rationalistn.adj.

Brit.

/ˈraʃn̩əlɪst/,

/ˈraʃn̩l̩ɪst/,

/ˈraʃənl̩ɪst/,

/ˈraʃ(ə)nəlɪst/, U.S.

/ˈræʃənl̩əst/,

/ˈræʃnələst/

Forms: also with capital initial.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: rational adj., -ist suffix.

Etymology: < rational adj. + -ist suffix. Compare Middle French rationaliste rational physician (c1550), French rationaliste person whose opinions are based on reasoning or rationalism (1718; 1842 as adjective).

A. n.

a. A person whose opinions are based on pure reasoning (cf. empiricist n.); (Philosophy) one who emphasizes the role of reason in knowledge, or claims that reason rather than sense experience is the foundation of certainty in knowledge.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > [noun] > one who is reasonable

philosopher1600

rationalist1625

rational1755

reasonable1814

rationalizer1826

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > rationalism > [noun] > rationalist

rational?1541

rationalist1625

the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > process of reasoning, ratiocination > [noun] > one who reasons

arguer1377

reasoner1546

logician1592

discoursist1622

rationalist1625

argumentator1635

ratiocinator1677

1625 F. Bacon Apophthegmes ii. §21 The empirical philosophers are like to pismires... The rationalists are like the spiders.

1656 S. Hunton Golden Law 79 It concerns the highest Governour, who is Judge of all,..to be an absolute rationalist, for that reason is the intention of Law.

1789 T. Twining tr. Aristotle Treat. Poetry Pref. p. xv He sees fully, what the rationalists among modern critics have not always seen, the power of popular opinion and belief upon poetical credibility.

1801 T. S. Surr Splendid Misery II. 163 Whatever you may say, or all the Rationalists in the world may preach,..there is such a thing as falling in love at first sight.

1864 M. Dix Lect. on Pantheistic Idea 82 A man who, once a Christian, had outlived his better days, to stand at last avowed a philosophizer and a rationalist.

1912 B. Russell Problems of Philosophy vii. 114 The rationalists..maintained that, in addition to what we know by experience, there are certain ‘innate ideas’ and ‘innate principles’, which we know independently of experience.

1936 A. J. Ayer Lang., Truth & Logic iv. 93 Some rationalists have gone so far as to say that thought is the only source of knowledge.

1989 Times Lit. Suppl. 2 June 599/1 He was..a rationalist in philosophy, in the tradition of Descartes, Spinoza & Leibniz.

b. A rational physician (see rational adj. 6). Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > healer > physician > [noun] > of specific schools or theoretical standpoints > ancient

rationalist1683

1683 R. Browne tr. R.Bacon Cure Old Age & Preserv. Youth 90 Here this great Chymist shews himself as great a Rationalist as Galen himself.

1740 T. Thompson Hist. Gout iv. 155 I say, he that acts thus, acts from Reason, and may justly be called a Rationalist.

1876 J. Van Duyn & E. C. Seguin tr. E. L. Wagner Man. Gen. Pathol. 5 Those physicians are called rationalists who do not value the facts themselves so highly as their explanation.

1975 H. L. Coulter Divided Legacy I. iv. xviii. 486 Rationalists after Galen, however, produced coction by contraries and then called for a new group of medicines to bring about the desired evacuation.

2. (a) Theology. A person who considers reason to be the ultimate authority in religion; spec. a person who explains supernatural or miraculous events on a rational basis (cf. rationalism n. 1a). (b) Philosophy. A person who regards reason as the only guiding principle in life, and who thereby rejects the need for reliance on, or adherence to, any form of religious belief (cf. rationalism n. 1b).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > rationalism > [noun] > rationalist > who denies a need for religion

rationalist1641

society > faith > aspects of faith > theology > systems of theology > [noun] > Rationalistic > adherent of

rationalist1641

new light1647

New Lighter1749

neologist1822

neologian1842

modernist1907

society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > mysticism > [noun] > rationalism > person

rationalist1641

pragmatizer1847

1641 W. Prynne Antipathie 350 He must have the use of both his hands..(as we are taught by the Rationalists) that he may be stretching forth his armes, to represent the extension of Christ on the Crosse.

