radio-comb. form²

Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin radius , -o- connective.

Etymology: < classical Latin radius ray (see radius n.) + -o- connective, originally after radiation n. (in later use also after radium n.). Compare radio- comb. form³, and discussion at that entry. Compare also earlier radio- comb. form¹.Attested earliest in radiometer n.², the combining form is very frequent from the late 19th cent. onwards, owing to its extensive use in scientific and medical terms connected with (electromagnetic and ionizing) radiation (compare radiograph n.¹, radiography n.², radiometer n.² 1, radiology n., etc.) and radioactivity (compare radioactive adj., radiochemistry n., radioelement n., etc.). Compare French radio- (formations in which are found from the late 19th cent.), German radio- (formations in which are found from at least the early 20th cent.; compare radiohalo n.¹). Adaptations of French terms, which are found from the end of the 19th cent., include radioactive adj. and probably also radiology n.

1. Connected with rays or radiation, esp. ionizing radiation.

radiodermatitis n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)dəːməˈtʌɪtᵻs/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˌdərməˈtaɪdᵻs/

[compare French radiodermite (1905)] Medicine acute or chronic skin disease caused by exposure to X-rays or other ionizing radiation; also called radiation dermatitis.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > skin disorders > [noun] > other diseases or conditions

impetigo1398

deadingc1400

St Anthonyc1405

foulness1559

acrochordon1565

foulness1583

heat1597

bleach1601

Anthony's fire1609

desquamation1726

sivvens1762

erythema1778

rupia1813

morula1817

dermalgia1842

mycosis1846

cheloid1854

keloid1854

morule1857

kelis1864

dermatosis1866

epithelioma1872

vagabond's disease1876

vagabond's skin1876

dermatitis1877

erysipeloid1888

Ritter's disease1888

acanthosis nigricans1890

angiokeratoma1891

sunburn1891

porokeratosis1893

acrodermatitis1894

epidermolysis1894

keratolysis1895

dermographism1896

neurodermatitis1896

peau d'orange1896

X-ray dermatitis1897

dermatomyositis1899

papulo-erythema1899

pyodermia1899

tar acne1899

dermographia1900

radiodermatitis1903

poikiloderma1907

neurodermatosis1909

leishmanoid1922

razor burn1924

pyoderma1930

photodermatosis1931

photodermatitis1933

necrobiosis lipoidica1934

pyoderma gangrenosum1936

fassy1943

acrodermatitis enteropathica1945

chicken skin1946

nylon stocking dermatitis1947

Sézary('s) syndrome1953

pigskin1966

washerwoman's skin1981

strimmer rash1984

1903 Progressive Med. 3 161 Heidingsfeld's case was a bullous radiodermatitis.

1930 Times Educ. Suppl. 2 Aug. p. iv/3 The Cross of the Legion of Honour has been conferred on Dr. Jean Chabry, whose experimental work in radiology has resulted in an attack of radiodermatitis, necessitating amputation of his right arm.

2001 T. A. Scaletta & J. J. Schaider Emergent Managem. Trauma (ed. 2) 403 Areas of erythema that develop within 48 h will usually progress to ulceration or chronic radiodermatitis.

radiometallography n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪəʊmɛtəˈlɒɡrəfi/

/ˌreɪdɪəʊmɛtlˈɒɡrəfi/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˌmɛdəˈlɑɡrəfi/

now rare the study of metals using X-rays; radiography of metals.

ΚΠ

1919 Times 30 Apr. 7/2 Experiments in radiometallography.

1920 Glasgow Herald 5 Mar. 9 The development of this science of radio-metallography depends..upon the discovery of a detector more sensitive to the rays than those at present known.

1964 L. B. Firnberg tr. H. Piraux Radioisotopes xi. 226 The industrial applications of radioisotopes are at present chiefly concerned with the internal structure of matter..due partly to the extreme simplicity of the equipment compared with the classic methods of X-ray radiometallography.

radiomicrometer n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪəʊmʌɪˈkrɒmᵻtə/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˌmaɪˈkrɑmədər/

[compare French radiomicromètre (1890)] now historical an instrument for measuring very weak infrared or microwave radiation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical instruments > instruments for measuring > [noun] > light or radiation

phaometer1747

photometer1779

diaphanometer1789

lucimeter1825

refractometer1842

Abbe refractometer1876

dietheroscope1877

reflectometer1879

radiomicrometer1887

holophotometer1888

flicker photometer1896

microphotometer1899

diffractometer1909

spot meter1952

photopolarimeter1971

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > radio wave > microwave > [noun] > instrument for measuring

radiomicrometer1887

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > chromatism > [noun] > spectrum > instrument for measuring

radiomicrometer1887

1887 C. V. Boys in Proc. Royal Soc. 42 189 (title) Preliminary note on the ‘radio-micrometer’.

1908 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1907 621 The first thing is to tune up the receiver accurately. This can be done by a Duddell radio-micrometer.

1944 H. Laurens in O. Glasser Med. Physics 594 The non-selective type of radiation detector is exemplified by a radiometer, radiomicrometer, thermopile or bolometer.

1999 J. Hecht City of Light (2004) iii. 31 Boys used them in an instrument he called a ‘radiomicrometer’, with which he could detect the heat from a candle nearly two miles (three kilometers) away.

radiostereometric adj.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)stɛrɪə(ʊ)ˈmɛtrɪk/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˌstɛriəˈmɛtrɪk/

of or relating to the examination of three-dimensional objects using radiographic techniques, esp. as used for diagnostic purposes in orthopaedics.

ΚΠ

1994 Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 65 517 Cemented versus uncemented socket in hip arthroplasty. A radiostereometric study of 60 randomized hips followed for 2 years.

2006 Jrnl. Biomech. Engin. 128 604 The position of the humerus and scapula were measured using the model-based tracking system and with a previously validated dynamic radiostereometric analysis (RSA) technique.

2. Connected with radioactivity.

radiobromination n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)brəʊmᵻˈneɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˌbroʊməˈneɪʃ(ə)n/

labelling of a substance by the incorporation of a radioactive isotope of bromine.

ΚΠ

1978 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 534 186 This technique has been adapted for radiobromination of fibrinogen and has been shown to produce labeled proteins of exceptional stability as regards dehalogenation.

2003 Nucl. Med. & Biol. 30 18/1 Radioiodination and radiobromination were accomplished with radiochemical yields of 87.3% ± 3.2% and 58.0% ± 5.6%, respectively, by using the appropriate radiohalogen and peracetic acid.

radiochromatogram n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)krə(ʊ)ˈmatəɡram/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˌkroʊˈmædəˌɡræm/

a chromatogram of a radioactively labelled preparation, analysed by scanning to locate the radioactivity.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactive isotope > radioactive label > [noun] > chromatogram

radiochromatogram1952

fingerprint1956

1952 Nucleonics Mar. 56/1 When the radiochromatogram is plotted as net rate of count against distance along the strip, w [= the total weight of labelled component] is proportional to the area enclosed by the relevant part of the curve.

