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raftern.1 Origin: Perhaps of multiple origins. Partly a word inherited from Germanic. Perhaps partly a borrowing from Dutch. Perhaps partly a borrowing from Middle Low German. Etymology: In α. forms cognate with Middle Dutch rachter , rafter long piece of timber, plank, beam (Dutch rachter , rafter plank, beam, palisade for hedges, (with suffix substitution and loss of medial -t- ) rachel sloping beam in a roof), Middle Low German rafter , rachter , rechter long piece of timber, plank, beam < the same Germanic base as the Scandinavian words cited at raft n.1 + a suffix forming nouns of instrument also seen e.g. in bladder n., foster n.1, ladder n., rudder n. In β. forms probably < the Middle Dutch or Middle Low German forms with medial -ch- . Compare post-classical Latin raftera (mid 14th cent. in a British source). Compare later raft n.1In sense 3, the bird is so called on account of the site where it builds its nests (compare quot. 1885). society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood in specific form > [noun] > roughly squared beam eOE (1974) 3 Amites, reftras. OE Ælfric (St. John's Oxf.) 315 Tignum, ræfter [c1225 Worcester refter]. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Calig.) (1963) 3904 Þa Bruttes..nomen longen ræftres [c1300 refteres]..& setten heom in Temese flod. c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Otho) 3909 Þeos reftres stode, hi-hud in þan flode. 1356 in m.33/1 Dccciiij Ræftres emptis..pro factura de la Redecogge. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add.) f. 217 For þe cedre dureþ alwey, þerof beþ raftres and oþer tymber y-made to palis of kynges. 1467 in N. S. B. Gras (1918) 618 (MED) Item, pro ccc raftres de firre, val. xxxiii s. iiii d. 1553 J. Brende tr. Q. Curtius Rufus iv. f. 40v To the desturbovrs of the shippes that approched the wales, they deuised longe rafters. 1579 T. North tr. Plutarch 755 They left their rafters or great peeces of tymber pinned together whereuppon they had passed ouer the streame. 1652 Earl of Monmouth tr. G. Bentivoglio 2 Rampires of Earth, built up with great Stones, Raftures of Wood [etc.]. 1699 J. Potter II. iii. xv. 137 The..Sides of the Ship..were compos'd of large Rafters extended from Prow to Stern. 1722 W. Hamilton v. 72 On the Top did frightful Fawdon stand With a prodigious Rafter in his Hand. 1793 H. Boyd 233 On the city walls our rafters lean. 1831 G. Almar i. v. 30 (stage direct.) Enter Gamiel Gander..with a long rafter of wood in his hand. 2. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > framework of building > [noun] > roof-beam > rafter α. eOE tr. Bede (Tanner) iii. xiv. 202 He..micelne ad gesomnade on beamum & on ræftrum & on wagum & on watelum. OE Byrhtferð (Ashm.) (1995) iii. i. 128 Þa syllan man fægere gefegð and þa beamas gelegð and þa ræftras to þære fyrste gefæstnað. c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 132 He..rente adoun bothe wal and sparre and rafter [v.rr. raftir, raftur]. 1438 in L. F. Salzman (1992) App. B. 511 (MED) The rafteris shulle contayne in the foot viij enches or better and the top vj enchis and a half in brede and in thicknesse v enchis and iiij enchis. 1488 (c1478) Hary (Adv.) (1968–9) vii. l. 449 Brundis fell off ruftreis thaim amang. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria iii. xi. f. 159 To lade his neighbours waules with rafters or beames. 1594 H. Plat Diuerse Sorts of Soyle 10 in The principall postes, the Rafters, and the beames of any house. 1616 J. Bullokar at Braces In building it signifieth the peeces of timber which bend forward on both sides and beare up the rafters. ?1677 S. Primatt 86 Single Rafter being four foot long, and four and three and a half in thickness. 1726 A. Pope tr. Homer V. xxii. 262 Perch'd like a swallow on a rafter's height. 