1647 Let. 14 Oct. in Earl of Clarendon State Papers (1773) II. App. p. xl The Presbyterian and Independent agree well enough together. But there is a new sect sprung up among them, and these are the Rationalists.

1661 R. Sanderson in J. Ussher Power communicated by God sig. d3 A mere Rationalist, (that is to say in plain English, an Atheist of the late edition).

1713 tr. W. van Metternich Faith & Reason Compared p. iii When I first read these Theses laid down on the Part of the Rationalists, I confess, I thought the Author had undertaken a hard and difficult Task to Answer and Refute them.

1747 (title) A letter to the author of An address to all rationalists in Great Britain.

1789 J. Erskine in Life C. Nisbet (1840) 197 He is half way over to the German Rationalists (as they call themselves).

1841–8 F. Myers Catholic Thoughts II. iii. §12. 45 The Rationalist..makes the whole subject of Religion and Revelation..a matter of sensible evidence or intellectual demonstration.

1876 Constructive Rationalism 5 The destruction of orthodox Christianity being accomplished, there remains for the Rationalist much more to do. He has to frame a code which shall rule in the place of the code of Moses and of Jesus.

1897 Agnostic Ann. 1 42 Why do eminent Rationalists, Freethinkers, and Agnostics stand aloof.

1908 Lit. Guide 1 Aug. 121/1 A Rationalist or an Ethicist can seldom get credit for what he does, however good his intentions.

1954 Rationalist Ann. 73 I cannot possibly make my probabilities into certainties, and this is what some Rationalists appear..to do.

1973 C. Campbell in Rationalism in 1970s 81 It is an important part of a rationalist's duty to clear himself of myths..as well as to expose the myths of others.

1996 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 19 Sept. 40/2 He is a true rationalist, philosophically at home among the European thinkers of the eighteenth century, such as Condorcet, who called themselves moral scientists.

†3. A woman who wears rational dress (see rational adj. and adv. Compounds). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > providing with clothing > [noun] > in specific way > with specific clothing > adoption of rational dress > one who

rational1896

rationalist1899

1899 Cyclists' Touring Club Gaz. Apr. 222 The hotels, etc. at which Rationalists are welcome.

4. Chiefly Economics. A person who advocates or practises the use of reasoning and calculation as a basis for social or economic analysis, planning, organization, etc. Cf. rational adj. 3b, rationalism n. 4.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy > specific theories or doctrines > supporters of

physiocrat1798

Ricardian1825

protectionist1834

marginalist1907

cameralist1909

Keynesian1938

rationalist1958

monetarist1961

structuralist1962

Paretan1969

Veblenian1973

market fundamentalist1993

1958 G. Myrdal Value in Social Theory iii. 57 The American has..started to measure, not only human intelligence,..and personality traits, but moral leanings and the ‘goodness’ of communities. He is a rationalist.

1969 A. Etzioni in G. Lindzey & E. Aronson Handbk. Social Psychol. (ed. 2) V. 547 In effect, the rationalists advocate an approach that maximises conflict and makes nuclear war more likely.

1977 T. Parsons Social Syst. & Evol. of Action Theory i. 71 Phrasing it as ‘the problem’ I hope makes clear that I have not been a naïve rationalist.

5. Architecture. An adherent of rationalism (rationalism n. 5).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > style of architecture > [noun] > other styles > adherents of

historicist1905

functionalist1930

brutalist1954

Miesian1956

rationalist1960

postmodernist1979

1960 R. Banham Theory & Design in First Machine Age iii. 147 The Wright/Berlage relationship filled in a gap in a spectrum of architectural ideas that ran from the Futurists at one extreme to the Rationalists and Academics at the other.

1979 Archit. Rev. July 3/3 There are architects around who actually call themselves Rationalists again... They have that same obsession with pure geometric forms.