1972 Physics Bull. May 298/1 A unique rapid imaging system which promised to shorten the time to locate the radioactive regions on thin layer radiochromatograms.

1988 L. Stryer Biochem. (ed. 3) xxii. 534 The radiochromatogram of the algal suspension after seconds of illumination was so complex..that it was not feasible to detect the earliest intermediate in the fixation of CO₂.

radiodating n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪəʊˈdeɪtɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈdeɪdɪŋ/

any method of dating rocks, fossils, artefacts, etc., which depends on the measurement of the proportions of radioactive isotopes, e.g. radiocarbon and potassium–argon dating.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > reckoning of time > chronology > [noun] > assignment to a time or dating > dating methods

fluorine test1895

cross-dating1939

age dating1941

carbon–14 dating1950

radiocarbon dating1950

carbon dating1952

radiodating1962

radiometric dating1963

TL-dating1972

1962 A. Beiser Earth vi. 132 Recently, radio-dating studies have been made of meteorite fragments, giving age estimates as great as 4.5 billion years.

1965 Times 16 Nov. 10/3 Pottery is the commonest artifact discovered in ancient sites, but carbon-14 methods of radio-dating serve only for organic matter like wood or cloth.

1975 K. H. Goulding in Williams & Wilson Biologist's Guide to Princ. & Techniques Pract. Biochem. vi. 196 The assumptions made in radiodating are sweeping and hence palaeontologists and anthropologists who use this technique can only give very approximate dates to their samples.

1993 Jrnl. Petrol. 34 653 Radiodating shows that both types of leucogranite have identical ages of 372 ± 3 Ma.

radioenzymatic adj.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪəʊɛnzʌɪˈmatɪk/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˌɛnzəˈmædɪk/

/ˌreɪdioʊˌɛnˌzaɪˈmædɪk/

Biochemistry designating a method of determining the presence or concentration of a substance by subjecting it to an enzymatic reaction with another, radiolabelled substrate and measuring the radiolabelled reaction product.

ΚΠ

1965 Jrnl. Lab. & Clin. Med. 66 294 (title) A radioenzymatic assay for folic acid antagonists.

1982 S. R. Philips in A. Lajtha Handbk. Neurochem. (ed. 2) II. v. 103 Since the late 1960s, radioenzymatic assays have been developed for many of the neurotransmitters and, in some cases, for some of their precursors and metabolites.

1998 New Scientist 25 July 106/1 (advt.) The project particularly involves the use of..radioenzymatic analysis and biochemical separation procedures.

radiogene n.

Brit.

/ˈreɪdɪə(ʊ)dʒiːn/

U.S.

/ˈreɪdioʊˌdʒin/

rare (now disused) an apparatus for obtaining radium emanation (radon-222) in solution.

ΚΠ

1916 R. Knox X-ray Therapeutics & Radium Therapy II. 357 (caption) Radiogene (Siemens)... Insoluble sulphate of radium is placed in the small receptacle C in the vessel F... The vessel F is..filled with the water or other liquid which is..to be rendered radioactive.

radioligand n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈlɪɡ(ə)nd/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈlaɪɡənd/

/ˌreɪdioʊˈlɪɡənd/

a radiolabelled compound that has a strong affinity for a particular receptor; a radiolabelled form of a ligand.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactive isotope > radioactive label > [noun] > compound linked to receptor

radioligand1970

1970 Acta Endocrinol. Suppl. 147 79 (title) Computer analysis of radioligand assay and radioimmunoassay data.

2005 L. E. Limbird Cell Surface Receptors (ed. 3) iii. 71 At steady state, the concentration of free radioligand is equal on both sides of the dialysis membrane.

radioluminography n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)luːmᵻˈnɒɡrəfi/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˌluməˈnɑɡrəfi/

a form of autoradiography using a phosphor containing a radioisotope which becomes luminescent on being scanned with a laser beam.

ΚΠ

1993 Appl. Radiation & Isotopes 44 1011 The new method involves putting an aqueous radioactive sample onto the flat-bottomed wells of a polystyrene microplate, preparing a pellicle by lyophilization, and determining the radioactivity using radioluminography.

2002 Internat. Jrnl. Radiation Biol. 78 407 Quantitative images of the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of a range of antibodies in tumour were acquired using radioluminography.

radionuclide n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈnjuːklʌɪd/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈn(j)uˌklaɪd/

a radioactive nuclide; cf. radioisotope n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactive isotope > radioactive nuclide > [noun]

nuclide1947

radionuclide1947

1947 T. P. Kohman in Amer. Jrnl. Physics 15 356/2 Radionuclide should replace radioelement and radioisotope in most applications.

1964 Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. 2 259 [Among fish] herbivores and omnivores tend to concentrate the same radionuclides which are present in plankton.

1977 I. M. Campbell Energy & Atmosphere vii. 187 The radionuclide ¹⁴C is produced naturally in the atmosphere by cosmic radiation but the level was almost doubled by the atmospheric nuclear-weapon testing of the 1960's.

1996 Focus Apr. 34/1 In Ukraine, radionuclides from the nuclear fuel still inside the sarcophagus are seeping into the water table.

radiophosphorylated adj.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)fɒsˈfɒrᵻleɪtᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˌfɑsˈfɔrəˌleɪdᵻd/

phosphorylated with phosphate groups containing a radioactive isotope of phosphorus.

ΚΠ

1978 Exper. Cell Res. 113 173 (title) Serum proteins associated with tissue culture cells as demonstrated by the use of enzymatically radio-phosphorylated serum.

1999 Plant Physiol. 119 455 When [³³P]Glc-6-P was administered to the amyloplasts, radiophosphorylated starch was produced.

radiophotoluminescence n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)fəʊtə(ʊ)luːmᵻˈnɛsns/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˌfoʊdoʊˌluməˈnɛs(ə)ns/

the property of certain materials of being photoluminescent under visible or esp. ultraviolet light after being exposed to nuclear radiation.

ΚΠ

1924 Sci. Abstr. A. 27 298 Radio-photoluminescence, i.e. the property after treatment with Becquerel rays of being excited by ordinary light to longer and stronger giving out of light, is shown by kunzite and fluorspar.