1797 J. A. Graham 162 The rafters are then made for the roof. 1823 P. Nicholson 122 The rafters were the sides of an equilateral triangle, of which the spanning line was the base. 1865 G. MacDonald I. viii. 43 Her eyes rested on nothing but bare rafters and boards. 1920 W. D. Howells 101 He suspected that the small chirpings and squeakings from the rafters were the vigils of bats. 1960 W. Percy i. vii. 51 A yellow bulb hangs from the rafters but the service door is open and the areaway is filled with the darkness of the evening. 2005 July–Aug. 89/3 Take your king beam and slide it from beneath between the rafters where they touch. a1225 (c1200) (1888) 95 (MED) Cariteð..arist up anon to ðe roue, forðan to hire bieð ifastned alle ðe raftres of ðe hali mihtes. a1592 R. Greene (1594) sig. Gv The rafters of the earth rent from the poles..When Bacon red vpon his Magick booke. 1635 J. Swan iv. §2. 64 The heaven it self, whose beams or rafters are laid in the waters. 1685 S. Wesley 135 Huge Rafters of Ribs barricado my Heart. 1844 N. P. Willis ii. 150 ‘Fame's proud temple’, build it ne'er so proud, Finds notoriety a useful rafter. 1891 C. E. Norton tr. Dante II. xxx. 193 Even as the snow, among the living rafters upon the back of Italy, is congealed. 1929 15 Feb. The Weber county gymnasium undoubtedly will be packed to the rafters for this battle. 1977 L. Murray (1991) 159 My cousin had prised the last sheet iron off The rafters of our sleep. 1986 B. Fussell v. xxii. 404 A baked white meringue, filled with raspberries in a berry sauce and heaped to the rafters with whipped cream. 2001 S. Crainer & D. Dearlove in (ed. 2) 473/2 There are few surfers who have not winced at a homepage piled to the rafters with affiliate links. 1889 at Carline4 A transverse iron or wooden bar placed across the top of a railroad-car from side to side to support the roof-boards. Sometimes called a rafter. the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > family Muscicapidae (thrushes, etc.) > [noun] > subfamily Muscicapinae > genus Muscicapa (fly-catcher) > muscicapa striata 1802 G. Montagu at Flycatcher—Spotted Provincial. Rafter. Bee-bird. Cherry-sucker. Chanchider. 1885 C. Swainson 48 From the site of its nest, which is generally placed..on a beam or rafter of an out-building, this bird is called..Rafter or Rafter-bird. Compounds C1. 1835 F. Goodwin Add. 2 The Verge Boards to be cut out of 2½ inch Timber plank, well spiked to the rafter-ends of the Roof and Purlins. 1917 21 138 If the mutules are rafter ends, why should their under surfaces always be studded with eighteen pegs? 1990 D. Cruickshank & N. Burton III. iii. 169/2 Rafter ends..are symbolized by square mutules or modillions set below the soffit. 1687 J. Browne in W. Fisher tr. V. Scamozzi (new ed.) ii. xix. 25 Then count from the Center the quantity of Feet and Inches you intend to make the Mortise-holes from the Rafter Foot. 1779 P. L. Hodgson (ed. 7) 2 Rafter Feet may be included in the Depth of the Roof. 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ 567 Framing the rafter foot into the girder. 1975 22 June 4 b/4 Rafter feet are decayed by water backup in clogged gutters. 2003 9 185 (caption) The top drawing..includes a heavy board false plate that was notched to catch the rafter feet. 1871 B. Taylor tr. J. W. von Goethe II. iii. 226 The lofty beam, upholding rafter-frame and roof. 1900 24 Nov. 3/6 The heavy rafter frames have been put in place on the new bank building. 1988 50 515 A pile of rafter frames shows how fragile..all this is. 1448 Acct. in (1907) 13 51 (MED) Item, we have payde for Raftur loggys and a post vii d. ob. 1977 12 Aug. 17/4 (advt.) Clearance sale. Barn siding, heavy timber, rafter logs. 1731 (Royal Soc.) 36 296 The largest Sort of Rafter-Nails. 