1832 Encycl. Americana IX. 279 The town has a considerable commerce, particularly in raw spun silk.

1993 D. J. Forsyth Crisis of Liberal Italy i. 51 The single most important items were raw spun silk, and fresh fruits.

raw stock n. Film unexposed film stock.

ΚΠ

1917 C. N. Bennett Guide to Kinematogr. i. 12 Raw stock is divided broadly into two classes, Ordinary and Non Flam.

1983 E. Ward & A. Silver Film Director's Team ii. 29 Film laboratories will offer nothing more than fresh rawstock to compensate for any footage ruined by processing errors, hence the advisability of negative and faulty stock insurance.

2007 Hindustan Times (Nexis) 22 Sept. The museum was producing the 25-minute biopic, based on a biography written by Nanda, and it was in the fitness of things that the best available raw stock was provided.

raw umber n. umber which has not been calcined; (also) the colour of this pigment (usually a dark yellowish brown); cf. burnt umber at umber n.³ 1b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > brown or brownness > [noun] > other browns

umberc1568

Spanish brown1660

earth colour1688

raw umber1702

iron brown1714

clove-brown1794

raw sienna1797

wood-brown1805

moorit1809

coffee1815

oak1815

burnt almond1850

Vandyke brown1850

Turk's head1853

catechu brown1860

oak brown1860

mummy brown1861

walnut-brown1865

Havana1873

havana brown1875

wax-brown1887

box1889

nutria1897

caramel1909

wallflower brown1913

cigar1923

desert-brown1923

sunburn1923

tobacco1923

maple1926

butterscotch1927

walnut1934

snuff1951

mink1955

toffee1960

sludge1962

earth-tone1973

the world > matter > colour > named colours > brown or brownness > colouring matter > [noun] > pigments

brown1549

umberc1568

castory1590

wood-colour1622

burnt umbera1650

Cologne earth1658

Spanish brown1660

raw umber1702

bistre1728

Siena1787

raw sienna1797

Terra Siennaa1817

sepia1821

brown ochre1823

bone brown1831

indigo-brown1838

mummy1854

Cassel brown1860

Prussian brown1860

mineral brown1869

Cappagh brown1875

Verona brown1889

1702 R. Neve Apopiroscopy i. 39 Take raw Umber, grind it very fine with Size.

1859 D. H. Jacques House 161 A cool gray..may be obtained as follows:..Raw umber, half a pound [etc.].

1906 R. Fry Let. 17 Apr. (1972) I. 263 I did the wood-work in one coat, pure raw umber and white over a burnt sienna stain.

1951 R. Mayer Artist's Handbk. (new ed.) ii. 59 Raw umber... Its composition is similar to that of sienna but it contains no manganese. A dark brown, its tones vary from greenish or yellowish to violet-brown.

2010 S. Brooker Portrait Painting Atelier 180 The golden toned ground created a luminous backdrop for a palette of raw umber and three primary pigments.

raw 'uns n. (also raw uns) Boxing slang (now historical) (with the) the bare fists.

ΚΠ

1887 Daily News 15 Sept. 4/8 This encounter was without gloves, or, in the elegant language of the ring, ‘with the raw uns’.