2005 Internat. Jrnl. Radiation Oncol. Biol. Physics 61 946 Differences in fluorescence decay time between surface contamination (0.3 μs) and radiophotoluminescence (3 μs) allow discrimination between signal resulting from contamination with finger grease or saliva from that resulting from absorbed radiation dose.

radiostereoassay n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)stɛrɪəʊˈaseɪ/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˌstɛrioʊˈæˌseɪ/

[ < radio- comb. form² + stereo- comb. form + assay n., after radioimmunoassay n.] rare a biological assay technique in which the test substance is determined by allowing it to bind to a suitable protein or antibody in competition with a known quantity of radioactively labelled material, the extent of reaction being measured radiologically; (usually applied to non-immunological methods such as radioenzymatic assay: cf. radioimmunoassay n.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > immunogenesis > [noun] > immunological assays

radioimmunoassay1961

radioallergosorbent test1967

radiostereoassay1967

radioreceptor assay1970

1967 B. E. P. Murphy in Jrnl. Clin. Endocrinol. 27 973/2 Such methods have been termed by the author ‘competitive protein binding (CPB) analysis’ and by R. P. Ekins ‘saturation analysis’, but because of their basic similarity to radioimmunoassays..the name ‘radiostereoassay’ has also been suggested [by the writer] as an analogous term which could be applied to both types of assay.

1974 Nature 22 Feb. 563/2 Before it can act, vitamin D must first be converted to its 25-hydroxy derivative..in the liver, and this chief circulating metabolite can be measured by radio-stereo-assay, thus providing a precise index of vitamin D nutritional status.

radiothermal adj.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈθəːml/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈθərm(ə)l/

of, relating to, or involving the production of heat by radioactive decay.

ΚΠ

1908 J. Joly in Nature 10 Sept. 461/1 In the earlier days of the earth's cooling the radiation loss was far in excess of the radio-thermal heating.

1968 Science 1 Mar. 973/1 It is interesting to use the measured electrical properties of basalt, in conjunction with the lunar radar and radiothermal observations, to refine the estimates of the density of the surface layers.

2002 Washington Post (Home ed.) 18 Mar. a12/4 (caption) Nuclear-powered radiothermal generators, or RTGs..have been used since the 1960s to power machines ranging from spacecraft to navigational beacons.

radiotracer n.

Brit.

/ˈreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˌtreɪsə/

U.S.

/ˈreɪdioʊˌtreɪsər/

a radioactive tracer (cf. tracer n.¹ 2c).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > instrument for detection > [noun] > substance used as tracer

tracer1938

radiotracer1949

the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > tests > [noun] > materials used in testing

test-meal1891

mucicarmine1896

pastille1906

barium meal1913

barium enema1930

mecholyl1934

radioiodine1935

cardiolipin1942

histoplasmin1945

barium swallow1946

methacholine1948

radiotracer1949

piperoxan1950

radio pill1957

1949 Sci. Monthly Dec. 356/2 Metabolism in plants of such elements as calcium, zinc, rubidium, and iron have also been studied with radiotracers.

1962 Newnes Conc. Encycl. Nucl. Energy 341/1 The oil industry is perhaps the greatest single user of radiotracers, which enter into every phase of production from oil well to refinery.

1998 Jrnl. Nucl. Med. 39 339 Increased lung uptake of the radiotracer may reflect severe or multivessel coronary artery disease.

3. Prefixed to the names of chemical elements, ions, and compounds.

a. Designating a radioactive isotope of the named element (in early use occasionally of a chemically similar element, or that of which the isotope is a decay product).

(a)

radiobromine n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪəʊˈbrəʊmiːn/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈbroʊˌmin/

ΚΠ

1935 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 57 592/1 They both showed..an activity regularly decaying with a half period of about six hours, corresponding to E. Fermi's radiobromine.

1955 C. L. Comar Radioisotopes in Biol. & Agric. vi. 216 The absorption and translocation of electrolytes in plants has been studied with radiobromine.

1995 Acta Physiol. Scand. 155 157 Fluid shifts were measured..utilizing a simultaneous, radionuclide dilution technique, in which..radiobromine and tritiated water were used to measure..extracellular and total body water volumes.

radiocaesium n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪəʊˈsiːzɪəm/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈsiziəm/

ΚΠ

1935 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 57 781/2 It seemed possible that radio-cesium might be an exception to the rule and emit a positron since the emission of an electron would result in the formation of Ba¹³⁴ which apparently does not exist in nature.

1955 Bull. Atomic Scientists Oct. 287/3 The long-lived useful products radiocaesium and radiostrontium will be separated from the rest of the fission products and concentrated into radioactive sources.

1993 Guardian 18 Nov. ii. 12/4 Hello and goodbye to the tiny village of Lelev, soon to be dismantled, when anybody can work out how to do it without sending up showers of radiocaesium.

radiocerium n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪəʊˈsɪərɪəm/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈsɪriəm/

ΚΠ

1952 Jrnl. Physical Chem. 56 869/1 The radiocerium was incorporated in the cerous valence state.

2002 M. S. Gerber On Home Front (ed. 2) vii. 182 Caused by exposure to..the atomic fission products yttrium, radiocerium (Ce-144), and radiostrontium (Sr-90), the malady produced liver and spleen damage.

radiochlorine n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪəʊˈklɔːriːn/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈklɔˌrin/

ΚΠ

1935 Physical Rev. 48 571/1 During a study of the beta-radiation from a sample of silver radiochloride..it was found possible to follow the decay of the radiochlorine.

1954 Bull. Atomic Scientists 10 350/1 A bomb burst close to sea water would produce vast quantities of radiosodium and radiochlorine.

2006 Jrnl. Environmental Radioactivity 89 62 The migration of radiochlorine may be enhanced due to anion exclusion.

radiocobalt n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪəʊˈkəʊbɔːlt/

/ˌreɪdɪəʊˈkəʊbɒlt/

/ˌreɪdɪəʊˈkəʊb(ə)lt/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈkoʊˌbɔlt/

/ˌreɪdioʊˈkoʊˌbɑlt/

ΚΠ

1938 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 60 1785/2 This activity is due to a radio-cobalt which can be formed only by the bombardment of iron.

1961 R. Calder in J. F. Dewhurst et al. Europe's Needs & Resources xxv. 800 Today radium has been displaced as a medical auxiliary by such by-products of fission as radiocobalt and radiocesium.

1985 Jrnl. Radioanalytical & Nucl. Chem. 95 359 The established method can be applicable for rapid and reliable determination of radiocobalt in seawater.

radiocopper n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪəʊˈkɒpə/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈkɑpər/

ΚΠ

1935 Nature 27 July 141/2 After 30 minutes, more than half the radio-copper is deposited on the plate.

1967 Brain 90 150 Working with radiocopper (⁶⁴Cu and ⁶⁷Cu) Osborn and I have repeatedly demonstrated that the counting rate over the liver rises immediately after injection.

2005 Clin. Gastroenterol. & Hepatol. 3 816/2 Tests such as measurement of radiocopper incorporation into ceruloplasmin are now rarely used because of the difficulty in obtaining isotope.

radiofluorine n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪəʊˈflʊəriːn/

/ˌreɪdɪəʊˈflɔːriːn/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈflʊˌrin/

/ˌreɪdioʊˈflɔˌrin/

ΚΠ

1934 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 146 211 The effect must be due to some common contamination on all surfaces such as occluded gas and is undoubtedly the radio-fluorine reported by Wertenstein as formed from nitrogen.