1979 10 Jan. 4/5 I hung the ring on a rafter nail in my basement. 2004 (Nexis) 17 Sept. 41 Three medieval rafter nails found in the rubble of the devastated cathedral. 1827 W. Tennant 210 Gazin' on sky and heevin's sheen, Throu' sky-lichts whair late nocht was seen But ceiling dark and rafter-treen. C2. the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > family Muscicapidae (thrushes, etc.) > [noun] > subfamily Muscicapinae > genus Muscicapa (fly-catcher) > muscicapa striata 1817 E. Forster 17 Muscicapa grisola,..Rafterbird. 1885 C. Swainson 48 From the site of its nest, which is generally placed..on a beam or rafter of an out-building, this bird is called..Rafter or Rafter-bird. 1786 G. Washington 14 Aug. (1979) V. 27 After..levelling part of the ground (with a Rafter level) along which the Ditch was to be cut I intended to have run a course or two of Fencing. 1817 T. Jefferson Let. 2 May in (1984) 1406 Our practice is when we first enter on this process [sc. horizontal ploughing], with a rafter level of 10 f. span, to lay off guide lines conducted horizontally around the hill or valley. 1939 H. H. Bennett xl. 876 In laying off the furrows around the hill, the rafter level was used every 30 or 40 yards. 2003 L. Stanton in J. Hartz 35 One January day Jefferson observed a fourteen-year-old slave laying down the guidelines for a plowman with a rafter level. the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > breaking up land > ploughing > [noun] > ploughing in ridges 1838 W. Holloway 137/1 Rafter-ridging, a mode of ploughing land, which is performed as follows, viz.: The ploughman strikes out a furrow, and then returns with his plough close to the back of it, forming it into a ridge... Hants. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > roof > [noun] > types of roof generally 1825 T. Jefferson Let. 3 Dec. in F. R. Hassler (1834) 50 They never have leaked, cost less than a rafter roof, as needing no rafters, and admit repairs more easily than any others. 1913 4 Mar. 5/3 Most of the old oak-trussed rafter roof over the nave still remains intact. 2006 (Nexis) 27 Sept. This very fine rafter-roof is the earliest visible in Oxford and is an excellent specimen of medieval oak carpentry. 1881 9 167 Rafter-timbering, timbering in which the pieces are arranged like the rafters of a house. 1907 M. M. Kirkman Building & Repairing Railways v. 114 in (rev. ed.) The tunnel may be supported by rafter timbering, or..longitudinal bar timbering may be used. Derivatives 1677 R. Plot 251 Wheat..they shock it rafter-wise, ten sheaves in a shock. 1901 (Royal Soc.) A. 196 190 Two masses of natural rock are connected by a solid roof formed by large wrought stones placed rafterwise. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). raftern.2 Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: raft n.1, raft v.1, -er suffix1. Etymology: < either raft n.1 or raft v.1 + -er suffix1. With sense 1 compare later raftman n. at raft n.1 Compounds 1, raftsman n. the world > food and drink > farming > forestry or arboriculture > lumbering > [noun] > transport of logs > one who 1741 R. Pilgrim in W. Barr & G. Williams (1994) I. iii. 119 20 hay makers and rafters. 1809 E. A. Kendall III. 305 That the rafters should relinquish..the earnings of their immediate hands. 1861 H. Mayhew (new ed.) III. 295/1 The labourers connected with this portion of the trade are rafters or raftsmen. 1891 C. Roberts 206 The rafters were engaged in making the rafts up. 1936 ‘A’ in A. M. Rust 163 Hundreds of bushmen, loggers, jackers, bullock-drivers, cross-cutters and rafters were employed. 1962 June 162/2 The hitcher is like a long-handled boat hook and with it the rafter pokes, pulls and pushes logs into place. 