1915 Lincoln (Nebraska) Daily News 14 Aug. 9/4 In his career he fought with both the raw 'uns and the gloves.

1993 Times (Nexis) 6 Jan. Fights with the ‘raw 'uns’, sword-play and wrestling matches were always arranged for the..last day of the Christmas holidays.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	raw
释义	† rawn.² Forms: 1500s raw, 1500s rawe. Origin: Of unknown origin. Etymology: Origin unknown. Obsolete. rare. An implement (not identified) used for catching fish. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > hunting > fishing > fishing-tackle > other fishing equipment > [noun] > other fishing devices raw1533 taining1533 kepper1558 rack1735 fluke-rake1766 runner1766 jig1846 bush1880 fish-gorge1883 gorge1883 1533–4 Act 25 Hen. VIII c. 7 [No person shall take in any] crele, raw, web, lister, fier, or any other engine..the yonge frie..of any kinde of salmon. 1558 Act 1 Eliz. c. 17 §1 No Person..withe any..Crele, Rawe, Fagnett, Trollnett, Trimmenet..shall take..Spawne, or Frye of Eeles, Salmon, Pyke or Pyckerell. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online December 2020). rawadj.n.¹ Brit. /rɔː/, U.S. /rɔ/, /rɑ/ Forms: α. Old English hræw (rare), Old English–early Middle English hreaw, Middle English rau, Middle English raugh, Middle English rauhe, Middle English ravȝ, Middle English rawȝe, Middle English rawgh, Middle English rawh, Middle English rawhe, Middle English rew, Middle English–1600s rawe, Middle English– raw; English regional 1800s wrawe (Yorkshire), 1800s– rawee (Devon); Scottish pre-1700 rau, pre-1700 rav, pre-1700 rawe, pre-1700 1700s– raw; N.E.D. (1903) also records a form Middle English raughe. β. Old English hreow, Middle English–1500s rowe, Middle English–1600s row; English regional (northern) 1800s– ro, 1800s– roa, 1800s– rou, 1800s– row; Scottish 1800s row. γ. (northern) Middle English ra, Middle English rae; English regional (chiefly northern) 1700s rey, 1800s– raa, 1800s– ray, 1800s– reea; Scottish pre-1700 1900s– ra (Shetland), 1900s– raa (northern). Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with West Frisian rie , (regional: Schiermonnikoog) rē raw, uncooked, (of weather) cold, bleak (c1540 as ree ), Middle Dutch raeu , raeuw , rau , rauw , rō , rou (inflected forms rauw- , rōw- , etc.) uncooked, unprocessed, coarse (Dutch rauw , †rouw , also ‘immature, inexperienced, naive, uncivilized, coarse, (of flesh or parts of the body) exposed, lacerated’), Old Saxon hrā , rā (inflected forms also rāw- ) raw (glossing classical Latin crūdus (see crude adj.); Middle Low German rō , (rare) rā (inflected forms also rōw- ) uncooked, unprocessed, unrefined, uncivilized, coarse, painful, (of flesh or parts of the body) exposed, lacerated), Old High German hrao , hrō , rao , rō (inflected forms also rāw- , rōw- ) raw, rough, done or made lately, cruel (glossing classical Latin crūdus (see crude adj.), recēns recent adj., sevērus severe adj.; Middle High German rā , rō , rou (inflected forms also rāw- , rōw- , rouw- ) uncooked, undigested, unprocessed, (of fabric) unfinished, uncivilized, coarse, painful, (of weather) cold, bleak; German roh uncooked, unprocessed, uncivilized, crude, coarse, (of flesh or body parts) exposed, lacerated), Old Icelandic hrár uncooked, Old Swedish raa , rar (Swedish rå ), Old Danish ra , raa uncooked, (of fish also) undried (Danish rå ), both in sense ‘uncooked, unprocessed’, in the modern languages also ‘immature, characteristic of inexperience, crude, coarse, (of flesh) exposed, (of a wound) bloody, (of weather) cold, bleak’ < the same Indo-European base (with a variety of different ablaut grades and suffixations) as classical Latin cruor , Early Irish crú (Irish cró ), Welsh †creu , †crau , Old Church Slavonic krŭvĭ , Old Russian krov' , kr"v' (Russian krov' ), Old Prussian crauyo , krawia , Lithuanian kraujas , all in sense ‘blood’, Sanskrit kravis , ancient Greek κρέας , both in sense ‘raw flesh’. Compare crude adj. (ultimately < the same Indo-European base) and rough adj. (etymologically unrelated), which both show semantic overlap.The β. forms reflect the rounding of the second element of the diphthong before w in Old English (compare quot. OE at sense B. 1a, and see further A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §274). The γ. forms show various reflexes of (chiefly northern) Middle English long ā , perhaps reinforced by the cognate adjective in early Scandinavian. especially in early use, frequently translating classical Latin crūdus (see crude adj.). In to dye in the raw (see sense B. 2(a)) after French teindre sur crud (1763 in the passage translated in quot. 1785 at sense B. 2; now teindre sur le cru). A. adj. I. Uncooked; unprocessed, unrefined. 1. a. Of food: uncooked. In early use also of water: †unboiled (obsolete). Also in extended use. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > [adjective] > cooked > not cooked or raw raweOE unsoddenc1000 greenOE unsoda1250 crude1542 undecocted1542 unleepeda1568 uncoqued1617 incocted1645 rough1793 uncooked1846 raw food1904 cookless1907 the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > pollution or defilement > environmental pollution > [adjective] > partially polluted (water) > unboiled (water) raw1577 α. eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. xxxix. 102 Nim wines dræstan, meng wið hreaw ægru. OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xv. 150 Ne ete ge of ðam lambe nan ðing hreaw, ne on wætere gesoden. OE tr. Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarium (Vitell.) (1984) cxxxvi. 176 Wið þæt stanas on blædran wexen genim ðas wyrte, syle etan oððe gesodene oððe hræwe [?a1200 Harl. 6258B hreawe]. a1200 Recipe (Faust. A.x) in T. O. Cockayne Leechdoms, Wortcunning, & Starcraft (1866) III. 292 Wið hefdeca, þare clata mora et raw festende. c1300 St. Michael (Laud) 152 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 304 (MED) Heo hadde fisch and drinke; ȝe wuten wel it was ravȝ. a1350 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 27 (MED) Þe deuel huem afretye, Rau oþer a-roste! a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 265 (MED) In þe norþwest side of Germania is a peple þat..eteþ rawe flesch [L. crudis animalium carnibus vescuntur]. a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) 1668 (MED) Þare he lifed a grete sesowne With rotes and raw venysowne. a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 44 Take raw porke and hew hit smalle. 1533 T. Paynell tr. U. von Hutten De Morbo Gallico f. 1^v The infirmitie, wherwith the monke Euager was greued, throughe immoderate colde and eatynge of rawe meates. 1577 J. Frampton tr. N. Monardes Three Bookes ii. f. 46^v With the naughtie meates and drinkyng of the rawe waters,..the moste parte of theim came to fall into continuall Agues. 1607 T. Dekker & J. Webster North-ward Hoe i. sig. B4 The Northerne man loues white-meates, the Southery man Sallades.., the Welshman Leekes and Cheese, and your Londoners rawe Mutton. 1658 W. Johnson tr. F. Würtz Surgeons Guid ii. xxiii. 139 The raw Water is better than if boyled. 1704 Dict. Rusticum at Appetite—Lost You must cause them to swallow raw Eggs. 1748 T. Smollett Roderick Random II. xlv. 96 He must certainly be very bad from having eat last night such a vast quantity of raw oysters. 1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xxvi. 580 A Chinese princess..who complains that sour milk was her only drink, raw flesh her only food, a tent her only palace. 1826 J. F. Cooper Last of Mohicans I. vi. 72 I've known stout detachments of the corps glad to eat their venison raw, and without a relish, too. 1861 F. Nightingale Notes on Nursing (new ed.) 48 A patient should, if possible, not..even hear food talked about or see it in the raw state. 1904 J. Conrad Nostromo iii. ix. 400 Old Viola..emptied upon the table..a few dry crusts of bread and half a raw onion. 1964 A. Launay Caviare & After vii. 54 The Bayonne and Parma hams are served raw. 2003 Arena Aug. 35/2 Many people think that sushi is just a piece of raw fish and a lump of rice but so much more is involved. β. a1450 (?a1300) Richard Coer de Lyon (Caius) (1810) 3407 Lay euery hed on a plater; Bryng it hoot forth..And look that they be nought rowe.?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) f. 105^v Rowe, crudus, incoctus..to be Rowe, crudere, crudescere.1551 W. Turner Herball (1568) i. B v Garlyke..swageth the olde coughe, taken row or soden.1562 W. Turner Herball (1568) ii. 72 The rowe iuice..dronken softeneth the belly.1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words Ro, roa, row, raw, as meat that is under-cooked.γ. a1425 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 662 Caro cruda, ra flesche.?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 198 [?a1425 Titus Þei eten boþe flessch & fissch all] rae.1876 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Words Whitby Reea, raw.1886 H. Cunliffe Gloss. Rochdale-with-Rossendale Words & Phrases Ray, raw.1915 H. Beaton At Back o' Benachie 16 Yonner's the flagon fur the raa sowens. Gae me't, I'll need tae full't, Aw doot; for they'll a' be famishin' I'm seer.1933 J. Gray Lowrie 34 Minds doo, Olie, whin we wir peerie, wir fok wis aye tellin wis at if we ute raa neeps it wid fill wir stammicks wi' wirms. †b. Of a substance in the stomach or blood: undigested, unassimilated; not fully digested. Also: (of bodily fluids) containing undigested material; (of the process of digestion) incomplete. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > [adjective] > digested > undigested undefied1398 undigest1398 crude1533 raw1533 undecoct1542 undigested1598 hard1601 inconcocted1605 unconcoct1605 unconcocted1611 indigested1620 untempered1822 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 35^v His vrine is white and þicke, rawe & euel I-coloured [L. cruda et discolorata]. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 103 It nediþ by medicine to putte of þinges þat is defied & noȝt þing þat is rawȝe. c1425 tr. J. Arderne Treat. Fistula (Sloane 6) (1910) 59 (MED) Digestion waxeþ raw, and of rawnes of digestion is þe vryne discolored. c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Gouernaunce of Princis (1993) xxiii. 96 Quhen jt [sc. the stomach] ressauis mare na jt was wont to, that remaynis jn the stomak vndegest and rawe. 1533 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe ii. ix Rape rootes..if they be not perfectly concoct in the stomake, they do make crude or raw iuice in the veynes. 1533 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe ii. xxix In a cold stomake, the litell heate is suffocate with grosse meate, & the fine meate lefte rawe for lacke of concoction. 1581 R. Mulcaster Positions 49 Or that daunsing beside the warmth, driueth awaye numnesse, & certaine palsies, comforteth the stomacke, being cumbred with weaknes of digestion, & confluence of raw humours, [etc.]. 1633 T. Johnson Gerard's Herball (new ed.) ii. cccxxiii. 880 It [sc. white wine]..digesteth humors that be halfe rawe. 1671 J. Sharp Midwives Bk. ii. i. 87 Excess in meat or drink choakes the natural heat, causeth raw, crude humours, which will never make good blood. 1704 Dict. Rusticum at Belching Belching in Cattle; is a sign of Crudities or raw Humours in their Stomachs undigested. 1784 B. Cornwell Domest. Physician 48 Raw cucumbers..generate raw humours, and are cold and humid to excess, and difficult of concoction. c. Of clay, pottery, a brick, etc.: unbaked; not hardened or fused by firing in a kiln. Cf. green adj. 6e. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > clay compositions > baked clay > [adjective] > not rawa1398 uneledc1440 unbakenc1550 unbaked1563 green1601 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 157 Ȝif a man take a vessel of þe erþe newe and rawe, [etc.]. a1550 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (Sloane 1873) (1975) 2791 (MED) Dedd clay..medlide in powdire with good rawe cley Will fyre abide & not go awey. 1577 R. Willes & R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Hist. Trauayle W. & E. Indies f. 332 This citie is esteemed almost twyse as byg as London, and for the most parte is buylded of rawe brickes, not burnt, but only dryed and hardened in the sunne. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xxxv. xii. 552 Chalcosthenes made diverse peeces of worke in raw cley at Athens. 1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 131 The Castle..was large, but rude, and the Wall of raw Brick. 1719 H. Eelbeck tr. Persius Six Satyrs iii. 32 You will be slighted as an earthen Vessel of raw Clay, not well baked. 1768 Ware's Compl. Body Archit. (new ed.) vi. 554 A square aperture in one side of the structure with the raw bricks as edges. 1882 Chambers's Jrnl. 80 The salt-glaze process must essentially modify the ornamentation of the ware, since it receives it in the stage of raw or green clay. 1885 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 638/2 The ‘raw’ vessels fresh from the wheel, which only require a moderate heat to prepare them for being glazed. 1967 M. Chandler Ceramics in Mod. World v. 146 (caption) Many refractory units are installed raw and fired in situ. 1992 Times Educ. Suppl. 31 Jan. 41/1 A real kiln, without which it is impossible to heat the raw clay to the 1000 degrees Celsius which fuses the particles together. †d. Of blood emerging from a wound: fresh, not clotted. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ a1529 J. Skelton Ware the Hauke (1545) sig. B.v^v The blode ran downe raw Upon the auter stone. ?1790 S. Pattison Orig. Poems 255 Though found as innocent as an angel, yet [Christ] is stripped naked, and severely lashed with a heavy scourge: sanguine was the scene, and hard was the punishment; his raw blood issuing back, witnessed this. †e. Of fruit: not preserved or dried. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > fruit or a fruit > [adjective] > not preserved raw1686 1686 tr. J. Chardin Trav. Persia 391 They export from thence vast quantities of Fruit dry'd and raw [Fr. des fruits frais & secs]. f. Of the taste or flavour of tea: harsh, bitter. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > tea > [adjective] > qualities of tea milkless1816 slushy1839 miserable1842 overdrawn1847 raw1881 mealy1892 stewy1895 tannined1898 potty1901 stiff1904 stewed1908 metallic1909 the world > physical sensation > taste and flavour > unsavouriness > [adjective] > unpalatable unsweetc1440 boisterous1483 untasty1566 untoothsome1576 twice sod1601 coarse1607 irrelishable1608 asper1626 insuave1657 untoward1662 physicala1665 asperous1670 unpalatable1682 woolly1687 inelegant1708 smoked1761 impalatable1782 brassy1789 soddena1800 metallic1800 inky1805 unsweetened1817 weedy1851 tinny1873 tangy1875 raw1881 unappetizing1884 twangy1887 stavy1888 toasty1890 soapy1892 stewy1895 gloppy1976 1881 Tea Cycl. iii. 220/1 To obtain a raw, rasping and pungent flavor I am compelled to underferment, the indication of which is that the colour of infused leaves are of a greenish brown tint. 1892 J. M. Walsh Tea vii. 170 Ceylon and Javas are either ‘raw’, ‘uncooked’..or sour in flavour. 1933 C. R. Harler Culture & Marketing of Tea xiv. 278 The infused leaf of tea made from under-withered leaf is generally greenish. The infusions from such leaf are usually raw and rasping. 1990 K. Chow & I. Kramer All Tea in China 180 De-enzyme, to deactivate enzymes by steaming, pan-frying, or baking to halt oxidation and remove the source of the raw green taste in tea. g. to come the raw prawn: see prawn n. 2b. 2. In a natural state; not yet processed or worked. a. Of sinew: untreated. Of leather or hide: untanned; undressed. Cf. rawhide n. and adj., green adj. 6b. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > skin or hide > [adjective] > undressed or untanned rougheOE rawOE greena1400 untanned1535 untawed1545 unbarked1569 OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 353 [Refragantem udis et] crudis [nervorum nexibus crudeliter vinciunt] : hreawum. a1399 in W. G. Benham Oath Bk. Colchester (1907) 9 (MED) Item, Salffel comende to towne by londe raw, for j dos., j d.; and barket, dos. j d. ob. 1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes ii. xiv. 118 Covered wyth lamynes of yron or wyth rawe leder. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xvi. f. x^v/2 Also ther they found..mo than. x. M. olde shoos made of rawe lether, with the heare styll on them. 1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene v. xii. sig. Y7 Her lips were like raw lether, pale and blew. View more context for this quotation 1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 15 As a couer to their modest parts, they gird themselues with a piece of raw leather, and fasten a square peece..to it. 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors vi. 263 Bikirkeha being found among the Prisoners, was sown up in a raw Ox-Hide. 1730 W. P. tr. P. de Ribadeneyra Lives Saints II. 282 [He] commanded..Justina, after many Buffets, to be whipped with raw Sinews. 1744 J. Randall Syst. Geogr. ii. xxviii. 546 They usually wear two Mantles..which are sometimes bordered with a Fringe of raw Leather. 1849 G. Grote Hist. Greece VI. ii. xlix. 254 Hides, raw as well as dressed. 1882 Cent. Mag. Apr. 959 With jack-boots of raw leather, and a Spanish cloak, and feather. 1932 T. E. Lawrence tr. Homer Odyssey xii. The heel of the mast had torn out from the keelson—to which, however, the backstay (a thong of raw bull's-hide) had been made fast. 1994 Independent on Sunday 11 Dec. (Review Suppl.) 20/1 Pampooties—traditional footwear made from raw cowhide and soaked every night to keep them supple. b. Of fabric or cloth: unfinished, spec. unfulled, untucked, or undyed. Also in figurative context. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric manufactured in specific way > treated or processed in specific way > [adjective] > fulled > not raw?a1346 unfulled1467 unwalked1488 unmilled1555 ?a1346 in F. B. Bickley Little Red Bk. Bristol (1900) II. 7 Nule manere drap a foler qe home appele raucloth. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1965) Ecclus. xl. 4 Gret ocupacioun is shapen to alle men..fro hym þat vseþ blu silc & berþ crowne vn to hym þat is crownyd with raw lynene. 1467–8 Rolls of Parl. V. 621/2 It is daily used..to bie rawe Clothes, untoked and unfulled. 1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus in Paraphr. New Test. I. Matt. ix. f. lix^v No manne soweth a patche of new and rawe cloth in an old garment. 1561 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 175 vj fardellis of raw claith allegit schippit in name of Petir de Randea. 1611 T. Coryate Crambe sig. A4^v I..do offer vnto your Maiestie..a farregrowne but a home spunne present, made indeede of course Wooll..and now wouen into a piece of Rawe cloth. 1625 in S. A. Gillon Sel. Justiciary Cases (1953) I. 31 This raw claithe can nocht be put in wark..till first it be wett and how sone it is wett it draweth so far in that tuentie fyve elnes of raw unwett claith will nocht equill tuentie elnes of watt claithe. 1723 A. Ramsay Monk & Miller's Wife 140 Knaves..Whase kytes can streek out like raw plaiding. 1789 J. Brand Hist. & Antiq. Newcastle II. 320 The ordinary of this society..enacted that no brother should..tentor cloth on a Sunday, nor ‘wend to the walk mylne’ with any raw cloth on that day. 1868 Chambers's Encycl. X. 265/2 When the cloth is taken from the loom, it has a bare look, and is called the raw thread. 1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. (at cited word) The room in which goods are placed when taken from the weaver is always the ‘raw-piece shop’. 1949 Brit. Colour Council Dict. Colours III. 9/2 The colour names of Ecru, Beige and Grège..mean exactly the same thing—the colour of the condition of cloth in its raw, unbleached state. 2001 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 26 Aug. 8 A virtually deserted..factory, which houses tired-looking fabric-drying and dying machines, huge rolls of raw cloth and just 34 workers per shift. c. Of a fibre used in the manufacture of cloth: unprocessed; spec. (of cotton) that has been ginned (see gin v.² 2) but otherwise processed no further. Cf. raw silk n. at Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > [adjective] > not subjected to manufacturing process rawc1350 unspun1545 undressed1763 the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > treated or processed textiles > [adjective] > silk rawc1350 filoselle1561 reeled1695 soft1769 ungummed1839 marabou1929 c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 91 Wel to conne and nauȝ [read nauȝt] no don Nys naþer rawe ne y-sponne. a1600 in R. Hakluyt Voy. (1810–12) III. 174 By reason of the transportation of raw wooll of late dayes more excessiuely then in times past. 1680 W. Petyt Britannia Languens v. 57 Their Competition in the Cloathing-Trade..have already sunk our Forreign Market and Vent; this hath sunk the price of our raw Wooll. 1712 J. Gay Arachne in A. Pope Misc. Poems 83 Whether raw Wool in its first Orbs she wound. 1741 J. Campbell Conc. Hist. Spanish Amer. ii. ix. 174 The principal Commodities, in which the Traders of Porto Rico deal, are Sugar, Ginger, Hides, Cotton-thread, or Raw Cotton, Cassia, Mastick, &c. 1822 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 12 Oct. 2/5 Nearly three million pounds of raw cotton, which produces 2,500,000 pounds of yarn. 1863 H. Fawcett Man. Polit. Econ. i. iv. 47 A tax on cotton goods would be far preferable to a tax on raw cotton. 1943 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) VI. 135/2 The crude mixture of wool wax and fatty acids recovered from the soapy liquor used for the scouring of raw wool. 1998 Textile Month June 37/1 The production of raw cotton and the spinning of cotton into exportable products is..crucial to..developing countries such as India and Pakistan. d. Of various natural substances, products, foodstuffs, etc. (occasionally also of their qualities): untreated; unrefined or only partly refined; spec. (a) (of a gem) uncut, unpolished; (b) (of water) undistilled; not filtered; (c) (of alcoholic spirit) undiluted; (d) (of grain) unmalted, undried; (e) (of sewage) untreated. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > [adjective] rough1364 rudec1384 crudec1386 rawa1398 unwroughtc1400 unwerkedc1430 uncured1622 unmanufactured1644 unworked1730 the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > pollution or defilement > environmental pollution > [adjective] > partially polluted (water) > not distilled or filtered (water) raw1626 the world > food and drink > food > additive > sweetener > [adjective] > unrefined (of sugar) raw1797 the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > dirt > [adjective] > untreated (of sewage) raw1868 untreated1883 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 317 Raw hony not wel y-clarified..bredeþ swellyng and grollynge in þe wombe. ?a1425 MS Hunterian 95 f. 167^v (MED) Enspesse honye wiþ a litil floure of whete and schal not be decocte but rawe. c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 84 (MED) Recipe reed nettil and morelle..& raw grese and þe mooste part of buttere and bete hem togidere and leye hem hoot to þe wounde. 1567 J. Maplet Greene Forest f. 3^v [The beryl] is first found also raw and rude without eyther good looke or pleasant shewe. 1568 in D. W. Crossley Sidney Ironworks Accts. 1541–73 (1975) 242 To him more by thandes of Mr xpofer [sic] in rawe Iron. 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §347 Distilled Waters will last longer than Raw waters. 1664 P. Vernatti in T. Sprat Hist. Royal Soc. (1959) 269 This Lixivium the Workmen call their Raw-liquor. 1787 G. Winter New Syst. Husbandry 9 The application of raw dung unmixed with earth. 1797 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 59/2 After the melasses are drained off, the sugar becomes pretty dry and fair, and is then called muscovado or raw sugar. 1829 G. Jones Sketches Naval Life I. 103 It makes two gills of whiskey, per day: in some ships, it is served out differently; half a gill, raw, in the morning, and evening; and a gill, diluted, at noon. 1830 M. Donovan Domest. Econ. I. vii. 247 New spirit is stored in wooden vessels until the raw flavour is ameliorated. 1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 1017 It existed, no doubt, in the raw grain, but underwent considerable modifications during the process of malting. 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts (1853) II. 75 The raw oil is converted into a drying oil of a pale straw colour. 1868 Chem. News 20 Nov. 248/2 Several accidents happened; one..by which no less than 150,000 gallons of raw sewage were pumped into a tank holding 430,000 gallons of purified sewage. 1930 Engineering 25 July 121/1 The net quantity of raw water distilled and passed into the feed line as make-up amounts to 1,138 tonnes per day. 1939 Sun (Baltimore) 28 Sept. 12/1 The work might be done in part by carrying raw sewage lines to Colgate creek. 1956 Jrnl. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 48 1281 (heading) Relation of treatment methods to limits for coliform organisms in raw waters. 1978 Daily Tel. 7 July 19/1 The slide in the daily price of raw sugar on the London futures market continued yesterday. 1992 Economist 2 May 79/1 The Americans say that British Columbia's prohibition on the export of raw logs constitutes a trade subsidy. e. Designating any unprocessed commodity, item of produce, or the condition of such an item. Cf. raw material n. at Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > types of material generally > [adjective] > unused raw1991 1634 E. Grimeston tr. P. de Béthune Counsellor of Estate i. xlii. 146 Among those things which ought not to be transported out of an Estate, are rawe stuffes [Fr. matieres cruës]. 1708 Polit. Instr. for Use of Gentlemen iii. 86 Magistrates..should be very cautious to prevent the Exportation of raw Commodities. 1738 E. Burke Rep. Affairs India in Wks. (1842) II. 28 This forced preference of traffick in a raw commodity. 1795 H. T. Colebrooke Remarks Husbandry & Commerce Bengal v. 153 Filature silk..may be considered..in an intermediate state between the infancy of raw produce and the maturity of manufacture. 1825 J. R. McCulloch Princ. Polit. Econ. iii. v. 273 A farmer who rents a farm,..employing upon it such a capital as will, at the existing prices of raw produce, enable him to pay his rent. 1837 J. R. McCulloch Statist. Acct. Brit. Empire I. i. i. 129 The earths, the metals, and other substances..either in a raw or manufactured shape..sent abroad. 1890 C. Gross Gild Merchant I. 140 The staplers were merchants who had the monopoly of exporting the principal raw commodities of the realm. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 808/1 Like the Spaniards it held that this trade should be confined to an exchange of colonial raw produce for home manufactures. 1991 Impact of Sci. on Society (UNESCO) No. 162. 186 A country which once despatched its goods in a raw form, now processes them before shipping. f. Ceramics. Designating a glaze made from materials which need no preparation. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > painting or coating materials > [adjective] > glazed > types of ceramic or pottery glaze stanniferous1823 raw1825 flambé1886 tea-dust1897 monastic1909 tin-enamelled1933 starved1964 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 472 Raw glazes are employed for the common pottery... They are generally composed of white-lead, Cornish-stone, and flint, ground by a hand-mill. 1847 J. Timbs Man. Domest. Econ. 123 The quantity of lead in the composition of the better kinds of glazes is so small, that the deteriorating and pernicious effects of the use of raw glaze need not be apprehended from their employment. 1934 Webster's New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. Raw glaze, a glaze made from materials which need no preparation, but can be bought ready for use. 1964 H. Hodges Artifacts ii. 46 Any glaze in which the raw materials are simply ground up and applied in this way is called a raw glaze. 1996 P. A. Ciullo Industr. Minerals & their Uses xi. 476 Raw glazes are those compounded directly from the minerals used as raw materials with no intermediate step of smelting (or ‘fritting’) the glaze. g. North American. Of land: undeveloped, not cleared or otherwise prepared for cultivation or building. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > wild or uncultivated land > [adjective] > undeveloped raw1849 1849 Monthly Relig. Mag. Aug. 381 It seems that manure injures the quality of the weed [sc. tobacco], and affects its price; so the raw land is worked a few years and then abandoned. 1883 A. E. Sweet & J. A. Knox On Mexican Mustang xxi. 282 [He] came to Atascoso County, Texas, and bought a piece of raw land. 1920 S. Carolina Hist. & Genealogical Mag. 21 99 They scattered here and there. Some..were assigned to woodland and raw fields. 1973 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 7 July 3/1 Speculation in raw land is a major contributor to high housing costs..according to Mayor Art Phillips. 2007 M. Veron Shell Game 205 As raw farmland, he estimated the 120 acres to be worth $108,000. h. figurative. Of a quality or faculty: pure, unmitigated; sheer. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > [adjective] > utter or absolute shirea1225 purec1300 properc1380 plainc1395 cleana1400 fine?a1400 entirec1400 veryc1400 starka1425 utterc1430 utterlyc1440 merec1443 absolute1531 outright1532 cleara1535 bloodyc1540 unproachable1544 flat1553 downright1577 sheer1583 right-down?1586 single1590 peremptory1601 perfecta1616 downa1625 implicit1625 every way1628 blank1637 out-and-outa1642 errant1644 inaccessional1651 thorough-paced1651 even down1654 dead1660 double-dyed1667 through stitch1681 through-stitched1682 total1702 thoroughgoing1719 thorough-sped1730 regular1740 plumb1748 hollow1751 unextenuated1765 unmitigated1783 stick, stock, stone dead1796 positive1802 rank1809 heart-whole1823 skire1825 solid1830 fair1835 teetotal1840 bodacious1845 raw1856 literal1857 resounding1873 roaring1884 all out1893 fucking1893 pink1896 twenty-four carat1900 grand slam1915 stone1928 diabolical1933 fricking1937 righteous1940 fecking1952 raving1954 1856 Mercersburg Q. Rev. Jan. 99 He had perhaps as much raw intellect as any member of the family. 1899 Rec. Techn. & Secondary Educ. 8 62 Specialised training would improve certain kinds of raw ability. 1958 J. Barth End of Road ii. 16 It took raw courage to run their fire again. 1969 Times 21 Mar. 10/1 The people of the little island of Anguilla knuckle under to raw power as the British invade. 2006 Wall St. Jrnl. 18 Aug. w8/1 NFL scouts are paying more attention to raw talent. i. Of manufactured material: unused. Cf. raw stock n. at Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > disadvantage > uselessness > non-use > [adjective] > specifically of manufactured material raw1968 1968 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 3 Feb. 27/3 She paints on the floor of her..studio, beginning with raw canvas. 1971 W. G. Salm Stereo in your Home xii. 168 Prerecorded open-reel tape production line in Ampex plant records all four tracks simultaneously, taking raw tape from large blank pancake. 1991 Metalworking Production Sept. 20/4 The 9 machines now only require periodic attention..from two operators who monitor quality and ensure that the pallet tables are kept loaded with raw blanks. †3. a. Unripe; immature. Chiefly figurative. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > unpreparedness > [adjective] > unready or immature green?a1300 rawa1398 indigest1398 unmatured?a1425 unripea1500 unseasonable1515 unbuilded1519 inchoate1534 unripened1561 uncivil1572 unmellowed1573 unmanured1577 unblown1587 ungrown1593 unpolished1594 rudimental1597 rude1600 unsalted1602 unseasoned1602 unlicked1612 embryon1613 unbakeda1616 unbloweda1616 unfledged1615 unmellow1615 sappya1627 embryous1628 unconcocteda1631 unkneaded1633 immature1635 sucking1648 vacuous1651 embryo1659 unelaborate1663 unmature1673 unformed1689 undeveloped1736 infantile1772 uncultivated1796 unelaborated1817 fetal1820 embryotic1823 embryonic1825 embryonary1833 sophomoric1837 seedling1843 rudimentary1851 unwrought1869 juvenescent1875 vealy1890 under-developed1892 the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [adjective] > in specific way: defective or faulty > crude or undeveloped rawa1398 rude1517 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 210 Þe laste fruyte rypeþ nought but abydeþ rawe and grene. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. 3381 (MED) Þat first was raw in fruitis & in flouris, And watrie..He drieth vp and ripeth at þe fulle With his feruence. 1432 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1883) II. 132 Dimidietatem unius quarterii brasii ordei rawe, reket, et cum weselys spevelled. 1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason sig. Ovii I meane not that honestie it self is so, for I neuer knew it ripe as yeat, but euer rawe. 1576 A. Fleming tr. Erasmus in Panoplie Epist. 357 Alowing one anothers weakenesse of wit, which, though it bee but rawe, yet in tracte of time..it wil waxe riper. 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II ii. iii. 42 I tender you my seruice, Such as it is, being tender, raw, and young, Which elder daies shal ripen. View more context for this quotation 1652 Bp. S. Patrick Funeral Serm. in J. Smith Sel. Disc. 526 Holy and pious counsels for the teaching of rawer and greener heads. 1692 E. Settle Fairy-Queen iii. 20 When I saw Hermia first, I was unripe, Raw, green, and unacquainted with the World. 1739 H. Baker & J. Miller tr. Molière Countess of Escarbagnas i. iv. 22 Tis my Nurse's Daughter, whom I have made my Woman; she is raw yet. 1799 C. B. Brown Arthur Mervyn I. xxii. 211 Your scruples are ridiculous and criminal. I treat them with less severity, because your youth is raw and your conceptions crude. b. New, unfamiliar. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > newness or novelty > [adjective] > new, novel, or not previously known newOE fresha1382 unhearda1382 new-founda1425 raw1448 newfanglec1450 newfangled?1531 new-fashioned1574 novile1586 modern1590 newelty1590 unheard1592 novellous1601 new-discovered1609 novelizing1625 nouvelle1650 new-type1887 edgy1976 1448 in S. A. Moore Lett. & Papers J. Shillingford (1871) 38 Afterward y spake with the ijde Chif Justise..to whom oure mater myche was rawe. 4. a. Of a person (also occasionally of an animal): inexperienced; unskilled, untrained; naive. Cf. Johnny Raw n. (a) Without complement. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > want of knowledge, ignorance > unfamiliarity with, inexperience > [adjective] unwistc1374 unknowna1393 ignorantc1475 imperfect1508 rawa1513 unskilfula1547 imperite?1550 illiterate1556 strange1561 unacquainted1565 green-headed1569 unacquainted1581 unacquaint1587 unfledged1603 inexperienced1626 guiltless1667 inexperient1670 unconversanta1674 unversed1675 uninitiated1678 a stranger to1697 uninitiate1801 inconversant1802 lay1821 griffish1836 wet behind the ears1851 neophytic1856 griffinish1860 experienceless1875 neophytish1897 wet-eared1967 a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. f. Cxxxix Nowe shaketh my hande, my pen waxeth dulle For weryed and tyred, seynge this werke so longe The Auctours so Rawe. 1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. iv. f. 23 They so framed them from their tender age, that they shoulde not come vnskilfull and rawe to the executyng of their office. 1618 N. Field Amends for Ladies i. i. sig. B4 I, a yong thing and raw, being seduced, set my minde vpon him. 1685 N. Luttrell Diary in Brief Hist. Relation State Affairs (1857) I. 352 The horse (being most raw and badly mounted) never stood one shock. 1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 288. ⁋1 A raw, innocent, young Creature, who thinks all the World as sincere as herself. 1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. xi. 866 He supposed me raw As yet, and ignorant. 1835 New Sporting Mag. Feb. 219 There was a fine horseman in Herefordshire, by the name of Vevers, who was famous for making raw horses into hunters. 1867 A. Trollope Last Chron. Barset I. xv. 122 It was remembered..how raw a lad he had been when he first came there. 1961 O. Nash Coll. Verse 62 The loving offspring of Mr. N. Won't trouble her head with raw young men. 1990 Sports Illustr. 28 May 68/4 It's time to face the fact that Kansas City outfielder Bo Jackson is still very raw. (b) With at, in, to. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > ability > inability > unskilfulness > [adjective] > inexperienced youngOE unfraisted?a1400 rudec1489 raw1534 unfleshed1542 untraded1542 fresh water?1548 unpractised1551 unexperienced1569 unacquainted1581 prenticea1586 fresh-watered1590 unsifted1604 unseen1606 unexperient1609 inexperienced1626 low water1643 inexperient1670 unproficient1794 nyoung1852 punk1907 raggedy-ass1930 1534 (?a1500) Weavers' Pageant 897 in H. Craig Two Coventry Corpus Christi Plays (1931) 61 (MED) No marvell thogh thow schuldist be rawe In soche hy poyntis for to be reysonyng, For of age art thow a vere yonglyng. 1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Mark ii. f. 23 The disciples, who were as yet rawe in their profession. 1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. ii. f. 109 So that when they are called, they be not altogether rude and raw to discipline. 1616 S. Hieron Doctrines Triall 51 Neuer shall a man bee other then raw in Religion, that was not well seasoned with the first rudiments. a1668 W. Davenant Man's the Master (1669) v. i I have been a raw fellow at fighting. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis xi, in tr. Virgil Wks. 545 Young as thou wert in Dangers, raw to War. 1728 Marriage i. 43 Raw to the Town, and weary of his Wife, He seeks the Pleasures of a rakish Life. 1734 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. I. 219 So raw and inexperienced in naval affairs. 1790 J. Wolcot Benevolent Epist. 3 Stiffer than recruits so raw at drill. 1842 R. H. Barham Black Mousquetaire in Ingoldsby Legends 2nd Ser. 28 But painting's an art I confess I am raw in. 1923 H. W. Garrod Wordsworth ii. 46 This is the record..of the pilgrimage of some Childe Harold born out of due time—and very raw in his trade. 1996 Times 20 May 25/4 He must remain master of the ship until the moment when the reins pass to Hoddle, who will be as raw to the responsibility as was Graham Taylor in 1990. b. spec. Of a soldier: lacking training or experience in fighting. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > type of soldier generally > [adjective] > untrained raw1561 untrained1594 1561 J. Dolman tr. Cicero 5 Questions ii. sig. Lii A yonge and rawe souldioure [L. rudem illum et inexercitatum], hauynge a small blowe wyll weepe like a childe: But the olde beaten warryoure..will but call for a Surgyan to binde vp his woundes. 1621 M. Wroth Countesse of Mountgomeries Urania iv. The other Army are all young men, who though bold and valiant, yet raw and vnexperienced. 1671 C. Wase tr. B. Priolo Hist. France iii. 126 One of a hasty resolution, and elevated with his sudden Commission, with his old Troops engaged the raw and forward Bands of Longueville without success. 1702 S. Centlivre Beau's Duel iv. 37 My Heart beats faster than a Raw Soldier's in his first Engagement. 1754 D. Hume Hist. Great Brit. I. 113 Raw troops, conducted by unexperienced commanders. 1807 G. Crabbe Parish Reg. ii, in Poems 81 Like raw Recruits drawn forth for Exercise. 1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar xxii. 394 With a raw and inexperienced army he engaged legions in perfect discipline. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 819/1 The first battle of Bull Run..fought by the raw troops of both sides with an obstinacy that foreboded the desperate battle of subsequent campaigns. 1999 Newsweek 26 Apr. 34/1 Another KLA unit of raw recruits from Germany was thrown across the Albania border at the Yugoslav Army. c. Of a thing, quality, action, etc.: indicative or characteristic of inexperience. ΚΠ 1576 G. Pettie Petite Pallace 71 Surely in my iudgment hee reaped the right reward of his doatinge desire, for there only grafts of greife must needes grow, where sutch raw conceite doth set, and sutch rashe consent dooth sowe. 1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet v. ii. 107 + 17 The concernancy sir, why doe we wrap the gentleman in our more rawer breath? 1677 T. Otway Titus & Berenice i. i. sig. B3 His Fancy does with wild Distraction rove, Which thy raw ignorance, interprets Love. 1718 N. Amhurst Strephon's Revenge p.v This is indeed a Thing so very practicable upon young Men of raw Judgment and warm Inclinations. 1746 T. Hervey Let. to W. Pitt 35 New Troops, under the Direction of experienced Officers, make but raw Work of it. 1828 C. Lamb Old Margate Hoy in Elia 2nd Ser. 30 The raw questions which we..would be..putting to them. 1979 W. Styron Sophie's Choice 167 That impression—of a certain amount of learning, of casually expressed good manners, of sophistication—made me cringe at my raw ignorance. 2006 L. Jackson 20th-cent. Pattern Design 47 Exuding a raw naïvety, its printed textiles..were decorated with bold, simplified floral patterns or stylized vegetation. 5. a. Crude in form or quality; lacking finish or polish. †to leave raw: to leave unfinished (cf. rawly adv. 2) (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > completing > non-completion > do incompletely [verb (transitive)] > leave unfinished to leave rawa1529 stick1782 the world > matter > colour > quality of colour > [adjective] > garish violenta1522 garisha1568 savage1706 raw1763 criard1840 tranchant1841 flagrant1858 blaring1866 criant1876 screamy1882 screaming1883 raucous1919 shrieking1958 shrill1973 a1529 J. Skelton Magnyfycence (?1530) sig. Aii Softe my frende, herein your reason is but rawe. 1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason sig. Xj The iudges..lefte the matter rawe without iudgement for that tyme. 1577 J. Grange Golden Aphroditis sig. G2^v She made no wordes therof, but closed it by againe, mistrusting the author, & maruellyng at the vnperfect ende therof, whiche N.O. lefte so rawe. 1607 J. Norden Surueyors Dialogue iii. 137 Some Surueyors ouer credulous, will take their raw reports for matter of record. 1691 J. Dunton Voy. round World III. xi. 404 How crude and raw soever our Evenings Conversation had been, these Reflections like a desert of Condited Fruits, gave a good Farewel. 1720 D. Waterland Farther Vind. Christ's Div. viii. §7 To set his raw conceptions and fond reasonings about the meaning of a word, against such valuable authorities. 1763 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Painting III. i. 6 The colouring of the Saturn [was] too raw, and his figure too muscular. 1869 H. F. Tozer Res. Highlands of Turkey I. 284 That peculiarly raw, half-discordant sound which is characteristic of all Oriental music. 1876 E. Jenkins Blot on Queen's Head 13 That great raw pretentious building. 1925 J. M. Murry Keats & Shakespeare ii. 13 At the beginning of his four years in 1816, Keats had written a handful of raw sonnets, from which I doubt whether the most perceptive of critics could have deduced even a moderate harvest to come. 1990 Ideal Home Aug. 88/1 Some may appear rather raw at first, but soon weather and tone down to a softer shade. b. Uncivilized, coarse; brutal. In later use South African (derogatory): designating a black African from a traditional tribal or rural culture. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > savagery > [adjective] grimlyc893 retheeOE grim971 bitterOE bremec1175 grillc1175 grimfula1240 cruel1297 sturdy1297 fiercea1300 fellc1300 boistousa1387 felonousc1386 savagea1393 bestiala1398 bremelya1400 felona1400 hetera1400 cursedc1400 wicked14.. vengeablec1430 wolvishc1430 unnatural?1473 inhuman1481 brutisha1513 cruent1524 felonish1530 mannish1530 abominate1531 lionish1549 boarish?1550 truculent?c1550 unhumanc1550 lion-like1556 beastly1558 orped1567 raw?1573 tigerish?1573 unmanlike1579 boisterous1581 savaged1583 tiger-like1587 yond1590 truculental1593 savage wild1595 tigerous1597 inhumane1598 Neronian1598 immane1599 Phalarical1602 ungentle1603 feral1604 savagious1605 fierceful1607 Dionysian1608 wolvy1611 Hunnish1625 lionly1631 tigerly1633 savage-hearted1639 brutal1641 feroce1641 ferocious1646 asperous1650 ferousa1652 wolfish1674 tiger1763 savage-fierce1770 Tartar1809 Tartarly1821 Neroic1851 tigery1859 Neronic1864 unmannish1867 inhumanitarian1947 the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > want of knowledge, ignorance > cultural ignorance > [adjective] rudea1382 roida1400 borel1513 rustical?1532 illiberal1535 waste?1541 rusticc1550 illiterate1556 ruggedc1565 profane1568 unskilful1572 raw?1573 clownish1581 home-born1589 rough-hewn1593 unpolished1594 artless1598 home-bred1602 unbevelled1602 incult1628 museless1644 uncultivated1646 incultivateda1657 uncultivate1659 incultivate1661 unpolite1674 uncult1675 repent1684 uncultivated1725 uncultured1777 unenlightened1792 cultureless1824 sloven1856 philistinic1869 undoctrined1869 Philistine1871 Philistinish1871 roughneck1906 lowbrow1907 low-level1916 no-brow1922 bohunk1957 bakya1960 society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > civilization > lack of civilization > [adjective] wilda1300 bestiala1398 wilderna1400 savagine?a1439 barbaric1490 rudea1530 barbar1535 barbarous1538 pagan1550 uncivil1553 Scythical1559 raw?1573 savaged1583 incivil1586 savage1589 barbarian1591 uncivilized1607 negerous1609 mountainous1613 ruvid1632 ruvidous1632 barbarious1633 incivilizeda1645 alabandical1656 inhumanea1680 tramontane1740 semi-barbarous1798 irreclaimed1814 semi-savage1833 semiferine1854 warrigal1855 sloven1856 semi-barbaric1864 pre-civilized1876 wild and woolly1884 jungle1908 medieval1917 jungli1920 ?1573 L. Lloyd Pilgrimage of Princes f. 18 Men as yet rude and rawe, leading their liues beastly, and brutishly, for want of ciuilitie..some in caues of the grounde had their chiefe mantions. a1612 W. Fowler Trivmphs Petrarke iv. i, in Wks. (1914) I. 101 And looke how Raw and how seueir he bloodye was and fearse. a1625 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Two Noble Kinsmen (1634) iii. v. 124 I first appeare, though rude, and raw, and muddy, To speake before thy noble grace. View more context for this quotation 1741 S. Richardson Pamela IV. lviii. 380 O that your lordly Sex were all like my dear Mr. B.—I don't mean, that they should all take raw, uncouth, unbred, lowly Girls. 1800 C. Smith tr. A. von Kotzebue La Peyrouse ii. ii. 27 I was a raw savage being. 1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess ii. 29 The man;..Raw from the prime, and crushing down his mate. 1933 W. H. S. Bell Bygone Days 62 An instance of where a raw native, quite unaccustomed to the ways of civilization, did not get justice. 1963 M. H. Wilson & A. Mafeje Langa 14 Class differences are clearly evident in town..the townsmen looking down on the migrants as uncivilized or ‘raw’. 6. Of measurements, data, etc.: not yet (statistically) analysed or evaluated; unadjusted; uncorrected. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > probability or statistics > [adjective] > unadjusted crude1889 raw1902 unsmoothed1945 1902 Biometrika 1 464 Craniometry cannot in future content itself with either the raw measurements, tables of mere averages, or graphical exhibition of correlation results, but must adopt the methods of modern statistical investigation. 1920 C. S. Yoakum & R. M. Yerkes Mental Tests iii. 78 The result of examination alpha is expressed in a total score which is the sum of the raw scores of the several tests. 1945 Jrnl. Exper. Psychol. 35 46 Only the general problems involved in the evaluation of the raw data will be treated in this paper. 1977 Time 4 Apr. 13/2 The console operators do not see a raw radar picture. The information is translated into digital bits and then filtered through complicated computer programming. 2004 D. F. Wallace Oblivion 13 Schmidt himself..had helped Darlene train Laleman to run chi-square or t distributions on raw phone-survey data. II. Painful, lacerated; exposed; cold. 7. a. Of flesh, a part of the body, etc.: exposed by having the skin removed; inflamed and painful, esp. as a result of skin abrasion; excoriated, lacerated; (of a wound) bloody. Cf. red-raw adj. at red adj. and n. Compounds 1f(c)(ii).In quot. 1607 applied to the inner or flesh side of an animal skin. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > [adjective] > raw of flesh soreOE rawc1390 rawish1577 red-raw1749 sprayed1869 the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > types of pain > [adjective] > smarting or stinging smartingOE biting1340 stingingc1400 mordicant?a1425 pungitive?a1425 raw1590 pungent1598 stanging1602 stingyc1615 scorpiaca1670 verberous1688 shrewd1842 snapping1845 stounding1848 mordant1876 smartful1906 c1390 Talkyng of Love of God (Vernon) (1950) 52 (MED) Þer þow hongedest reuþly, so cold and so blodi; al rau and wori is þi swete bodi. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 211 (MED) Cristen men..fand þe child in þe ovyn, syttand opon þe hate colis..and hym aylid no rew sore. c1470 tr. R. D'Argenteuil's French Bible (Cleveland) (1977) 85 (MED) He made him alle quycke to be flayne that ther shal no partie of his body be coverid with the skynne, but alle rede, rawe fleish. 1576 A. Fleming tr. Cicero in Panoplie Epist. 28 The woundes which..haue beene healed vp and couered ouer with skinne, beginne a fresh to waxe rawe and greene. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. x. sig. I5 All his sinewes woxen weake and raw, Through long enprisonment, and hard constraint. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 236 The man..in Winter time, turneth the hary side next to his bodie,..and in Summer, the raw side. 1611 Bible (King James) Lev. xiii. 10 If..there be quicke raw flesh. View more context for this quotation 1653 Duchess of Newcastle Poems & Fancies 32 The Skin made red, the Flesh raw. 1719 E. Young Busiris i. 11 Felt him, as the raw Wound the burning Steel. ?1746 ‘T. Bobbin’ View Lancs. Dial. 22 Aw lookt as rey as a fleed meawse! 1788 A. Falconbridge Acct. Slave Trade 41 They were both flogged till their backs were raw. 1844 Times 5 Apr. 7/6 There were deep raw wounds in the neck [of the horse], caused by the friction of the collar. 1885 R. F. Burton tr. Arabian Nights' Entertainm. I. viii. 78 She..flogged him cruelly... Then she drew the cilice over his raw and bleeding skin. 1959 P. H. Johnson Unspeakable Skipton (1961) 123 One of the little knitted toes had a great hole in it, through which his own toe, protruding, had rubbed itself raw. 1985 M. Larson Pawns & Symbols xi. 223 Now she levered grating bone against raw flesh to rise and face whoever was coming. 2003 C. Birch Turn again Home xxxv. 398 Her eyes were raw. She was a crier, like her mother. b. Of a bone: visible, exposed; showing through the skin. Also of an animal: raw-boned. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > slim shape or physique > [adjective] > thin leanc1000 thinc1000 swonga1300 meagrea1398 empty?c1400 (as) thin (also lean, rank) as a rakec1405 macilent?a1425 rawc1425 gauntc1440 to be skin and bone (also bones)c1450 leany?a1475 swampc1480 scarrya1500 pinched1514 extenuate1528 lean-fleshed1535 carrion-lean1542 spare1548 lank1553 carrion1565 brawn-fallen1578 raw-bone1590 scraggeda1591 thin-bellied1591 rake-lean1593 bare-boned1594 forlorn1594 Lented1594 lean-looked1597 shotten herring1598 spiny1598 starved1598 thin-belly1598 raw-boned1600 larbar1603 meagry?1603 fleshless1605 scraggy1611 ballow1612 lank-leana1616 skinnya1616 hagged1616 scraggling1616 carrion-like1620 extenuated1620 thin-gutted1620 haggard1630 scrannel1638 leanisha1645 skeletontal1651 overlean1657 emaciated1665 slank1668 lathy1672 emaciate1676 nithered1691 emacerated1704 lean-looking1713 scranky1735 squinny-gut(s)1742 mauger1756 squinny1784 angular1789 etiolated1791 as thin (also lean) as a rail1795 wiry1808 slink1817 scranny1820 famine-hollowed1822 sharp featured1824 reedy1830 scrawny1833 stringy1833 lean-ribbeda1845 skeletony1852 famine-pinched1856 shelly1866 flesh-fallen1876 thinnish1884 all horn and hide1890 unfurnished1893 bone-thin1899 underweight1899 asthenic1925 skin-and-bony1935 skinny-malinky1940 skeletal1952 pencil-neck1960 the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > types of bones > [adjective] rawc1425 foveable?1541 spongy1594 short-grained1694 ossicular1714 ossiculated1752 interhaemal1846 mesopodial1880 c1425 Evangelie (Bodl. Add.) 1487 in Publ. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. (1915) 30 601 (MED) Þei..so his lymes drawe þat his bones were sene al rawe. 1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene iv. xii. sig. M His wonted chearefull hew Gan fade,..His cheeke bones raw, and eie-pits hollow grew. View more context for this quotation 1728 S. Croxall tr. Æsop Fables (new ed.) lxvi. 121 Death no sooner heard him, than he came, with his Skeleton Mein, his raw Bones, his Scythe, and all that. 1791 T. Beddoes tr. J. K. A. Musäus Pop. Tales of Germans I. 52 The stranger had an hardy look was firm built and had large raw bones. 1849 E. B. Eastwick Dry Leaves 75 They were..miserably mounted on raw nags, that looked as if they had fed on sand for the last year. 1922 J. Joyce Ulysses i. iii. [Proteus] 43 Raw facebones under his peep of day boy's hat. 2003 Leader-Post (Regina, Sask.) (Nexis) 9 June c2 I'm sure guys who collide with him, feel it. He's one of those guys who's all elbows and raw bones. †c. Of the eyes: unprotected. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ c1450 (?a1422) J. Lydgate Life Our Lady (Durh.) ii. 934 (MED) Eyen rawe may not abyde For to behalde agayne his bemez bryght. †d. Of the stomach: affected with indigestion; = crude adj. 3b. Cf. raw stomached adj. at Compounds 1. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > digestive disorders > [adjective] > having indigestion raw1540 raw stomached1591 crude1607 indigestive1632 indigested1663 undigesting1725 dyspeptic1809 dyspeptical1831 bradypeptic1879 1540 J. Palsgrave tr. G. Gnapheus Comedye of Acolastus iv. sig. S What shal I nede or shal I haue nede of tarr or bytter tasted Eliacampana, (which amongest other his properties is good for a raw stomake). 1574 Homilies ii. Sacrament 412 Wholesome meate receiued into a rawe stomacke corrupteth and marreth all. a1625 J. Fletcher Pilgrim iii. vii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Hhhhh^v/2 Gent. Have you no fearfull dreams? Schol. Sometimes, as all have That go to bed with raw and windy stomacks. 1653 Duchess of Newcastle Poems & Fancies 77 Your Stomack cold, and raw, digesting nought. 1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks I. iii. 306 What Distaste possibly may have arisen from some medicinal Doses of a like nature, administer'd to raw Stomachs, at a very early Age, I will not pretend to examine. 1794 J. Ebers Vollständiges Wörterbuch der Englischen Sprache II. 509 To have a raw Stomach, einen schlechten Magen haben, der nicht gut verdauet. e. colloquial. Of a person: naked, bare (esp. when sleeping). Also (of a show): performed in the nude. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > nakedness or state of being unclothed > [adjective] nakedOE bareOE start nakedc1225 nakec1300 unarrayedc1380 clothelessc1386 mother-nakedc1390 stark nakedc1390 bareda1400 naked as a needlec1400 unattiredc1400 uncladc1400 uncoveredc1400 loose1423 unclothedc1440 belly-nakeda1500 naked as one's nail1563 unabuilyeit1568 sindonlessc1595 leathern1596 disarrayed1611 undressed1613 debaredc1620 unapparelled1622 unaccoutred?1750 stark1762 disrobed1794 ungarmented1798 undraped1814 au naturel1828 nude1830 skyclad1832 garbless1838 kitless1846 spar-naked1849 raimentless1852 undoffed1854 togless1857 garmentless1866 naked as a robin1866 clothesless1868 sky clothed1878 nakedized1885 altogether1896 buck naked1913 raw1916 bollock naked1922 starkers1923 starko1923 stitchless1927 naked as a jaybird1931 bollock1950 rollock naked1962 nekkid1977 kit-off1992 1916 Variety 7 Jan. 5/1 The dirty shows being given at the Trocadero, regardless of..the imperative order issued by the American Burlesque Association to its company managers to refuse to give performances in instances where house managers insist upon giving ‘raw’ performances. 1926 L. H. Nason Chevrons x. 307 We didn't have no pajamas neither. The guys were all lyin' around raw. 1974 H. Waugh Parrish for Defence (1975) lxvii. 309 She didn't own any nightgowns. She slept raw. 2000 Calgary (Alberta) Herald (Nexis) 9 Dec. g9 The results suggested that 59 per cent of Canadian households, or 17.9 million Canadians, have slept or would sleep raw. †8. Of the voice: hoarse. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > [adjective] > making harsh or discordant sound hoarsec1369 ganglinga1398 roughlyc1400 rauk?a1425 rustyc1430 hask?1440 savagea1450 raw1474 hoar?a1505 harsh1530 untunable1545 jarring1552 jarry1582 barking1589 absonant1600 wrangling1608 raucous1615 asper1626 streperous1637 scrannel1638 caterwaulinga1652 unmelodious1665 jangling1667 latrant1702 untuneful1709 raucid1730 unharmonious1742 unmelodized1771 unmelodic1823 raucal1826 rauque1845 raspish1847 serratic1859 jangled1874 jangly1891 amelodic1937 1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iii. vi. 132 Luxurye..blyndeth the syght, and maketh the woys hoors & rawe [Fr. elle empesche et en aigrist la voix]. 1480 W. Caxton tr. Ovid Metamorphoses xiv. xi There was seen a fowle fleying & fyrst knowen, whyche hade a rawe voys [Fr. La fut veu vng oyseau volant..à cruelle voix]. 9. Of the weather, the air, etc.: damp and chilly; penetratingly cold; bleak. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cold weather > [adjective] > cold and damp raw1546 rawish1577 rawky1601 rafty1655 1546 in State Papers Henry VIII (1852) XI. 162 Mr. Wotton beyng so weake, and the wethur so rawe foule and fervent cold. ?1585 W. Perkins Foure Great Lyers sig. A3 Uariable windes, and cold rawe weather. 1601 J. Marston et al. Iacke Drums Entertainm. v. sig. H3 The evenings rawe and danke, I shall take cold. 1663 R. Stapleton Slighted Maid iv. 64 The raw Air Has made my Head ake. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 116 When the raw Rain has pierc'd 'em to the quick. View more context for this quotation 1729 R. Savage Wanderer i. 42 Raw clouds, that sadden all th' inverted year. 1773 O. Goldsmith She stoops to Conquer i. 4 You shan't venture out this raw evening. 1831 W. Scott Pirate (new ed.) II. ix. 152 The young ladies spend the night under cover from the raw evening air. 1861 J. R. Hind in G. F. Chambers Handbk. Descr. Astron. ii. iv. 111 The weather..was raw and ungenial. a1902 S. Butler Way of All Flesh (1903) lxxxii. 380 The weather was cold and raw—the very ideal of a November day. 1991 D. Mortman Wild Rose v. xxxiii. 672 ‘I remember,’ Katalin said, shivering in the warm water at her memory of the dank, raw cold of that deserted vestry. 10. figurative. a. Characterized by extreme emotional sensitivity; emotionally scarred or fragile. Frequently in raw nerve; cf. to touch (also hit) a (raw) nerve at nerve n. Phrases 3. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > cause of mental pain or suffering > [adjective] eileOE soreOE balefulc1200 carefulc1200 aching?c1225 pinefulc1225 sughendc1230 pininga1250 stinginga1250 toughc1275 deringa1325 unsetec1325 unwinc1330 throlya1375 encumbrousc1384 grievable1390 painful1395 plaintfula1400 sweamlya1400 swemandc1400 temptingc1400 importunea1425 sweamfulc1430 penible?a1439 discomfortingc1450 grievingc1450 remordingc1450 sorousc1503 badc1530 paining1532 raw1548 nippingc1550 smartful1556 pinching1563 grievesome1568 griping1568 afflictive1576 pressing1591 boisterous1599 heartstruck1608 carkingc1620 gravaminous1659 vellicating1669 weary1785 traumatizing1970 gut-wrenching1972 the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > touchiness > [adjective] stomaching1579 pepper-nosed1580 ticklish1581 touchy1602 sensible1613 touchousa1618 tender1641 tickly1661 indigestive1670 snuffy1678 huffy1680 snuffish1689 sorea1694 mifty1699 resentive1710 sensitive1735 uppish1778 miffish1790 miffy1810 stomachy1825 porcupinish1829 insultable1841 offensible1846 highty-tighty1847 prickly1853 fuffy1858 piquable1860 offendable1864 raw1864 ear-sore1865 uffish1871 porcupiny1890 feisty1896 ticklish-tempered1897 toey1930 1548 P. Moone Short Treat. Thinges Abused in Popysh Church sig. Aiii^v Thorow suche tyranny, the peoples hartes were rawe. 1864 G. O. Trevelyan Competition Wallah ix. 307 Always sore upon the question of the..native, he now became positively raw and festering. 1895 A. Conan Doyle Exploits Brigadier Gerard in Strand Mag. Apr. 368/2 This vile monster..had one raw nerve which I could prod at pleasure. 1933 G. Greene in Spectator 8 Dec. 854 A raw sensibility, a bundle of shrieking nerves which barred the possessor hopelessly from any easy comfort. 1990 T. Hillerman Coyote Waits xiv. 188 He explained it to himself as a product of raw nerves. 2006 Daily Mail (Nexis) 29 July 38 My mother had gone back to Spain but was still feeling raw at her loss. b. Of an emotion: deeply felt, undisguised; strong, palpable. ΚΠ 1890 F. M. Robinson Woman of World III. xxxiii. 220 What sort of thing did she suppose maternal affection to be, if its raw sorrow could be healed by the presence of a strange young lady. 1915 M. G. D. Bianchi Kiss of Apollo i. 14 Pennell thought he had never seen such raw longing... Funny to be near a body that felt as hard as that about anything! 1985 ‘J. Higgins’ Confessional (1986) ix. 153 The bitterness was there in the voice, the shake of raw anger. 2005 C. Stross Accelerando vi. 237 She's quieting down into a slough of raw despair. B. n.¹ 1. a. A raw person, article, product, etc.; in later use spec. (in plural) (a) raw sugar; (b) raw oysters.In Old English in the genitive singular. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > [noun] > state of being cooked > state of being undercooked or improperly cooked > raw or uncooked substances rawOE crudity1626 OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Exod. (Claud.) xii. 9 Ne ne eton ge of ðam nan ðing hreawes [OE Laud hreowes]. ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 2^v Laxe [?c1425 Paris Slakynge þinges] bene gode; crude, i. rawe [?c1425 Paris rawe þinges], forsoþ yuel. 1820 J. H. Reynolds Fancy Gloss. Raw, an innocent. 1832 J. Wilson Noctes Ambrosianae lx, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Feb. 270 ‘How would you wish, sir, to have the—raws?’..‘Leave a moderate fringe of unoyster'd timber, which strew with rizzars.’ 1868 Chambers's Jrnl. 15 Feb. 110/2 Soft-going raws an' delicate boys with romantic heads. 1884 N.Y. Herald 27 Oct. 6/2 Sugar—Raws steady but inactive. 1992 Independent 6 Feb. 28/1 The amount of sugar involved was not disclosed but a Sucden trader put the total quantity at about a million tonnes of raws. 2005 Tampa (Florida) Tribune (Nexis) 23 Oct. 1 A $5 per half bushel price hike that has resulted in a $1 jump, to $7.95 per dozen, for diners who want to gobble raws at the company's restaurants. †b. An unfulled section of a piece of cloth. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric manufactured in specific way > treated or processed in specific way > [noun] > other > part of raw1463 1463–4 Rolls of Parl. V. 501/2 In case that eny such diversite, or rawe, scawe, kokell, or fagge happen to be in eny part of the seid Clothes. c. Scottish slang. Usually with the. Undiluted whisky. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > distilled drink > whisky > [noun] > other whiskies peat-reek1792 Monongahela1805 rye?1808 corn1820 small-still (whisky)1822 bald-face1840 corn-whiskey1843 raw1844 Bourbon1846 sod corn1857 valley tan1860 straight1862 forty-rod whisky1863 rock and rye1878 sour-mash1885 grain-whisky1887 forty rod lightning1889 Suntory1942 Wild Turkey1949 mash1961 pot still1994 1844 J. Ballantine Miller of Deanhaugh v. 100 After swallowing a single glass of the ‘raw’. 1967 in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. 363/2 Raw, neat whisky (Sh[etland], Cai[thness]). †d. U.S. colloquial. An untrained pony. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > equus caballus or horse > [noun] > defined by size > small > pony > with particular characteristics heath-cropper1819 show pony1842 piney-wood tacky1846 shaganappi1879 raw1895 1895 Outing 26 389/2 The animals are mostly from the Texan and New Mexican mustang herds. They pay for a ‘raw’ on an average fifty dollars. 1895 Outing 26 476/2 The way to circumvent fancy prices is to buy a ‘raw’ and make him over into a ‘trained’. 2. in the raw: (a) in a natural or untreated state; (b) bare, naked; in a starkly realistic way (colloquial). ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > foundation in fact, validity > [adjective] > in its natural state, unsophisticated purec1300 right1466 sincere1557 in grain?1577 genuine1607 unsophisticate1607 honesta1616 undistracted1656 unsophisticated1664 inartful1714 unabsurd1744 in the raw1785 the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > nakedness or state of being unclothed > [adverb] naked as a worm?a1366 nakedlyc1425 to the skin?1518 in one's (pure) naturals1579 in puris naturalibus1581 unclothedlya1626 puris naturalibus1626 with nothing on1678 uncoveredly1683 in the buff1803 Adamically1860 in the (also one's) altogether1894 in the raw1941 in the nuddy1953 1785 tr. P. J. Macquer in tr. J. Hellot et al. Art of dying Wool, Silk, & Cotton ii. 316 To dye this false colour in the raw [Fr. sur le crud], the silk should be naturally as white as for yellow. 1928 Daily Mail 16 Aug. 19/3 I am not at all sure that here is not a star in the raw. 1941 B. Schulberg What makes Sammy Run? viii. 188 To go swimming in the raw. 1972 L. P. Davies What did I do Tomorrow? vii. 93 My, my. Village life in the raw. 1997 Independent on Sunday 27 July (Real Life section) 10/1 Fresh-forested new pine..is generally of poorer quality and less interesting grain and colour than old, and it doesn't look good in the raw. 3. a. The exposed flesh. Chiefly in to touch (also get, catch, etc.) (a person) on the raw (figurative): to unsettle (a person) by alluding to or acting in a certain way with regard to a particularly sensitive matter. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > cause of mental pain or suffering > cause mental pain or suffering to [verb (transitive)] heavyc897 pineeOE aileOE sorryeOE traya1000 sorrowOE to work (also do) (a person) woeOE angerc1175 smarta1200 to work, bake, brew balec1200 derve?c1225 grieve?c1225 sitc1225 sweam?c1225 gnawc1230 sughc1230 troublec1230 aggrievea1325 to think sweama1325 unframea1325 anguish1340 teen1340 sowa1352 distrainc1374 to-troublea1382 strain1382 unglad1390 afflicta1393 paina1393 distressa1400 hita1400 sorea1400 assayc1400 remordc1400 temptc1400 to sit (or set) one sorec1420 overthrow?a1425 visit1424 labour1437 passionc1470 arraya1500 constraina1500 misgrievea1500 attempt1525 exagitate1532 to wring to the worse1542 toil1549 lament1580 adolorate1598 rankle1659 try1702 to pass over ——1790 upset1805 to touch (also get, catch, etc.) (a person) on the raw1823 to put (a person) through it1855 bludgeon1888 to get to ——1904 to put through the hoop(s)1919 the mind > emotion > anger > irritation > irritate [verb (transitive)] gremec893 grillc897 teenOE mispay?c1225 agrillec1275 oftenec1275 tarya1300 tarc1300 atenec1320 enchafec1374 to-tarc1384 stingc1386 chafe?a1400 pokec1400 irec1420 ertc1440 rehete1447 nettlec1450 bog1546 tickle1548 touch1581 urge1593 aggravate1598 irritate1598 dishumour1600 to wind up1602 to pick at ——1603 outhumour1607 vex1625 bloody1633 efferate1653 rankle1659 spleen1689 splenetize1700 rile1724 roil1742 to put out1796 to touch (also get, catch, etc.) (a person) on the raw1823 roughen1837 acerbate1845 to stroke against the hair, the wrong way (of the hair)1846 nag1849 to rub (a person, etc.) up the wrong way1859 frump1862 rattle1865 to set up any one's bristles1873 urticate1873 needle1874 draw1876 to rough up1877 to stick pins into1879 to get on ——1880 to make (someone) tiredc1883 razoo1890 to get under a person's skin1896 to get a person's goat1905 to be on at1907 to get a person's nanny1909 cag1919 to get a person's nanny-goat1928 cagmag1932 peeve1934 tick-off1934 to get on a person's tits1945 to piss off1946 bug1947 to get up a person's nose1951 tee1955 bum1970 tick1975 the world > life > the body > bodily substance > flesh > [noun] > exposed fell1559 raw flesh1611 raw1823 1823 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto VIII l. 136 The veriest jade will wince whose harness wrings So much into the raw. 1837 F. Marryat Snarleyyow III. ii. 25 This was touching up Vanslyperken on the raw. 1866 W. E. Forster 31 Oct. in T. W. Reid Life W. E. Forster (1888) I. x. 387 Obliging me to take any number of newspaper hits..and these, too, on the raw. 1926 A. Bennett Ld. Raingo ii. lxxiv. 341 What got 'im on the raw was Tommy Hogarth going against 'im in that business. 1961 Bible (New Eng.) Acts v. 33 This touched them on the raw [1611 they were cut to the heart], and they wanted to put them to death. 1986 D. Palmer Rawhide & Lace in Diana Palmer Coll. (1992) v. 86 She couldn't know that her remark about her career had caught him on the raw, that he was hurting because she'd as much as told him that he didn't matter. †b. A raw place on the skin; a sore or sensitive spot. Frequently figurative. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > [noun] > sore sorec1000 cweise?c1225 sorancec1440 shoyn1527 uncome1542 sorance1592 rawness1607 button farcy1673 fleck1695 raw1825 cold sore1842 bed-sore1861 fox1862 pressure sore1889 Queensland sore1892 salt sore1908 salt-burn1917 pressure point1929 the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > touchiness > [noun] > point in respect of which quicka1529 sore place1690 raw1825 1825 W. Scott Let. 23–25 Jan. (1935) VIII. 496 Using the hackney coachmans phrase of a raw. 1840 Mrs. Gore in New Monthly Mag. 60 470 Susceptibility on such points is an almost unfailing symptom of a raw. 1858 O. W. Holmes Autocrat of Breakfast-table xii. 326 Parties of travellers have a morbid instinct for ‘establishing raws’ upon each other. 1883 H. W. V. Stuart Egypt 12 Sundry awful raws which stood revealed now that their saddle cloths were removed. 1901 S. Baring-Gould Frobishers i. 1 Ruby turned his head at his mistress's voice..and stood unmoving, save that the skin twitched about an ugly raw on the shoulder. †c. In plural, with the. slang. The bare fists. Cf. raw 'uns n. at Compounds 2. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > limb > extremities > hand > [noun] > fist > types of club-fist1575 clod-fist1654 shoulder of mutton fist1694 raws1899 1899 C. Rook Hooligan Nights ii. 27 The average Hooligan..has usually done a bit of fighting with the gloves... But he is better with the raws. 1923 W. Long Memories 51 He used often to lament to his pupils that he was now confined to the gloves, as he far preferred what he called the ‘raws’. 4. With the. Penetrating dampness or cold; bleakness. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cold weather > [noun] > cold and damp rawness1577 rawishness1628 raftiness1674 raw1864 1832 J. Galt Stanley Buxton i. xxi. 171 The manse of Greenknowes, towards which, in the raw of a blustering November morning, Miss Sibby Ruart went wrestling against the wind. 1864 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia IV. xv. xii. 182 The raw of a September morning. 1996 A. Ostriker Crack in Everything III. 74 This afternoon in the raw of winter, the early Dawn of a new year. Compounds C1. Chiefly parasynthetic and complementary. raw-coloured adj. ΚΠ 1571 W. Lambard Let. 31 Jan. in Perambulation Kent (1596) sig. A2 A rawe coloured portracture that wanteth poilshing [sic]. 1859 N. P. Willis Convalescent xxi. 312 A half dozen old stumps which had been scarce observable on the other side of the brook..now stood in staring horror, monsters of raw-colored beheadedness. 1911 H. H. Saylor in Distinctive Homes (ed. 2) v. 47 Not the highly glazed, raw-colored tiles that we associate with the gas log and the sham fireplace, but dull, hand-made tiles. 1997 Sarasota (Florida) Herald-Tribune (Nexis) 5 May 17 The clean-lined structure, surrounded by a treeless parking lot, imparts a stilly quality, as if the starkly shaped, raw-colored building is holding its breath. raw-eyed adj. ΚΠ 1686 London Gaz. No. 2156/4 A white cropt Gelding with a whisk Tail, Row-nosed and Row-eyed. 1927 Dearborn (Mich.) Independent 28 May 9/3 Her husband had died... She stood gaunt, raw-eyed, in the slanting doorway. 2006 Times Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) (Nexis) 8 Apr. a13 That moment when the distraught, raw-eyed father kissed his wife's forehead. raw-headed adj. ΚΠ 1586 E. K. in E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Feb. (Emblem) The old man checketh the raw-headed boy. 1676 J. Bunyan Strait Gate 57 The person whose words we have now under consideration, was no blundering raw-headed preacher. 1719 Disc. conc. Soul of Man 41 Some of our young raw headed Divines, are very ready to speak their Thoughts of whatever occurs to them for their ordinar in Scripture. 1863 C. E. Wilbour tr. E. Renan Life of Jesus (1864) xx. 281 There was..‘the raw-headed Pharisee,’ (Kizai), who went with his eyes closed in order not to see the women, and knocked his forehead against the walls so that it was always bloody. 1939 G. Biddle Amer. Artist's Story 111 Off on a mound some twenty raw-headed vultures flapped awkwardly about a dead steer. raw-jawed adj. ΚΠ 1932 Flynn's 24 Dec. 136/1 They..resort to what they call a ‘cold-turkey’ heel or a ‘raw-jawed clout’... They refer to the act of going into a store and carrying out several articles without using any finesse at all. 1967 R. Lowell Near Ocean 13 The chinook Salmon..Raw-jawed, weak-fleshed. raw-looking adj. ΚΠ 1776 Lady A. Miller Lett. from Italy I. 12 It is a bleak, raw-looking, uninteresting place. 1839 C. J. Lever Confessions Harry Lorrequer 170 That raw-looking young gentleman. 1924 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 24 286 These patches are roundish or oval..covered by a film or membrane beneath which a reddish, raw-looking surface appears. 1989 G. Vanderhaeghe Homesick xii. 168 The football field was a raw-looking rectangle mowed out of prairie grass. raw-mouthed adj. ΚΠ 1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 213 Raw mowit ribald. 1756 in A. Pennecuik et al. Coll. Scots Poems 141 For tho' we are young and raw mouth'd beginners, We may live like your selves to be old rotten sinners. 2002 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 8 Nov. 3/4 Raw-mouthed rapper Eminem takes his angry-young-man schtick to the big screen to play a thinly veiled version of his own life story. raw-nosed adj. ΚΠ 1679 London Gaz. No. 1423/4 A white Gelding..raw-nosed, tender-footed. 1996 Telegram & Gaz. (Worcester, Mass.) (Nexis) 26 Jan. b1 Red-eyed, raw-nosed creatures, all coughing and spluttering, sneezing out rhinoviruses by the billion. raw-ribbed adj. ΚΠ 1639 J. Ford Ladies Triall iii. sig. E4^v The raw rib'd Apothecarie. 1922 E. Blunden Shepherd 81 The young black heifer and the raw-ribbed mare. 1992 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 8 Feb. 70 Raw-ribbed ranges, guttered by aeons of avalanches, so close together they might be trying to squeeze the valley to death. raw-seamed adj. ΚΠ 1957 T. Hughes Hawk in Rain 51 Suddenly he awoke and was running-raw In raw-seamed hot khaki. 2006 Los Angeles Times (Nexis) 24 June e1 The 2-week-old wore a Kingsley vintage-washed, raw-seamed gray T-shirt for her debut photo shoot in People magazine last week. raw-skinned adj. ΚΠ 1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. x. [Wandering Rocks] 227 A rawskinned crown, scantily haired. 2004 New Yorker (Nexis) 6 Dec. 70 He has sharp, raw-skinned features, a stiff bristle of gray hair, and a voice with the pace and muted precision of a stenography machine. raw-smelling adj. ΚΠ 1906 Macmillan's Mag. Apr. 476 Next morning I woke in the raw-smelling dawn, feeling like a corpse. 1989 Messenger (Payneham, Adelaide) (Nexis) 23 June I step up to a raw-smelling meat market, point through the glass and ask for two chicken breast fillets. † raw stomached adj. Obsolete ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > digestive disorders > [adjective] > having indigestion raw1540 raw stomached1591 crude1607 indigestive1632 indigested1663 undigesting1725 dyspeptic1809 dyspeptical1831 bradypeptic1879 1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Dict. at Ahitado Rawe stomacked, crudus. 1600 J. Weever Faunus & Melliflora sig. H No Elegies for faire mouth'd Romaines more, Raw stomackt at their banquets to rehearse. raw-throated adj. ΚΠ 1852 Chambers's Pocket Misc. VI. 99 A nest of five raw-throated gorlings [sic]. 1928 Los Angeles Times 2 Dec. 1 a/1 It was cheered loud and long by the raw-throated mob in the stadium. 2005 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 17 Nov. 31 Slade's sledgehammer sound was topped off by Holder's raw-throated vocals. C2. raw bar n. North American a bar (typically in a restaurant) serving raw shellfish. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > trading place > stall or booth > [noun] > for sale of food or drink shamblec1305 flesh-stall14.. fisher-stall1572 fish-stall1818 whelk-stall1842 coffee stall1850 poultry stall1852 peanut stand1853 raw bar1914 doggery1930 pannam1972 1914 Washington Post 15 Mar. 11 A grand oyster roast will be held... Creamed oysters..steamed oysters..cocktails..raw bar. 1943 Sun (Baltimore) 5 Oct. 16/6 The boys at the raw bar in the end of Bill's place last night said the way oysters are this season a feller'll have to eat shells and all to get a mess. 2000 N.Y. Times 3 Apr. b2/2 The raw bar at Lundy's restaurant in Sheepshead Bay in Brooklyn prompted George Curtis to tell Andrew, one of the shuckers, how mouth-watering the stone crabs appeared to be. raw cream n. cream which forms of its own accord on the top of milk, as opposed to that which is produced by ‘scalding’ or heating milk. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > [noun] > cream reameOE cream1332 raw creama1450 head1684 top of the milk1942 dairy cream1962 a1450 in T. Austin Two 15th-cent. Cookery-bks. (1888) 75 (MED) Temper hit with goode mylke, that hit be no thikker þen rawe creme. 1542 A. Borde Compend. Regyment Helth xiii. sig. G.iv^v Clowtyd crayme and rawe crayme put togyther. 1670 H. Wolley Queen-like Closet xxx. 200 Set a little morning Milk with Runnet, as for a Cheese, when it is come, slice it out with a thin Slice, and lay it into the Dish you mean to serve it in, and put to it a little raw Cream, what Wine you please, and some Sugar, and so eat it. 1796 W. Marshall Provincialisms W. Devonshire in Rural Econ. W. Eng. I. 329 Raw cream, cream raised in the natural way: not ‘scalded’, or ‘clouted’. 1842 T. Shapter Climate of South of Devon ii. iii. 227 Devonshire clouted or clotted cream..is particularly white, thick, soft, deliciously cool, and less greasy than the raw cream. 1900 French Cookery for Eng. Homes 142 Pour over each egg a teaspoonful of good raw cream. 2003 D. Roberts & M. Greenwood Pract. Food Microbiol. (ed. 3) iii. 39 Raw cream may contain any of the pathogens found in raw milk. raw-devouring adj. [in quot. 1848 after ancient Greek ὠμηστής eating raw flesh; in quot. 1922 after ancient Greek ὠμοσῖτος (of the Sphinx) eating men raw] rare that eats raw flesh. ΚΠ 1848 T. A. Buckley tr. Homer Iliad (1851) xxii. 404 The raw-devouring dogs [Gk. κύνες..ὠμησταὶ] whom I have nourished in my palaces. 1893 S. O'Grady Bog of Stars & Other Stories ix. 148 Genial Homer would have pictured MacDermot and Brian Ogue as two raw-devouring lions beaten off from the cattle fold, but retreating slowly,..not being at all terrified. 1922 H. W. Smyth tr. Æschylus Seven against Thebes in Aeschylus (1956) I. 367 He kept ever swinging to and fro our city's shame, the raw-devouring Sphinx [Gk. Σϕίγγ᾽ ὠμοσῖτον], a burnished and embossed figure, cunningly riveted thereon. 1974 D. Young tr. Aeschylus Agamemnon in Oresteia 27 Jumping the tower, a raw-devouring lion licked up his fill of princely Trojan blood. raw edge n. an unfinished or rough edge, esp. of a cut piece of fabric; also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > [noun] > border, edge, or selvage of > unfinished edge of raw edge1799 1799 W. Nisbet Clin. Guide: Pt. 2 224 He then does the same on the opposite side, producing a raw edge or wound. a1862 H. D. Thoreau Maine Woods (1864) 10 No doubt the balance of victuals is restored by the time they reach Bangor,—Mattawamkeag takes off the raw edge. 1886 H. Cunliffe Gloss. Rochdale-with-Rossendale Words & Phrases 71 Raw-edge, the severance edge of cloth; not the selvage. 1908 M. E. Morgan How to dress Doll ii. 20 Overcasting is only used to keep raw edges on a seam..from fraying. 1979 A. V. Badgley Rembrandt Decisions (1980) viii. 108 Hot cups of coffee..slowly salved the raw edges of Duncan Forbes' departure. 2003 Quilter's Newslet. Mag. Oct. 55/2 (caption) Align the raw edges with the raw edge of your quilt top, and sew to each side. raw-edged adj. having a raw edge or edges (literal and figurative). ΚΠ 1828 W. Carr Dial. Craven (ed. 2) Raw-edg'd, not hemmed, without a selfedge. 1876 A. D. Whitney Sights & Insights viii. 92 A newness of oldness; there was nothing raw-edged; nothing unmellowed. 1920 E. Sitwell Wooden Pegasus 105 Where raw-edged shadows sting forlorn As dank dark nettles. 1972 Ulster (Sunday Times Insight Team) ix. 151 How raw-edged the relationship was..was demonstrated by..the first Army ‘victory’ in Ulster. 2005 N.Y. Times 3 July 3/2 Splendid's gauchos are made of thin, stretch cotton jersey with a raw-edged hem and fold-over waistband. raw feel n. Psychology an immediate unconceptualized mental impression evoked by a stimulus. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > psychology > experimental psychology > stimulus-response > response > [noun] > immediate raw feel1918 1918 E. C. Tolman in Psychol. Rev. 25 436 By the quale of a quality, as distinct from its simple meaning, I would indicate the raw feel, which is present in both sensing and imaging, but lacking in ‘unanschauliches’ thought... The sensory excitation will not produce a ‘raw feel’ unless it goes over into an association discharge. 1956 P. E. Meehl & W. Sellars in H. Feigl & M. Scriven Minnesota Stud. Philos. Sci. I. 249 To suppose that ‘raw feels’ as we shall call them, will be found to be emergent..is to suppose that raw feels..are the a's and b's in the generalized function. 1969 H. D. Lewis Elusive Mind ix. 181 There seems, in short, to be some ‘immediate data of first person experience..(e.g. directly experienced sensations, thoughts, feelings..etc.)’. These are also described in many places as ‘raw feels’, a somewhat inelegant but suggestive term made popular, I believe, by Professor R. W. Sellars. 1997 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 110 463 The presence of a raw feel or a phenomenal character is necessary and sufficient for phenomenal consciousness but not for the other sorts of consciousness. raw humus n. [compare German Rohhumus (1876 or earlier), Swedish råhumus (1877)] vegetable matter not yet fully decomposed; incompletely formed humus. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > earth or soil > kind of earth or soil > [noun] > organic soil > humus humus1796 raw humus1891 mull1923 mor1931 1891 W. Schlich Man. Forestry II. i. 32 (heading) Accumulation of raw humus. 1935 Forestry 9 43 Raw humus is characterized by its excessive accumulation (slow decomposition), expandibility, and frequently by the presence of some structural remains of plants... [It is] characterized also by an extremely low base content. 1996 Water, Air & Soil Pollution 91 17 Raw humus is formed under pine and larch. raw material n. (frequently in plural) the basic material from which a product is manufactured or made; unprocessed material; frequently in extended use. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > [noun] raw material1612 crudity1626 raw produce1832 stock1873 1612 S. Sturtevant Metallica xv. 107 A furnace..for boyling, nealing, and backing of all kinde of Rawe-materials or Rawe-matters. 1794 R. Kirwan Elements Mineral. (ed. 2) I. Pref. 8 The raw materials, or necessary instruments of all manufactures. 1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 417 The raw material out of which a good army may be formed existed in great abundance among the Irish. 1870 J. Yeats Nat. Hist. Commerce 2 Without a considerable knowledge of raw materials, and of their adaptations, we could not live. 1930 R. Campbell Poems 12 Taking as raw material for his lays The good old English beer he loves to praise. 1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth i. 26/2 The processes of erosion, which provide the raw materials of the sedimentary rocks. 2005 J. Diamond Collapse (2006) xii. 370 China's expanding manufacturing economy and industries accept garbage/scrap that could serve as cheap sources of recoverable raw materials. raw milk n. [compare Old Swedish ramiolk (Swedish råmjölk)] fresh, unprocessed milk, esp. milk which has not undergone heating; unpasteurized milk. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > [noun] > milk > untreated milk raw milk1594 1594 T. Lodge & R. Greene Looking Glasse sig. B4 Whay, Curds, Creame, sod milk, raw-milke. 1672 in R. Machin Probate Inventories Chetnole, Leigh & Yetminster (1976) Inv. 61 In the Chamber over the hall..21 Cheeses some of the Rawmilk and the rest ordinary. 1734 H. Burdon Fountain of Health 40 Raw Milk, warm from the Cow. 1884 Science 21 Mar. 368/1 If rennet be added to boiled milk at the temperature of the body, no change occurs for some hours; while, if added to raw milk, coagulation takes place rapidly. 1950 N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. Mar. 221/2 Some doctors say raw milk is better for health than pasteurised milk, so who is to be believed? 2007 N.Y. Times 8 Aug. d2/5 In California, raw milk is legal and widely available. raw-milk cheese n. cheese made from raw milk. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > cheese > [noun] > varieties of cheese goat cheeseOE green cheesec1390 rowen cheesea1425 bred-cheesec1440 hard cheesec1470 ruen cheese1510 parmesan1538 spermyse1542 angelot1573 cow-cheese1583 goat's cheese1588 Cheshire Cheese1597 eddish-cheese1615 nettle cheese1615 aftermath cheese1631 marsolini1636 Suffolk cheese1636 Cheddar cheesea1661 rowen1673 parmigianoa1684 raw-milk cheesea1687 fleet cheese1688 sage-cheese1714 Rhode Island cheese1733 Stilton cheese1736 Roquefort cheese1762 American cheese1763 fodder cheese1784 Old Peg1785 blue cheese1787 Dunlop cheese1793 Wiltshire1794 Gloucester1802 Gruyère1802 Neufchâtel1814 Limburger cheese1817 Dunlop1818 fog cheese1822 Swiss cheese1822 Suffolk thumpa1825 Stilton1826 skim dick1827 stracchino cheese1832 Blue Vinney1836 Edam1836 Schabzieger1837 sapsago1846 Munster1858 mysost1861 napkin cheese1865 provolone1865 Roquefort1867 Suffolk bang1867 Leicester1874 Brie1876 Camembert1878 Gorgonzola1878 Leicester cheese1880 Port Salut1881 Wensleydale1881 Gouda1885 primost1889 Cantal1890 Suisse1891 bondon1894 Petit Suisse1895 Gervais1896 Lancashire1896 Pont l'Évêque1896 reggiano1896 Romano1897 fontina1898 Caerphilly cheese1901 Derby cheese1902 Emmental1902 Liptauer1902 farmer cheese1904 robiola1907 gjetost1908 reblochon1908 scamorza1908 Cabrales1910 Jack1910 pimento cheese1910 mozzarella1911 pimiento cheese1911 Monterey cheese1912 processed cheese1918 Tillamook1918 tvorog1918 anari1919 process cheese1923 Bel Paese1926 pecorino1931 Oka1936 Parmigiano–Reggiano1936 vacherin1936 Monterey Jack1940 Red Leicester1940 demi-sel1946 tomme1946 Danish blue1948 Tilsit1950 St.-Maure1951 Samsoe1953 Havarti1954 paneer1954 taleggio1954 feta1956 St. Paulin1956 bleu cheese1957 Manchego1957 Ilchester1963 Dolcelatte1964 chèvre1965 Chaource1966 Windsor Red1969 halloumi1970 Montrachet1973 Chaumes1976 Lymeswold1981 cambozola1984 yarg1984 a1687 W. Petty Polit. Anat. Ireland (1691) 53 The said quantity of Milk will make 2½ C. of Raw-Milk-Cheese, and 1 C. of Whey-Butter. 1742 W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman July x. 62 If we make Raw-Milk Cheese. 1914 Science 39 801/1 Many experimental pasteurized-milk cheeses were made with starters consisting of the organisms isolated from normal raw-milk cheese. 1995 Atlantic Monthly June 107/1 People prefer raw-milk cheese for its subtlety and depth of flavor, not out of some kind of foodie machismo. raw sienna n. sienna which has not been calcined; (also) the yellowish-brown colour of this pigment; cf. burnt sienna at burnt adj. 4c. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > brown or brownness > [noun] > other browns umberc1568 Spanish brown1660 earth colour1688 raw umber1702 iron brown1714 clove-brown1794 raw sienna1797 wood-brown1805 moorit1809 coffee1815 oak1815 burnt almond1850 Vandyke brown1850 Turk's head1853 catechu brown1860 oak brown1860 mummy brown1861 walnut-brown1865 Havana1873 havana brown1875 wax-brown1887 box1889 nutria1897 caramel1909 wallflower brown1913 cigar1923 desert-brown1923 sunburn1923 tobacco1923 maple1926 butterscotch1927 walnut1934 snuff1951 mink1955 toffee1960 sludge1962 earth-tone1973 the world > matter > colour > named colours > brown or brownness > colouring matter > [noun] > pigments brown1549 umberc1568 castory1590 wood-colour1622 burnt umbera1650 Cologne earth1658 Spanish brown1660 raw umber1702 bistre1728 Siena1787 raw sienna1797 Terra Siennaa1817 sepia1821 brown ochre1823 bone brown1831 indigo-brown1838 mummy1854 Cassel brown1860 Prussian brown1860 mineral brown1869 Cappagh brown1875 Verona brown1889 1797 tr. Constant de Massoul Treat. Art of Painting 200 This colour may be made by calcining Mars Yellow, in the same manner as burnt Terra de Sienna is obtained from the Raw Sienna. 1853 E. K. Kane U.S. Grinnell Exped. xxviii. 237 The visual angle is an unbroken tint, rising from the ice with a raw sienna, mellowing into pink, [etc.]. 1883 R. Haldane Workshop Receipts 2nd Ser. 192/1 When the cloth tracings have to be heliographed, raw sienna is also added to the ink. 1937 Amer. Home Apr. 116/2 The filler..is made of white lead and oil, mixed with a little raw sienna, a little yellow oil paint, and a dab of umber. 1991 Artist Nov. 23/3 The colours for the warm palette are burnt umber, raw sienna, cadmium yellow, [etc.]. raw silk n. untreated silk fibres as reeled from cocoons; a fabric made from such fibres; frequently attributive. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > treated or processed textiles > [noun] > silk > raw silk bombyxa1398 raw silkc1400 marabou1835 shute1839 the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric made from specific material > made from silk > [noun] > types of > made from specific forms of silk fibre or thread fillatrice-stuff1714 souple1828 supple silk1835 raw silk1866 schappe1885 souple silk1885 c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) 790 Royl rollande fax, to raw sylk lyke. 1581 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1814) III. 240/2 That the raw and vnwrocht silkis to be brocht hame be him salbe custome frie. 1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey iv. 245 Eight thousand bailes of raw silke are yearely made in the Iland. 1748 in J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea (1753) II. xvi. 94 To invest it in raw silk cannot be done in less than three racoltas. 1866 A. D. Whitney in Our Young Folks Feb. 104 Two pairs of bright brown raw silk stockings..completed the mountain outfit. 1965 D. MacKenzie Lonely Side of River i. 18 Raw-silk summer curtains rustled in the drawing room. 2006 Time Out N.Y. 24 Aug. 48/1 Upon arrival, smiling hosts clad in raw silk welcome guests with a resounding ‘Sahwatdee’, or ‘hello’. raw spun adj. (a) (apparently) (of fibrous tissue) poorly or crudely entwined (obsolete rare); (b) (of silk) made from untreated fibres; cf. raw silk n. ΚΠ 1744 J. Armstrong Art of preserving Health i. 10 Any other injury that grows From raw-spun fibres idle and unstrung. 1832 Encycl. Americana IX. 279 The town has a considerable commerce, particularly in raw spun silk. 1993 D. J. Forsyth Crisis of Liberal Italy i. 51 The single most important items were raw spun silk, and fresh fruits. raw stock n. Film unexposed film stock. ΚΠ 1917 C. N. Bennett Guide to Kinematogr. i. 12 Raw stock is divided broadly into two classes, Ordinary and Non Flam. 1983 E. Ward & A. Silver Film Director's Team ii. 29 Film laboratories will offer nothing more than fresh rawstock to compensate for any footage ruined by processing errors, hence the advisability of negative and faulty stock insurance. 2007 Hindustan Times (Nexis) 22 Sept. The museum was producing the 25-minute biopic, based on a biography written by Nanda, and it was in the fitness of things that the best available raw stock was provided. raw umber n. umber which has not been calcined; (also) the colour of this pigment (usually a dark yellowish brown); cf. burnt umber at umber n.³ 1b. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > brown or brownness > [noun] > other browns umberc1568 Spanish brown1660 earth colour1688 raw umber1702 iron brown1714 clove-brown1794 raw sienna1797 wood-brown1805 moorit1809 coffee1815 oak1815 burnt almond1850 Vandyke brown1850 Turk's head1853 catechu brown1860 oak brown1860 mummy brown1861 walnut-brown1865 Havana1873 havana brown1875 wax-brown1887 box1889 nutria1897 caramel1909 wallflower brown1913 cigar1923 desert-brown1923 sunburn1923 tobacco1923 maple1926 butterscotch1927 walnut1934 snuff1951 mink1955 toffee1960 sludge1962 earth-tone1973 the world > matter > colour > named colours > brown or brownness > colouring matter > [noun] > pigments brown1549 umberc1568 castory1590 wood-colour1622 burnt umbera1650 Cologne earth1658 Spanish brown1660 raw umber1702 bistre1728 Siena1787 raw sienna1797 Terra Siennaa1817 sepia1821 brown ochre1823 bone brown1831 indigo-brown1838 mummy1854 Cassel brown1860 Prussian brown1860 mineral brown1869 Cappagh brown1875 Verona brown1889 1702 R. Neve Apopiroscopy i. 39 Take raw Umber, grind it very fine with Size. 1859 D. H. Jacques House 161 A cool gray..may be obtained as follows:..Raw umber, half a pound [etc.]. 1906 R. Fry Let. 17 Apr. (1972) I. 263 I did the wood-work in one coat, pure raw umber and white over a burnt sienna stain. 1951 R. Mayer Artist's Handbk. (new ed.) ii. 59 Raw umber... Its composition is similar to that of sienna but it contains no manganese. A dark brown, its tones vary from greenish or yellowish to violet-brown. 2010 S. Brooker Portrait Painting Atelier 180 The golden toned ground created a luminous backdrop for a palette of raw umber and three primary pigments. raw 'uns n. (also raw uns) Boxing slang (now historical) (with the) the bare fists. ΚΠ 1887 Daily News 15 Sept. 4/8 This encounter was without gloves, or, in the elegant language of the ring, ‘with the raw uns’. 1915 Lincoln (Nebraska) Daily News 14 Aug. 9/4 In his career he fought with both the raw 'uns and the gloves. 1993 Times (Nexis) 6 Jan. Fights with the ‘raw 'uns’, sword-play and wrestling matches were always arranged for the..last day of the Christmas holidays. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online June 2022). rawv. Brit. /rɔː/, U.S. /rɔ/, /rɑ/ Forms: Old English reawan, 1500s– raw. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: raw adj. Etymology: < raw adj. 1. intransitive. To become raw. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > undergo cooking [verb (intransitive)] > be or become raw rawOE OE Harley Gloss. (1966) 114 Crudescit,..reawde uel blodgade. 1765 Compl. Maltster & Brewer p. xxii Acrospired malts..are not subject to raw nor rope. 2006 B. Collins Web of Lies lx. 304 Kelly sobbed and pleaded until her throat rawed and the words ran dry. 2. transitive. To make (the skin, a person, etc.) raw; to excoriate, abrade; to chafe. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > injure [verb (transitive)] > chafe or excoriate flayc1250 to-shell1377 gallc1440 excoriate1497 chafe1526 to pare to (also beyond, etc.) the quick1538 spur-galla1555 gald1555 raw1593 begall1597 rub1618 rind1893 1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares f. 75 ^v Some of them haue grated and rawed theyr smooth tender skinnes, with hayre shirts and rough garments. 1613 T. Heywood Brazen Age in Wks. (1874) III. 250 Helpe me to teare this infernall shirt, Which rawes me where it cleaues. 1663 E. Waterhouse Fortescutus Illustratus xxii. 318 It is said sauciare animam, which denotes such a galling as is in the tender parts when they are rawed and tortured with scourges of rodds. 1720 Exact Abridgem. All Statutes I. 252 The Hides or Skins of Ox, Steer, Bull, Cow..and Sheep, being tanned or rawed. 1779 J. Aitken Systematic Elements Theory & Pract. Surg. i. 340 The edges of Hare-lip rawed by recti-linear Excision..produce healing by the first intention. 1860 A. Macmillan in C. L. Graves Life & Lett. A. Macmillan (1910) 148 They raw the wound they seek to heal. 1893 Black & White 4 Mar. 262/1 He..carries his head a little forward, just where the collar raws him. 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VI. 646 The ends of the nerve being rawed and brought together by suture. 1977 T. Kilpatrick Swimming Man Burning (1993) 156 It rawed me because Gray Owl knew well enough what could happen if Manuel or Sonofabitch spoke first. 2000 A. Nather in G. O. Phillips et al. Adv. in Tissue Banking IV. iii. 154 Facet joints, laminae and transverse processes were completely exposed and properly rawed. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.²1533adj.n.¹eOEv.OE
随便看	shortarse shortarsed shortbarreled shortboard shortboard revolution shortboarder shortboarding shortbonneted shortbread shortbreads shortbreathed shortbreathing shortcake shortcakes shortchange shortchanged shortchanger shortchangers shortchanges shortchanging shortchinned shortcircuit shortcircuitage shortcircuited shortcircuiting

† rawn.2

rawadj.n.1

Compounds

rawv.

† rawn.²

rawadj.n.¹