2004 Sunday Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) (Nexis) 7 Mar. (Arts & Living section) e1 Hacker and his partners and designers are structural rationalists and classical Modernists.

B. adj.

1. = rationalistic adj.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > rationalism > [adjective]

rationalist1827

rationalistic1828

rationalistical1847

logocentric1939

society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > mysticism > [adjective] > not

unmystical1821

rationalist1827

rationalistic1828

society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [adjective] > of or relating to specific policies or actions

imperial1726

co-operative1821

protectionist1844

inflationist1876

rational1915

deflationist1921

rationalist1942

producer-oriented1946

redistributionist1949

substantivist1956

supply side1957

demand-pull1958

tax-and-spend1960

stop-and-go1961

stop-go1962

go-stop1964

supply-driven1973

demand-side1975

supply side1976

demand-driven1980

1827 W. E. Evanson tr. K. G. Bretschneider Apol. Mod. Theol. Protestant Germany 70 For the dogmatical part of the Rationalist opinions [Ger. Rationalismus], Barhdt's ‘Systema Theol. Luther. Orthodox’ is very convenient.

a1857 R. A. Vaughan Ess. & Remains (1858) I. 49 Rationalist criticism has always been content with the endeavour to destroy.

1873 L. Stephen Ess. Freethinking 319 The answer given by the rationalist divines.

1921 G. B. Shaw Back to Methuselah p. lxxiii They banish the Bible from their houses, and sometimes put into the hands of their unfortunate children Ethical and Rationalist tracts of the deadliest dullness.

1942 J. A. Schumpeter Capitalism, Socialism & Democracy (1943) xi. 122 There is however one more point about the concept of rationalist civilizations that I will mention here.

1955 P. Edwards Logic Moral Disc. ii. 52 The Rationalist view of causation.

1973 F. A. Hayek Law, Legislation & Liberty i. 33 The desire to remodel society after the image of individual man..since Hobbes has governed rationalist political theory.

2000 J. Caughie Television Drama viii. 208 We in Film Studies came dangerously close to such an ‘intellectual cleansing’ in the enthusiasm for..remorselessly rationalist discourse out of which our discipline was formed after 1968.

2. Architecture. Of or characterized by rationalism (rationalism n. 5).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > style of architecture > [adjective] > other styles

florida1706

massive1723

rounded1757

round-arched1782

castellar1789

baronial1807

rational1813

English colonial1817

massy1817

transitional1817

Scottish Baronial1829

rococo1830

flamboyant1832

Scotch Baronial1833

Churrigueresque1845

Russo-Byzantine1845

soaring1849

trenchant1849

vernacular1857

Scots Baronial1864

baroque1867

Perp.1867

rayonnant1873

Dutch colonial1876

Neo-Grec1878

rococoesque1885

Richardsonian1887

federal1894

organic1896

confectionery1897

European-style1907

postmodern1916

Lutyens1921

modern1927

moderne1928

functionalist1930

Williamsburg1931

Colonial Revival1934

packing case1935

Corbusian1936

lavatorial1936

pseudish1938

Adamesque1942

rationalist1952

Miesian1956

open-planned1958

Lutyensesque1961

façade1962

Odeon1964

high-tech1979

Populuxe1986

1952 Jrnl. Soc. Archit. Historians 11 4 The ‘bracketed work’ which he was designing in the 1840s..is so creative in form, so rationalist in basis.

1979 Jrnl. Royal Soc. Arts Nov. 770/2 Their scheme..is reduced to Rationalist fundamentals: street, arcade, balcony and window.

1983 N.Y. Times 4 Dec. ii. 40/4 Housing that is unusually inviting..—far more so than the rationalist housing produced in Germany by the architects of the International Style.

2004 San Antonio (Texas) Express-News (Nexis) 5 Apr. (Metro section) 2 b Viguier's architecture is strictly linear and rationalist, strongly influenced by modernist icon Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	rationalist
释义	rationalistn.adj. Brit. /ˈraʃn̩əlɪst/, /ˈraʃn̩l̩ɪst/, /ˈraʃənl̩ɪst/, /ˈraʃ(ə)nəlɪst/, U.S. /ˈræʃənl̩əst/, /ˈræʃnələst/ Forms: also with capital initial. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: rational adj., -ist suffix. Etymology: < rational adj. + -ist suffix. Compare Middle French rationaliste rational physician (c1550), French rationaliste person whose opinions are based on reasoning or rationalism (1718; 1842 as adjective). A. n. 1. a. A person whose opinions are based on pure reasoning (cf. empiricist n.); (Philosophy) one who emphasizes the role of reason in knowledge, or claims that reason rather than sense experience is the foundation of certainty in knowledge. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > [noun] > one who is reasonable philosopher1600 rationalist1625 rational1755 reasonable1814 rationalizer1826 the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > rationalism > [noun] > rationalist rational?1541 rationalist1625 the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > process of reasoning, ratiocination > [noun] > one who reasons arguer1377 reasoner1546 logician1592 discoursist1622 rationalist1625 argumentator1635 ratiocinator1677 1625 F. Bacon Apophthegmes ii. §21 The empirical philosophers are like to pismires... The rationalists are like the spiders. 1656 S. Hunton Golden Law 79 It concerns the highest Governour, who is Judge of all,..to be an absolute rationalist, for that reason is the intention of Law. 1789 T. Twining tr. Aristotle Treat. Poetry Pref. p. xv He sees fully, what the rationalists among modern critics have not always seen, the power of popular opinion and belief upon poetical credibility. 1801 T. S. Surr Splendid Misery II. 163 Whatever you may say, or all the Rationalists in the world may preach,..there is such a thing as falling in love at first sight. 1864 M. Dix Lect. on Pantheistic Idea 82 A man who, once a Christian, had outlived his better days, to stand at last avowed a philosophizer and a rationalist. 1912 B. Russell Problems of Philosophy vii. 114 The rationalists..maintained that, in addition to what we know by experience, there are certain ‘innate ideas’ and ‘innate principles’, which we know independently of experience. 1936 A. J. Ayer Lang., Truth & Logic iv. 93 Some rationalists have gone so far as to say that thought is the only source of knowledge. 1989 Times Lit. Suppl. 2 June 599/1 He was..a rationalist in philosophy, in the tradition of Descartes, Spinoza & Leibniz. b. A rational physician (see rational adj. 6). Now historical. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > healer > physician > [noun] > of specific schools or theoretical standpoints > ancient rationalist1683 1683 R. Browne tr. R.Bacon Cure Old Age & Preserv. Youth 90 Here this great Chymist shews himself as great a Rationalist as Galen himself. 1740 T. Thompson Hist. Gout iv. 155 I say, he that acts thus, acts from Reason, and may justly be called a Rationalist. 1876 J. Van Duyn & E. C. Seguin tr. E. L. Wagner Man. Gen. Pathol. 5 Those physicians are called rationalists who do not value the facts themselves so highly as their explanation. 1975 H. L. Coulter Divided Legacy I. iv. xviii. 486 Rationalists after Galen, however, produced coction by contraries and then called for a new group of medicines to bring about the desired evacuation. 2. (a) Theology. A person who considers reason to be the ultimate authority in religion; spec. a person who explains supernatural or miraculous events on a rational basis (cf. rationalism n. 1a). (b) Philosophy. A person who regards reason as the only guiding principle in life, and who thereby rejects the need for reliance on, or adherence to, any form of religious belief (cf. rationalism n. 1b). ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > rationalism > [noun] > rationalist > who denies a need for religion rationalist1641 society > faith > aspects of faith > theology > systems of theology > [noun] > Rationalistic > adherent of rationalist1641 new light1647 New Lighter1749 neologist1822 neologian1842 modernist1907 society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > mysticism > [noun] > rationalism > person rationalist1641 pragmatizer1847 1641 W. Prynne Antipathie 350 He must have the use of both his hands..(as we are taught by the Rationalists) that he may be stretching forth his armes, to represent the extension of Christ on the Crosse. 1647 Let. 14 Oct. in Earl of Clarendon State Papers (1773) II. App. p. xl The Presbyterian and Independent agree well enough together. But there is a new sect sprung up among them, and these are the Rationalists. 1661 R. Sanderson in J. Ussher Power communicated by God sig. d3 A mere Rationalist, (that is to say in plain English, an Atheist of the late edition). 1713 tr. W. van Metternich Faith & Reason Compared p. iii When I first read these Theses laid down on the Part of the Rationalists, I confess, I thought the Author had undertaken a hard and difficult Task to Answer and Refute them. 1747 (title) A letter to the author of An address to all rationalists in Great Britain. 1789 J. Erskine in Life C. Nisbet (1840) 197 He is half way over to the German Rationalists (as they call themselves). 1841–8 F. Myers Catholic Thoughts II. iii. §12. 45 The Rationalist..makes the whole subject of Religion and Revelation..a matter of sensible evidence or intellectual demonstration. 1876 Constructive Rationalism 5 The destruction of orthodox Christianity being accomplished, there remains for the Rationalist much more to do. He has to frame a code which shall rule in the place of the code of Moses and of Jesus. 1897 Agnostic Ann. 1 42 Why do eminent Rationalists, Freethinkers, and Agnostics stand aloof. 1908 Lit. Guide 1 Aug. 121/1 A Rationalist or an Ethicist can seldom get credit for what he does, however good his intentions. 1954 Rationalist Ann. 73 I cannot possibly make my probabilities into certainties, and this is what some Rationalists appear..to do. 1973 C. Campbell in Rationalism in 1970s 81 It is an important part of a rationalist's duty to clear himself of myths..as well as to expose the myths of others. 1996 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 19 Sept. 40/2 He is a true rationalist, philosophically at home among the European thinkers of the eighteenth century, such as Condorcet, who called themselves moral scientists. †3. A woman who wears rational dress (see rational adj. and adv. Compounds). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > providing with clothing > [noun] > in specific way > with specific clothing > adoption of rational dress > one who rational1896 rationalist1899 1899 Cyclists' Touring Club Gaz. Apr. 222 The hotels, etc. at which Rationalists are welcome. 4. Chiefly Economics. A person who advocates or practises the use of reasoning and calculation as a basis for social or economic analysis, planning, organization, etc. Cf. rational adj. 3b, rationalism n. 4. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy > specific theories or doctrines > supporters of physiocrat1798 Ricardian1825 protectionist1834 marginalist1907 cameralist1909 Keynesian1938 rationalist1958 monetarist1961 structuralist1962 Paretan1969 Veblenian1973 market fundamentalist1993 1958 G. Myrdal Value in Social Theory iii. 57 The American has..started to measure, not only human intelligence,..and personality traits, but moral leanings and the ‘goodness’ of communities. He is a rationalist. 1969 A. Etzioni in G. Lindzey & E. Aronson Handbk. Social Psychol. (ed. 2) V. 547 In effect, the rationalists advocate an approach that maximises conflict and makes nuclear war more likely. 1977 T. Parsons Social Syst. & Evol. of Action Theory i. 71 Phrasing it as ‘the problem’ I hope makes clear that I have not been a naïve rationalist. 5. Architecture. An adherent of rationalism (rationalism n. 5). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > style of architecture > [noun] > other styles > adherents of historicist1905 functionalist1930 brutalist1954 Miesian1956 rationalist1960 postmodernist1979 1960 R. Banham Theory & Design in First Machine Age iii. 147 The Wright/Berlage relationship filled in a gap in a spectrum of architectural ideas that ran from the Futurists at one extreme to the Rationalists and Academics at the other. 1979 Archit. Rev. July 3/3 There are architects around who actually call themselves Rationalists again... They have that same obsession with pure geometric forms. 2004 Sunday Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) (Nexis) 7 Mar. (Arts & Living section) e1 Hacker and his partners and designers are structural rationalists and classical Modernists. B. adj. 1. = rationalistic adj. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > rationalism > [adjective] rationalist1827 rationalistic1828 rationalistical1847 logocentric1939 society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > mysticism > [adjective] > not unmystical1821 rationalist1827 rationalistic1828 society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [adjective] > of or relating to specific policies or actions imperial1726 co-operative1821 protectionist1844 inflationist1876 rational1915 deflationist1921 rationalist1942 producer-oriented1946 redistributionist1949 substantivist1956 supply side1957 demand-pull1958 tax-and-spend1960 stop-and-go1961 stop-go1962 go-stop1964 supply-driven1973 demand-side1975 supply side1976 demand-driven1980 1827 W. E. Evanson tr. K. G. Bretschneider Apol. Mod. Theol. Protestant Germany 70 For the dogmatical part of the Rationalist opinions [Ger. Rationalismus], Barhdt's ‘Systema Theol. Luther. Orthodox’ is very convenient. a1857 R. A. Vaughan Ess. & Remains (1858) I. 49 Rationalist criticism has always been content with the endeavour to destroy. 1873 L. Stephen Ess. Freethinking 319 The answer given by the rationalist divines. 1921 G. B. Shaw Back to Methuselah p. lxxiii They banish the Bible from their houses, and sometimes put into the hands of their unfortunate children Ethical and Rationalist tracts of the deadliest dullness. 1942 J. A. Schumpeter Capitalism, Socialism & Democracy (1943) xi. 122 There is however one more point about the concept of rationalist civilizations that I will mention here. 1955 P. Edwards Logic Moral Disc. ii. 52 The Rationalist view of causation. 1973 F. A. Hayek Law, Legislation & Liberty i. 33 The desire to remodel society after the image of individual man..since Hobbes has governed rationalist political theory. 2000 J. Caughie Television Drama viii. 208 We in Film Studies came dangerously close to such an ‘intellectual cleansing’ in the enthusiasm for..remorselessly rationalist discourse out of which our discipline was formed after 1968. 2. Architecture. Of or characterized by rationalism (rationalism n. 5). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > style of architecture > [adjective] > other styles florida1706 massive1723 rounded1757 round-arched1782 castellar1789 baronial1807 rational1813 English colonial1817 massy1817 transitional1817 Scottish Baronial1829 rococo1830 flamboyant1832 Scotch Baronial1833 Churrigueresque1845 Russo-Byzantine1845 soaring1849 trenchant1849 vernacular1857 Scots Baronial1864 baroque1867 Perp.1867 rayonnant1873 Dutch colonial1876 Neo-Grec1878 rococoesque1885 Richardsonian1887 federal1894 organic1896 confectionery1897 European-style1907 postmodern1916 Lutyens1921 modern1927 moderne1928 functionalist1930 Williamsburg1931 Colonial Revival1934 packing case1935 Corbusian1936 lavatorial1936 pseudish1938 Adamesque1942 rationalist1952 Miesian1956 open-planned1958 Lutyensesque1961 façade1962 Odeon1964 high-tech1979 Populuxe1986 1952 Jrnl. Soc. Archit. Historians 11 4 The ‘bracketed work’ which he was designing in the 1840s..is so creative in form, so rationalist in basis. 1979 Jrnl. Royal Soc. Arts Nov. 770/2 Their scheme..is reduced to Rationalist fundamentals: street, arcade, balcony and window. 1983 N.Y. Times 4 Dec. ii. 40/4 Housing that is unusually inviting..—far more so than the rationalist housing produced in Germany by the architects of the International Style. 2004 San Antonio (Texas) Express-News (Nexis) 5 Apr. (Metro section) 2 b Viguier's architecture is strictly linear and rationalist, strongly influenced by modernist icon Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1625
随便看	lamproom lamprophane lamprophoner lamprophony lamprophyllite lamprophyre lamprophyres lamprophyric lamprotype lamps lamps of the night lamps of the world lampscissors lampsconce lampscreen lampshade lampshades lampshell lampshells lampshine lampsocket lampsoot lampstand lampstandard lampstead