2004 L. S. Earley ix. 156 Rafters cut holes at either end of the ties, and a wooden peg slipped into this hole and through a matching hole on the first and last plank..gave the assembled raft..flexibility. society > travel > travel by water > one who travels by water or sea > sailor > types of sailor > [noun] > sailor on raft 1954 A. M. Bezanson xxii. 160 Rafters kept coming quite a while. They all finally got tired waiting for God to freeze the rivers again, and came down on rafts. 1979 Apr. 38 (caption) Jagged, glacier-dotted Mount Moran hobnobs with the clouds as rafters laze along Jackson Lake towards shore for Teton camping. 2004 23 Apr. 29/2 By the turn of the twenty-first century, the Tsangpo Gorge had become an end in itself: kayakers, rafters and canyoneers jostled to become the first to ‘do’ the Tsangpo. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). rafterv.Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: rafter n.1 Etymology: < rafter n.1 With sense 2 compare raftering n. 2. 1. society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > build or provide with specific parts [verb (transitive)] > roof > rafter 1538 T. Elyot Contigno,..to raufter a house. 1611 2 Chron. xxxiv. 11 Timber for couplings and to floore [margin rafter] the houses. View more context for this quotation 1735 J. Atkins 76 His Town..as neatly raftered and built, as most of our North or West small Country Villages. 1853 E. K. Kane v. 39 A square inclosure of stone or turf is raftered over with drift-wood or whalebones. 1869 D. Greenwell 36 Ivory palaces raftered with..cedar. 1935 C. Day Lewis 64 A hungry soul Urged them to try new air-routes, and their skill Raftered the sky with steel. 1995 V. Konrad in W. Wyckoff & L. M. Dilsaver vii. 207 Each was raftered with lodgepole pine and roofed with sawed Douglas fir. 1846 J. E. Worcester Rafter, to form into rafters. the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > breaking up land > ploughing > plough (land) [verb (transitive)] > rib 1724 [implied in: W. Benson in tr. Virgil Pref. p. xvi I am certain the Husbandry of England in general is Virgilian. This is shewn..by the dry Fences, by Raftering or Cross-Ploughing, and innumerable other Instances. (at raftering n. 2)]. 1794 A. Young in A. Driver & W. Driver 68 Raftering the land, which is a sort of rest baulk ploughing. 1844 5 i. 173 The land is raftered, and pared with the breast-plough; or raftered again in a cross-direction. 1846 J. Clarke in 7 ii. 511 To rafter or plough-rafter the land..is to plough only one-half of the land, turning the furrow ploughed upon the same breadth of land remaining unploughed throughout the field. 1893 G. E. Dartnell & E. H. Goddard 129 Rafter, to plough so as to leave a narrow strip of ground undisturbed, turning up a furrow on to it on each side, thus producing a succession of narrow ridges. 1903 R. M. Garnier I. xv. 205 Marshy ground was well ridged up, though we are not justified in concluding from this that there was any process similar to that of raftering by means of the modern double-breast plough. the world > the earth > water > ice > body of ice > [verb (intransitive)] > pile up 1792 G. Cartwright II. p. vii Ice is said to rafter, when, by being stopped in its passage, one piece is forced under another, until the uppermost ones rise to a great height. 1861 L. De Boilieu viii. 100 When the ice begins to rafter she [sc. a ship] is thrown up, falls over, and becomes like corn between two millstones, and is literally ground up. 1908 N. Duncan ii. 60 The ice begun t' drive an' grind an' rafter. 1924 R. J. Flaherty iii. iii. 99 Miles and miles of ice, raftering and rearing and overriding us it fought its way to the sea. 1964 Spring 16/3 Evidently, just like frozen masses of ice raftered, one layer rising above the other by pressure, the crust of the earth broke and travelled southward. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < |
