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单词 racial
释义

racialadj.n.

Brit. /ˈreɪʃl/, U.S. /ˈreɪʃ(ə)l/
Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: race n.6, -ial suffix.
Etymology: < race n.6 + -ial suffix. N.E.D. (1903) also gives the pronunciation (rei·ʃiăl) /ˈreɪʃɪəl/.
A. adj.
1. Arising from or relating to ethnicity or difference in race.
ΚΠ
1854 Leisure Hour Oct. 678 Such extremes have always been characteristic of the barbarous northmen, and we may not be wrong in referring to racial causes for the solution of this problem of contrarieties otherwise inexplicable.
1899 Folk-lore June 146 In determining the relative importance of either element for racial discrimination in folklore, I was guided by observation of man in the civilized stage.
1914 G. K. Chesterton Wisdom of Father Brown ix. 266 An attitude we must always remember when we talk of racial prejudices.
1929 H. Miles tr. P. Morand Black Magic i. 63 He supported..racial equality.
1954 H. Gibbs Background to Bitterness 7 Racial conflict between the groups has not been witnessed on a major scale for many years.
1960 ‘I. T. Ross’ Murder out of School i. 7 There's none of what the papers like to call ‘racial tension’ at Mark Hopkins [School].
1971 Publishers' Weekly 2 Aug. 46 Mr. Fuller finds that the anthology's one story by a black author—an Eldridge Cleaver story first published in Playboy—is racial tokenism.
1977 Whitaker's Almanack 595 South African Government declared that where feasible there should be an end to racial segregation on buses.
1994 Star-Ledger (Newark, New Jersey) 7 Mar. 19/1 If anyone dares to defy or disagree with them.., they play the racial card and hurl threats and intimidate.
2003 I. Chang Chinese in Amer. xvi. 305 During the 1970s, Chinese American professionals began voicing complaints of racial discrimination.
2. Of, relating to, comprising, or characteristic of, a (particular) race or ethnic group.Since the mid 20th cent. – and particularly since the advent of ideas of multiculturalism – social and cultural factors have played an increasing role in concepts of racial identity. Membership of a racial group is often considered to involve such factors as shared history, cultural traditions and language, a shared religion, and a common geographic origin or descent (cf. quot. 2007). However, while this wider meaning is common in usage of racial, the term race is often avoided in such contexts (cf. race n.6 1).
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > ethnicities > race > [adjective]
racial1857
intraracial1903
1857 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 765 These racial diversities are reflected in the character of the religion.
1885 E. Clodd Myths & Dreams i. viii. 131 The light which this has thrown upon the racial connection of peoples.
1899 C. Waldstein Expansion of Western Ideals 141 An historical basis for German unity was not enough; an ethnological, racial unity had to be established.
1935 J. S. Huxley & A. C. Haddon We Europeans ix. 286 Ethnic intercrossing and culture-contacts have proceeded so far that ‘racial purity’, like complete isolationism or self-sufficiency, is impossible of attainment.
1947 ‘G. Orwell’ in Tribune 7 Feb. 12/2 I should like to think that the position of the racial minorities could be safeguarded.
1961 Fresno (Calif.) Bee 11 June 6/4 An idea to satisfy all the racial groups objecting to seeing their nationalities depicted as villains in TV and films.
1986 P. D. James Taste for Death I. xi. 87 Father Kendrick had set off for his new city parish—racial mix, boys' club, mothers' union, young people's fellowship.
1992 Harper's Mag. Apr. 6/2 ‘Race’ in this country is still..determined by looks rather than by the presence or lack of blood ‘purity’—unless someone has taken great pains to deny the racial phenotype or looks nature has given him.
2007 A. Rattansi Racism: Very Short Introd. vi. 87 In a landmark ruling [in the House of Lords in 1983], it was deemed that Sikhs were a racial group because they had a long shared history; cultural traditions of their own; a common geographical origin (or descent from a small number of common ancestors); a common language; a common literature; a common religion; and they were a minority or a majority within a larger community.
3. Biology. Of, relating to, or characteristic of a race of animals, plants, or other organisms (e.g. a particular strain of a pathogen); cf. race n.6 5.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > taxonomy > taxon > [adjective] > species or sub-species
univocal1638
specific1650
subspecific1795
conspecific1859
racial1884
co-specific1889
relic1889
relict1899
intraspecific1919
monospecific1921
intraspecies1927
supraspecific1936
infra-specific1939
supraspecies1960
species-uniform1968
1884 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1883–4 21 89 Individual, racial, and varietal differences occur, to such an extent as to render the systematic arrangement of living forms a most bewildering task.
1909 Jrnl. Exper. Zool. 7 749 The brood..as a whole followed the racial character of its female parent in regard to its voltinism (if I may use this term to express the number of generations destined to be produced in a year).
1946 A. Nelson Princ. Agric. Bot. xix. 372 The ability to respond and the character of the response to any particular day-length is a racial or varietal character.
1953 R. W. Fairbrother Text-bk. Bacteriol. (ed. 7) ix. 103 A possible example of a racial natural insusceptibility to infection in animals is found in Algerian sheep, which are considered to be more resistant to anthrax than other types of sheep.
1998 Amer. Naturalist 152 631/1 They..found a greater racial diversity of the pathogen in the mesic north.
B. n.
A member of a (particular) race or nationality; spec. a person of foreign ancestry; a member of an ethnic minority.Now generally regarded as offensive.
ΚΠ
1922 Contemp. Rev. Aug. 159 When he thinks of the problems of African or Indian racials in the West Indies, he doubtless does not think of them only as they emerge in the West Indies.
1927 S. H. Olivier Anat. Afr. Misery xiv. 142 The Government of India is to have time to defend the rights of its racials.
1938 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 25 June 20/2 As 120,000 Nazis cry ‘Out with the Jews!’.., Goebbels adds a hymn of hate directed at the unfortunate racials whose unhappy lot is to dwell under the swastika.
1999 Rochester (N.Y.) Democrat & Chron. (Nexis) 5 May 2 a As the scene unfolds, we see..your coward, your rich kid, your various racials, ethnics and females.

Compounds

racial hygiene n. (a) the overall health or hygiene of a race (now rare); (b) the ideology or practice of manipulating reproduction in a human population with the stated purpose of reducing the incidence of undesirable heritable characteristics in a race; eugenics (now historical).In sense (b) originally used in (now discredited or disregarded) scientific contexts, and later elaborated in Nazi ideology as a euphemistic justification for genocide.
ΚΠ
1889 Med. & Surg. Reporter 5 Jan. 28/1 Matters of local and racial hygiene are discussed here with an acuteness sharpened by commercial interests.
1909 C. W. Saleeby Parenthood & Race Culture 370 Negative eugenics is substantially racial hygiene.
1910 Indianapolis Star 4 Mar. 10/2 Germans evidence a better racial hygiene than any other nation... This condition exists because the Germans legislate to create hygienic conditions.
1949 J. B. S. Haldane What is Life? xv. 59 Once you admit that there are such differences..you justify Hitler's policy against the Jews, Poles, and Ukrainians, not to mention the numerous Germans who were murdered in the name of racial hygiene.
2005 New Scientist (Nexis) 20 Aug. 36 The ideology of racial hygiene—which pre-dated Hitler's rise and declined only with his fall.
racial memory n. chiefly Psychoanalysis the subconscious memory of events in the history of the human race (or occasionally one's own race) which, it is suggested, is transmitted genetically; = collective unconscious n. at collective adj. 2e; (also) an instance of this.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > consciousness > unconscious mind > [noun] > collective
racial memory1899
collective unconscious1917
racial unconscious1919
(old) wise man1940
1899 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 10 228 A Biological Orientation which treats of racial memory and traces the individual psychical memory through different stages of life from man down to the vorticellæ.
1961 Amer. Heritage Bk. Indians 161/1 Racial memories of Cochise-type people who had gathered seeds, nuts, and berries.
1995 C. D. Short Shining Shining Path xiv. 225 They chalked it up as some latent form of racial memory, a term much in vogue in psychological circles then for anything that couldn't otherwise be explained.
racial profiling n. originally and chiefly U.S. selection for scrutiny by law enforcement based on race or ethnicity rather than on behavioural or evidentiary criteria (cf. offender profiling n. at offender n. Compounds); (later, in extended use) discrimination or stereotyping on racial or ethnic grounds.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > indication > that which identifies or distinguishes > personal identification > [noun] > other methods of identification
anthropometrics1881
bertillonage1892
Bertillon system1896
Bertillon measurement1928
pink triangle1950
electronic signature1957
genetic profile1959
genetic fingerprint1969
digital signature1976
PIN1976
PIN code1979
racial profiling1989
1989 J. P. Collum Without Just Cause (WWOR TV script) Segment 2 (O.E.D. Archive) Many claim searches like this are the result of racial profiling, targeting of black and other minority motorists by state troopers bent on catching drug traffickers.
1994 New Jersey Law Jrnl. (Nexis) 22 Aug. 4 The state police continue to maintain that they do not condone or encourage racial profiling. ‘We base our motor vehicle stops on training and experience and case law,’ says state police spokesman Sgt. Daniel Cosgrove. ‘We don't profile.’
2002 Village Voice (N.Y.) 22 Jan. 79/3 To risk some racial profiling: The music's yearning Portuguese melodies and speedy, virtuosic runs are not such a stretch for an Israeli schooled in klezmer, which can also be simultaneously plaintive and frisky.
racial unconscious n. Psychoanalysis = collective unconscious n. at collective adj. 2e.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > consciousness > unconscious mind > [noun] > collective
racial memory1899
collective unconscious1917
racial unconscious1919
(old) wise man1940
1919 Philos. Rev. 28 219 He follows Jung, who divides the unconscious into the personal unconscious (which for Freud is the unconscious) and the collective unconscious or racial unconscious.
1968 M. Harris Rise Anthropol. Theory xvi. 425 The primal patricide, helped along by hereditary memory traces in the ‘racial unconscious’, gave rise to the Oedipus complex.
1991 R. Bocock Freud & Mod. Society 57 Le Bon thought that the racial unconscious emerges in a crowd or group, when consequently individual differences vanish.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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adj.n.1854
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