1986 Appl. Radiation & Isotopes 37 1135 Methods used for the characterization of various chemical forms of radiofluorine are outlined.

radiogold n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪəʊˈɡəʊld/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈɡoʊld/

ΚΠ

1947 Science 29 Aug. 176/2 The therapeutic value of colloidal radiogold..in cases of lymphoid malignancy.

1955 Sci. News Let. 19 Mar. 184/3 A gram of radiogold, costing about $25, can irradiate tissues with the power that would be obtained from a $20,000 chunk of radium.

1995 Scanning Microsc. 9 239 A more tractable application is the direct instillation into the urinary bladder of radiogold immunoconjugates to treat superficial bladder carcinoma.

radioiron n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪəʊˈʌɪən/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈaɪ(ə)rn/

ΚΠ

1938 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 60 1785/1 One radio-iron isotope is produced when iron is bombarded with deuterons.

1960 Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 104 442/2 This calculation is based on the assumption that loss of radioiron from liver between 0–3 hrs is negligible.

1985 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 9 Nov. 1333 Iron absorption is being studied by extrinsic labelling of foods with radioiron.

radiopotassium n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)pəˈtasɪəm/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊpəˈtæsiəm/

/ˌreɪdioʊˌpoʊˈtæsiəm/

ΚΠ

1937 Sci. Monthly July 96/2 One possible explanation is that..this change [in nuclear rotation] is so great that it slows down the radioactivity enormously and gives radiopotassium its unusually long life.

1977 Jrnl. Nucl. Med. 18 1167 Thallium-201 can substitute for radiopotassium in myocardial imaging.

1996 Water Res. 30 1539 The total gamma activity of sediments appeared to be due to all determined radionuclides with a major contribution of the naturally occurring radiopotassium.

radiorubidium n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ruːˈbɪdɪəm/

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)rᵿˈbɪdɪəm/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˌruˈbɪdiəm/

ΚΠ

1946 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 33 107/1 The production of the radio-rubidium and radio-phosphorus.

1987 Physics in Med. & Biol. 32 173 ICRP Reference Man has a total Rb content of 0.68g, compared with our estimate of only 0.25g…This has important dosimetric implications for radiorubidium.

radioruthenium n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ruːˈθiːnɪəm/

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)rᵿˈθiːnɪəm/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˌruˈθiniəm/

ΚΠ

1946 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 90 16/1 Among the first products that are given off in the chemical process are radio-xenon, radio-iodine and radio-ruthenium.

1998 Jrnl. Environmental Radioactivity 38 317 Groups of sheep were given single oral administrations of radiocerium, radioruthenium, and radiosilver.

radiosilver n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪəʊˈsɪlvə/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈsɪlvər/

ΚΠ

1936 Chem. Rev. 18 487 Neutron capture..gives rise to radiosilver isotopes with half-lives of 22 seconds and 2.3 minutes.

1971 Nature 10 Dec. 347/1 The reaction ¹⁰⁹Ag (n, 2n)^108mAg does seem to be important in thermonuclear bomb production of radiosilver.

1994 Cell Biophysics 24–5 1 Radiosilver-111 and Radiogold-199 were proposed by us as suitable isotopes for radioimmunotherapy in areas such as India by reason of their suitable half-lives.

radiosodium n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪəʊˈsəʊdɪəm/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈsoʊdiəm/

ΚΠ

1934 Science 9 Nov. 8/2 Radio-sodium gives out its rays for a long time.

1951 New Biol. 10 39 It has also been shown that radiosodium is actively transferred inwards across a frogskin membrane into a solution of higher sodium concentration than that of the external medium.

1984 Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. 246 E436 Radiosodium uptake by both the whole thyroid and by the luminal fluid..did not reach maximal levels until 16–24h after injection of the radioisotope.

(b)

radioactinium n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪəʊakˈtɪnɪəm/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˌækˈtɪniəm/

now chiefly historical an isotope of thorium (thorium-227) which is produced by beta decay of actinium and itself decays by alpha emission with a half-life of 18.7 days.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactive isotope > specific isotopes > [noun] > thorium

radioactinium1906

ionium1907

1906 O. Hahn in Nature 12 Apr. 560/1 I have found that a new product is present in actinium which is intermediate between actinium and actinium X, and..will be called..‘radio-actinium’.

1926 R. W. Lawson tr. G. von Hevesy & F. A. Paneth Man. Radioactivity xxiii. 164 The β-radiation of actinium, the existence of which it is necessary to assume in order to explain its transformation into radioactinium, is too weak to be detected.

1989 R. Pflaum Grand Obsession xvi. 274 Marie got up before daybreak to prepare personally the source of radioactinium he needed.

radiobismuth n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈbɪzməθ/

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈbɪsməθ/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈbɪzməθ/

†(a) = radiotellurium n. (a) (obsolete); (b) any radioactive isotope of bismuth.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactive isotope > specific isotopes > [noun] > polonium

radiobismuth1903

radiotellurium1903

1903 E. Rutherford & F. Soddy in London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 5 585 The question whether polonium (radio-bismuth) is a new element is of great interest.

1954 Analyt. Chem. 26 177/1 One of the simplest preparations of carrier-free isotopes was the production of a mixed solution of radiolead and radiobismuth.

1975 Radiation Res. 63 443 (title) Metabolic studies with radiobismuth... Retention and distribution of ²⁰⁶Bi in the normal rat.

1993 Cancer Res. 53 5683 We studied the capacity of the antibody–chelate complex to retain radiobismuth.

radiolead n.

Brit.

/ˈreɪdɪəʊlɛd/

U.S.

/ˈreɪdioʊˌlɛd/

a mixture of isotopes of lead, together with some bismuth and polonium, which constitutes the longer-lived product of the decay of radon; (also) lead-210 (radium D), the major radioactive component of this mixture, which decays by beta emission with a half-life of about 22 years.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactive isotope > specific isotopes > [noun] > radium > radon > mixture

radiolead1903

1903 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 5 585 The radio-lead described by Hoffmann and Strauss and by Giesel cannot be regarded as a new element until it is shown that it has permanent activity of a distinctive character.

1910 Nature 24 Feb. 492/1 The most natural source of polonium is radium D (radio-lead), which grows polonium and has a period of half-transformation of about twenty years.

1926 R. W. Lawson tr. G. von Hevesy & F. A. Paneth Man. Radioactivity xiv. 118 Polonium..can be prepared..from solutions of the salts of radio-lead, which..contains an isotope of bismuth (RaE) and three isotopes of lead (RaD, RaG, Pb).

1941 Jrnl. Appl. Physics 12 440/2 The detection of radio-lead by its radioactivity is more than a million times more sensitive than the ordinary chemical and physical methods.

1989 Toxicol. & Appl. Pharmacol. 99 314 Low values of pH diminished the uptake and enhanced the release of radiolead by erythrocytes.

2007 Jrnl. Environmental Radioactivity 92 84 However, as the age of sediment increases, its radiolead content has an increasingly minor impact on inventory.

radiostrontium n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈstrɒntɪəm/

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈstrɒnʃ(ɪ)əm/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈstrɑn(t)ʃiəm/

/ˌreɪdioʊˈstrɑn(t)iəm/

a radioactive isotope of strontium; spec. strontium-90, which is a product of uranium fission and decays by beta emission with a half-life of about 29 years.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > strontium > [noun] > compounds > other

strontian water1789

radiostrontium1940

1940 Science 22 Nov. 10/1 This radioactive yttrium..must be considered at the present time merely as a by-product of the radio-strontium preparation.

1941 Jrnl. Appl. Physics 12 456/2 Radio-strontium [sc. strontium-85] has a half-life of 55 days, can be readily prepared in relatively large amounts, and emits very energetic beta-particles.

1958 Times 12 Nov. 4/2 A further report will be published shortly by the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, giving the 1957 figures for radiostrontium in soil, herbage, animal bone, and milk samples from the United Kingdom.

1972 Goldman & Bustad (title) Biomedical implications of radiostrontium exposure.

1995 Sci. Total Environment 172 17 Soil ingestion can be a major source of radiostrontium contamination in sheep and other free-grazing ruminants.

radiotellurium n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)tɛˈl(j)ʊərɪəm/

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)tɛˈl(j)ɔːrɪəm/

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)tᵻˈl(j)ʊərɪəm/

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)tᵻˈl(j)ɔːrɪəm/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˌtɛˈlʊriəm/

/ˌreɪdioʊtəˈlʊriəm/

†(a) an isotope of polonium (polonium-210, originally thought to be tellurium), which occurs in the radium decay series and decays by alpha emission with a half-life of about 138 days (obsolete); (b) any radioactive isotope of tellurium.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactive isotope > specific isotopes > [noun] > polonium

radiobismuth1903

radiotellurium1903

1903 N.-Y. Tribune 12 July ii. 2/6 A local sensation was created in Berlin a few months ago by Professor Marckwald's announcement that he had found a new radio-active substance. He derived it from pitchblende, and was disposed to call it ‘radio-tellurium’.

1962 O. Hahn in Coll. Papers Ld. Rutherford I. 168 Eventually it turned out that polonium and radiotellurium were identical, and the latter name had to be dropped, although polonium is in fact a higher homologue of tellurium.

1971 W. J. Edwards & J. M. Bateman Adsorption of Tellurium from Aqueous Solution (Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.) Pref. i Radio-tellurium is a possible fission product and nickel oxide, or hydroxide, a potential trap for this method of detection.

1996 Nucl. Technol. 113 204/1 The irradiated targets are dissolved in a sulfuric acid medium, entailing the maintenance of radioiodine and radiotellurium..in the form of I⁻ (AgI) and Te(0), respectively.

radiothorium n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈθɔːrɪəm/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈθɔriəm/

now chiefly historical an isotope of thorium (thorium-228) which occurs in small amounts in natural thorium and is formed by the beta decay of actinium-228, and which itself decays by alpha emission with a half-life of 1.9 years; (also) a mixture of radioactive isotopes of thorium, actinium, and radium, present as decay products in natural thorium.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > thorium > [noun]

thorium1832

thorinum1836

radiothorium1905

1905 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 88 ii. 789 The author [sc. Ramsay] hence considers it very probable that the radioactive power of thorium is to be attributed to small quantities of this element, radiothorium.

1921 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 41 572 A much weaker source of α rays was obtained by dipping a nickel plate for a few seconds in a more dilute solution of radio~thorium.

1950 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) X. 435/1 The term radiothorium is loosely applied to the mixture of isotopes that can be separated from natural thorium and which contain the bulk of its activity. Such radiothorium consists of a mixture of meso-Th i, meso-Th ii, radium, and actinium isotopes, respectively, Th-X, a radium isotope, and their decay products, including true radiothorium or ²²⁸Th.

2001 Hindu (Nexis) 17 May Radiothorium had been characterized as a compound of ‘Th-x and stupidity’. Hahn soon convinced the skeptics in Rutherford's laboratory of the reality of his substance.

b. Designating a compound, group, or ion containing a radioactive label.

radiochloride n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈklɔːrʌɪd/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈklɔˌraɪd/

ΚΠ

1935 Physical Rev. 48 571/1 During a study of the beta-radiation from a sample of silver radiochloride..it was found possible to follow the decay of the radiochlorine.

2003 W. W. Shreeve & R. N. Pierson in L. E. Feinendegen et al. Molecular Nucl. Med. xii. 262/1 About 23% of the space penetrated in the first few hours by radio-bromide or radio-chloride is intracellular.

radiochromate n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈkrəʊmeɪt/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈkroʊˌmeɪt/

ΚΠ

1955 Jrnl. Lab. & Clin. Med. 46 521 (title) Survival of radiochromate-labeled platelets in rabbits.

1988 Amer. Jrnl. Med. 85 276/1 They directly injected radiochromate and not tagged erythrocytes, one hour after cannulation of the bile duct.

radiofibrinogen n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)fʌɪˈbrɪnədʒ(ə)n/

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈfʌɪbrᵻnədʒ(ə)n/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˌfaɪˈbrɪnədʒən/

/ˌreɪdioʊˌfaɪˈbrɪnəˌdʒɛn/

ΚΠ

1965 Minerva Nucl. 9 250 (title) The time course of radiofibrinogen uptake in the I.R.E. sarcoma and in acute inflammatory process as induced in rats.

1977 Lancet 5 Feb. 303/2 We infer that the clots were formed after radio-fibrinogen had been administered.

1993 G. T. Kinasewitz in D. A. Mahler Pulmonary Dis. Elderly Patient xiii. 394 Radiofibrinogen scanning is..highly accurate in detecting recent..thrombi in the calf veins and the popliteal vein.

radioiodide n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪəʊˈʌɪədʌɪd/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈaɪəˌdaɪd/

ΚΠ

1942 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 64 942/1 The freshly prepared sample of sodium radio-iodide was dissolved in..absolute alcohol.

2001 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 9302/1 After irradiation, the target was subjected to dry distillation to release the trapped radioiodide.

radiophosphate n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈfɒsfeɪt/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈfɑsˌfeɪt/

ΚΠ

1923 Nebraska State Jrnl. 3 Apr. 2/5 When made radioactive with solutions of radiophosphate of potash, it absorbs nitrogen from the air and forms a perfect fertilizer.

1951 New Biol. 10 40 A sample of blood is withdrawn and mixed with radiophosphate, in the form of sodium or chromium phosphate.

1992 Current Opinion Radiol. 4 62 Radiophosphate is highly sensitive in detecting bone disease.

radiosulphate n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈsʌlfeɪt/

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈsʌlfət/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˈsəlˌfeɪt/

ΚΠ

1950 Industr. & Engin. Chem. 42 2232/2 In wheat, as much as 60 to 80% of the radiosulfate taken up by the plant is found in the kernels at maturity.

1963 Jrnl. Parasitol. 49 122/1 Since H. medioplexus is a blood-sucking parasite, it is probable that radiosulphate was ingested as the worms fed on the host's blood.

1999 Vet. Res. Communic. 23 101 In vitro cartilage proteoglycan synthesis from a radiosulphate precursor..was significantly inhibited by 50 μmol/L indomethacin.

radiothyroxine n.

Brit.

/ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)θʌɪˈrɒksiːn/

U.S.

/ˌreɪdioʊˌθaɪˈrɑkˌsin/

/ˌreɪdioʊˌθaɪˈrɑks(ə)n/

ΚΠ

1948 Science 2 Apr. 354/2 The ease of preparation of radiothyroxine of high specific activity should facilitate further research.

1970 Jrnl. Clin. Investig. 49 1266/1 During oral administration of diphenylhydantoin..the plasma radiothyroxine disappearance rate increased.

2001 Jrnl. Nucl. Med. 42 975/1 Conversion of radioiodide to circulating radiothyroxine by functioning carcinomas increases the absorbed radiation in normal tissues.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	radio-
释义	radio-comb. form¹ Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly. Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: radius n., -o- connective. Etymology: < radius n. + -o- connective. Compare French radio- (formations in which are found from at least the late 18th cent.; compare radio-phalangettien (1789 or earlier)), scientific Latin radio- (formations in which are found from at least the end of the 18th cent.; however, such formations appear to be considerably rarer than in French).Found in a small number of formations exemplified below from the early 19th cent., originally in adaptations of French anatomical terms. Combining with second elements ultimately of Latin origin. Anatomy and Zoology. 1. Forming adjectives with the sense ‘of or relating to the radius and the ——’. radiocarpal adj. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈkɑːpl/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈkɑrp(ə)l/ [after French radio-carpien (1801 or earlier)] ΚΠ 1822 J. Lizars Syst. Anat. Plates I. 92 Ligamentum transversum. Radio-carpal ligament. 1855 L. Holden Human Osteol. 123 (heading) Radio-carpal joint. 1910 S. Sisson Text-bk. Vet. Anat. 205 Two oblique, somewhat elastic, bands cross the front of the radio-carpal and intercarpal joints. 1998 Jrnl. Hand Surg. 23B 406 Dynamic studies demonstrated no sign of radiocarpal instability. † radio-digital adj. [after French radio-digital (1828 or earlier)] Obsolete rare Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II. 430/1 Radio-digital, radial nerve. radiohumeral adj. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈhjuːm(ə)rəl/ , /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈhjuːm(ə)rl̩/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈ(h)jumərəl/ [compare French radio-huméral (1834 or earlier)] ΚΠ 1831 W. S. Cox Synopsis Bones 278 The radio-humeral articulation. 1976 Pediatr. Radiol. 4 103 Three generations of a family manifest similar skeletal abnormalities..[including] abnormalities of the elbows (radial head dislocation, radiohumeral synostosis). 1998 Hand Clin. 14 65 The limb function has been adversely related to ipsilateral hand deformities and radiohumeral synostosis. † radio-muscular adj. Obsolete rare Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1833 R. Dunglison New Dict. Med. Sci. II. 242/1 Radio-muscular, a name given to the branches sent off from the radial artery to the muscles of the fore-arm. radiopalmar adj. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈpalmə/ , /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈpalmɑː/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈpɑ(l)mər/ , /ˌreɪdioʊˈpælmər/ [after French radio-palmaire (1823 or earlier)] ΚΠ 1862 Medico-chirurg. Trans. 45 238 Radio-palmar half of hand. 1900 Lancet 3 Mar. 618/1 On the left there was an entire absence of the radius with a club hand of the radio-palmar variety. 1940 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 28 548 The minute surface for the second [metacarpal] being relegated to the radio-palmar angle of the trapezoid. 1992 Ann. Vasc. Surg. 6 418 The procedures performed included four radiopalmar bypasses, two ulnar-palmar bypasses, one distal radial bypass and one palmopalmar bypass. radioulnar adj. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈʌlnə/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈəlnər/ ΚΠ 1831 W. S. Cox Synopsis Bones 77 Radio-ulnar articulations. 1957 J. C. Adams Outl. Fractures v. 130 Other complications that are seen occasionally are subluxation of the inferior radio-ulnar joint [etc.]. 1993 S. J. Ettinger Pocket Compan. Textbk. Vet. Internal Med. cxx. 793 Healing of this fracture can occur at four to five months of age following cutting of the radioulnar ligament and freeing of the ulna from the distal pull of the radius. 2. radioulna n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈʌlnə/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈəlnə/ Anatomy and Zoology the radius and ulna considered together as a unit; spec. (in frogs and toads, and certain other tetrapods) a single bone of the forelimb consisting of a fused radius and ulna. ΚΠ 1889 Lancet 25 May 1034/2 On the dorsum of each foot there was a mass of growth, and another surrounded the tibio-fibula and the radio-ulna. 1897 T. J. Parker & W. A. Haswell Text-bk. Zool. II. xii. 253 The fore-limbs [of the frog] deviate from the typical structure..chiefly in the fusion of the radius and ulna into a single radio-ulna. 1960 D. C. Braungart & R. Buddeke Introd. Animal Biol. (ed. 5) xviii. 266 The forearm [of the frog] is supported also by a single bone, the radioulna, formed by the fusion of two bones, the radius and the ulna, which are separate and distinct bones in the higher vertebrates. 1985 Canad. Jrnl. Animal Sci. 65 835 The weights of the radio-ulna, metacarpal and metatarsal bones [of cattle] were not significantly affected by gender or treatment. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). radio-comb. form² Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly. Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin radius , -o- connective. Etymology: < classical Latin radius ray (see radius n.) + -o- connective, originally after radiation n. (in later use also after radium n.). Compare radio- comb. form³, and discussion at that entry. Compare also earlier radio- comb. form¹.Attested earliest in radiometer n.², the combining form is very frequent from the late 19th cent. onwards, owing to its extensive use in scientific and medical terms connected with (electromagnetic and ionizing) radiation (compare radiograph n.¹, radiography n.², radiometer n.² 1, radiology n., etc.) and radioactivity (compare radioactive adj., radiochemistry n., radioelement n., etc.). Compare French radio- (formations in which are found from the late 19th cent.), German radio- (formations in which are found from at least the early 20th cent.; compare radiohalo n.¹). Adaptations of French terms, which are found from the end of the 19th cent., include radioactive adj. and probably also radiology n. 1. Connected with rays or radiation, esp. ionizing radiation. radiodermatitis n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)dəːməˈtʌɪtᵻs/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˌdərməˈtaɪdᵻs/ [compare French radiodermite (1905)] Medicine acute or chronic skin disease caused by exposure to X-rays or other ionizing radiation; also called radiation dermatitis. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > skin disorders > [noun] > other diseases or conditions impetigo1398 deadingc1400 St Anthonyc1405 foulness1559 acrochordon1565 foulness1583 heat1597 bleach1601 Anthony's fire1609 desquamation1726 sivvens1762 erythema1778 rupia1813 morula1817 dermalgia1842 mycosis1846 cheloid1854 keloid1854 morule1857 kelis1864 dermatosis1866 epithelioma1872 vagabond's disease1876 vagabond's skin1876 dermatitis1877 erysipeloid1888 Ritter's disease1888 acanthosis nigricans1890 angiokeratoma1891 sunburn1891 porokeratosis1893 acrodermatitis1894 epidermolysis1894 keratolysis1895 dermographism1896 neurodermatitis1896 peau d'orange1896 X-ray dermatitis1897 dermatomyositis1899 papulo-erythema1899 pyodermia1899 tar acne1899 dermographia1900 radiodermatitis1903 poikiloderma1907 neurodermatosis1909 leishmanoid1922 razor burn1924 pyoderma1930 photodermatosis1931 photodermatitis1933 necrobiosis lipoidica1934 pyoderma gangrenosum1936 fassy1943 acrodermatitis enteropathica1945 chicken skin1946 nylon stocking dermatitis1947 Sézary('s) syndrome1953 pigskin1966 washerwoman's skin1981 strimmer rash1984 1903 Progressive Med. 3 161 Heidingsfeld's case was a bullous radiodermatitis. 1930 Times Educ. Suppl. 2 Aug. p. iv/3 The Cross of the Legion of Honour has been conferred on Dr. Jean Chabry, whose experimental work in radiology has resulted in an attack of radiodermatitis, necessitating amputation of his right arm. 2001 T. A. Scaletta & J. J. Schaider Emergent Managem. Trauma (ed. 2) 403 Areas of erythema that develop within 48 h will usually progress to ulceration or chronic radiodermatitis. radiometallography n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪəʊmɛtəˈlɒɡrəfi/ , /ˌreɪdɪəʊmɛtlˈɒɡrəfi/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˌmɛdəˈlɑɡrəfi/ now rare the study of metals using X-rays; radiography of metals. ΚΠ 1919 Times 30 Apr. 7/2 Experiments in radiometallography. 1920 Glasgow Herald 5 Mar. 9 The development of this science of radio-metallography depends..upon the discovery of a detector more sensitive to the rays than those at present known. 1964 L. B. Firnberg tr. H. Piraux Radioisotopes xi. 226 The industrial applications of radioisotopes are at present chiefly concerned with the internal structure of matter..due partly to the extreme simplicity of the equipment compared with the classic methods of X-ray radiometallography. radiomicrometer n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪəʊmʌɪˈkrɒmᵻtə/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˌmaɪˈkrɑmədər/ [compare French radiomicromètre (1890)] now historical an instrument for measuring very weak infrared or microwave radiation. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical instruments > instruments for measuring > [noun] > light or radiation phaometer1747 photometer1779 diaphanometer1789 lucimeter1825 refractometer1842 Abbe refractometer1876 dietheroscope1877 reflectometer1879 radiomicrometer1887 holophotometer1888 flicker photometer1896 microphotometer1899 diffractometer1909 spot meter1952 photopolarimeter1971 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > radio wave > microwave > [noun] > instrument for measuring radiomicrometer1887 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > chromatism > [noun] > spectrum > instrument for measuring radiomicrometer1887 1887 C. V. Boys in Proc. Royal Soc. 42 189 (title) Preliminary note on the ‘radio-micrometer’. 1908 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1907 621 The first thing is to tune up the receiver accurately. This can be done by a Duddell radio-micrometer. 1944 H. Laurens in O. Glasser Med. Physics 594 The non-selective type of radiation detector is exemplified by a radiometer, radiomicrometer, thermopile or bolometer. 1999 J. Hecht City of Light (2004) iii. 31 Boys used them in an instrument he called a ‘radiomicrometer’, with which he could detect the heat from a candle nearly two miles (three kilometers) away. radiostereometric adj. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)stɛrɪə(ʊ)ˈmɛtrɪk/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˌstɛriəˈmɛtrɪk/ of or relating to the examination of three-dimensional objects using radiographic techniques, esp. as used for diagnostic purposes in orthopaedics. ΚΠ 1994 Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 65 517 Cemented versus uncemented socket in hip arthroplasty. A radiostereometric study of 60 randomized hips followed for 2 years. 2006 Jrnl. Biomech. Engin. 128 604 The position of the humerus and scapula were measured using the model-based tracking system and with a previously validated dynamic radiostereometric analysis (RSA) technique. 2. Connected with radioactivity. radiobromination n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)brəʊmᵻˈneɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˌbroʊməˈneɪʃ(ə)n/ labelling of a substance by the incorporation of a radioactive isotope of bromine. ΚΠ 1978 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 534 186 This technique has been adapted for radiobromination of fibrinogen and has been shown to produce labeled proteins of exceptional stability as regards dehalogenation. 2003 Nucl. Med. & Biol. 30 18/1 Radioiodination and radiobromination were accomplished with radiochemical yields of 87.3% ± 3.2% and 58.0% ± 5.6%, respectively, by using the appropriate radiohalogen and peracetic acid. radiochromatogram n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)krə(ʊ)ˈmatəɡram/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˌkroʊˈmædəˌɡræm/ a chromatogram of a radioactively labelled preparation, analysed by scanning to locate the radioactivity. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactive isotope > radioactive label > [noun] > chromatogram radiochromatogram1952 fingerprint1956 1952 Nucleonics Mar. 56/1 When the radiochromatogram is plotted as net rate of count against distance along the strip, w [= the total weight of labelled component] is proportional to the area enclosed by the relevant part of the curve. 1972 Physics Bull. May 298/1 A unique rapid imaging system which promised to shorten the time to locate the radioactive regions on thin layer radiochromatograms. 1988 L. Stryer Biochem. (ed. 3) xxii. 534 The radiochromatogram of the algal suspension after seconds of illumination was so complex..that it was not feasible to detect the earliest intermediate in the fixation of CO₂. radiodating n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈdeɪtɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈdeɪdɪŋ/ any method of dating rocks, fossils, artefacts, etc., which depends on the measurement of the proportions of radioactive isotopes, e.g. radiocarbon and potassium–argon dating. ΘΚΠ the world > time > reckoning of time > chronology > [noun] > assignment to a time or dating > dating methods fluorine test1895 cross-dating1939 age dating1941 carbon–14 dating1950 radiocarbon dating1950 carbon dating1952 radiodating1962 radiometric dating1963 TL-dating1972 1962 A. Beiser Earth vi. 132 Recently, radio-dating studies have been made of meteorite fragments, giving age estimates as great as 4.5 billion years. 1965 Times 16 Nov. 10/3 Pottery is the commonest artifact discovered in ancient sites, but carbon-14 methods of radio-dating serve only for organic matter like wood or cloth. 1975 K. H. Goulding in Williams & Wilson Biologist's Guide to Princ. & Techniques Pract. Biochem. vi. 196 The assumptions made in radiodating are sweeping and hence palaeontologists and anthropologists who use this technique can only give very approximate dates to their samples. 1993 Jrnl. Petrol. 34 653 Radiodating shows that both types of leucogranite have identical ages of 372 ± 3 Ma. radioenzymatic adj. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪəʊɛnzʌɪˈmatɪk/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˌɛnzəˈmædɪk/ , /ˌreɪdioʊˌɛnˌzaɪˈmædɪk/ Biochemistry designating a method of determining the presence or concentration of a substance by subjecting it to an enzymatic reaction with another, radiolabelled substrate and measuring the radiolabelled reaction product. ΚΠ 1965 Jrnl. Lab. & Clin. Med. 66 294 (title) A radioenzymatic assay for folic acid antagonists. 1982 S. R. Philips in A. Lajtha Handbk. Neurochem. (ed. 2) II. v. 103 Since the late 1960s, radioenzymatic assays have been developed for many of the neurotransmitters and, in some cases, for some of their precursors and metabolites. 1998 New Scientist 25 July 106/1 (advt.) The project particularly involves the use of..radioenzymatic analysis and biochemical separation procedures. radiogene n. Brit. /ˈreɪdɪə(ʊ)dʒiːn/ , U.S. /ˈreɪdioʊˌdʒin/ rare (now disused) an apparatus for obtaining radium emanation (radon-222) in solution. ΚΠ 1916 R. Knox X-ray Therapeutics & Radium Therapy II. 357 (caption) Radiogene (Siemens)... Insoluble sulphate of radium is placed in the small receptacle C in the vessel F... The vessel F is..filled with the water or other liquid which is..to be rendered radioactive. radioligand n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈlɪɡ(ə)nd/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈlaɪɡənd/ , /ˌreɪdioʊˈlɪɡənd/ a radiolabelled compound that has a strong affinity for a particular receptor; a radiolabelled form of a ligand. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactive isotope > radioactive label > [noun] > compound linked to receptor radioligand1970 1970 Acta Endocrinol. Suppl. 147 79 (title) Computer analysis of radioligand assay and radioimmunoassay data. 2005 L. E. Limbird Cell Surface Receptors (ed. 3) iii. 71 At steady state, the concentration of free radioligand is equal on both sides of the dialysis membrane. radioluminography n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)luːmᵻˈnɒɡrəfi/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˌluməˈnɑɡrəfi/ a form of autoradiography using a phosphor containing a radioisotope which becomes luminescent on being scanned with a laser beam. ΚΠ 1993 Appl. Radiation & Isotopes 44 1011 The new method involves putting an aqueous radioactive sample onto the flat-bottomed wells of a polystyrene microplate, preparing a pellicle by lyophilization, and determining the radioactivity using radioluminography. 2002 Internat. Jrnl. Radiation Biol. 78 407 Quantitative images of the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of a range of antibodies in tumour were acquired using radioluminography. radionuclide n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈnjuːklʌɪd/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈn(j)uˌklaɪd/ a radioactive nuclide; cf. radioisotope n. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactive isotope > radioactive nuclide > [noun] nuclide1947 radionuclide1947 1947 T. P. Kohman in Amer. Jrnl. Physics 15 356/2 Radionuclide should replace radioelement and radioisotope in most applications. 1964 Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. 2 259 [Among fish] herbivores and omnivores tend to concentrate the same radionuclides which are present in plankton. 1977 I. M. Campbell Energy & Atmosphere vii. 187 The radionuclide ¹⁴C is produced naturally in the atmosphere by cosmic radiation but the level was almost doubled by the atmospheric nuclear-weapon testing of the 1960's. 1996 Focus Apr. 34/1 In Ukraine, radionuclides from the nuclear fuel still inside the sarcophagus are seeping into the water table. radiophosphorylated adj. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)fɒsˈfɒrᵻleɪtᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˌfɑsˈfɔrəˌleɪdᵻd/ phosphorylated with phosphate groups containing a radioactive isotope of phosphorus. ΚΠ 1978 Exper. Cell Res. 113 173 (title) Serum proteins associated with tissue culture cells as demonstrated by the use of enzymatically radio-phosphorylated serum. 1999 Plant Physiol. 119 455 When [³³P]Glc-6-P was administered to the amyloplasts, radiophosphorylated starch was produced. radiophotoluminescence n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)fəʊtə(ʊ)luːmᵻˈnɛsns/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˌfoʊdoʊˌluməˈnɛs(ə)ns/ the property of certain materials of being photoluminescent under visible or esp. ultraviolet light after being exposed to nuclear radiation. ΚΠ 1924 Sci. Abstr. A. 27 298 Radio-photoluminescence, i.e. the property after treatment with Becquerel rays of being excited by ordinary light to longer and stronger giving out of light, is shown by kunzite and fluorspar. 2005 Internat. Jrnl. Radiation Oncol. Biol. Physics 61 946 Differences in fluorescence decay time between surface contamination (0.3 μs) and radiophotoluminescence (3 μs) allow discrimination between signal resulting from contamination with finger grease or saliva from that resulting from absorbed radiation dose. radiostereoassay n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)stɛrɪəʊˈaseɪ/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˌstɛrioʊˈæˌseɪ/ [ < radio- comb. form² + stereo- comb. form + assay n., after radioimmunoassay n.] rare a biological assay technique in which the test substance is determined by allowing it to bind to a suitable protein or antibody in competition with a known quantity of radioactively labelled material, the extent of reaction being measured radiologically; (usually applied to non-immunological methods such as radioenzymatic assay: cf. radioimmunoassay n.). ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > immunogenesis > [noun] > immunological assays radioimmunoassay1961 radioallergosorbent test1967 radiostereoassay1967 radioreceptor assay1970 1967 B. E. P. Murphy in Jrnl. Clin. Endocrinol. 27 973/2 Such methods have been termed by the author ‘competitive protein binding (CPB) analysis’ and by R. P. Ekins ‘saturation analysis’, but because of their basic similarity to radioimmunoassays..the name ‘radiostereoassay’ has also been suggested [by the writer] as an analogous term which could be applied to both types of assay. 1974 Nature 22 Feb. 563/2 Before it can act, vitamin D must first be converted to its 25-hydroxy derivative..in the liver, and this chief circulating metabolite can be measured by radio-stereo-assay, thus providing a precise index of vitamin D nutritional status. radiothermal adj. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈθəːml/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈθərm(ə)l/ of, relating to, or involving the production of heat by radioactive decay. ΚΠ 1908 J. Joly in Nature 10 Sept. 461/1 In the earlier days of the earth's cooling the radiation loss was far in excess of the radio-thermal heating. 1968 Science 1 Mar. 973/1 It is interesting to use the measured electrical properties of basalt, in conjunction with the lunar radar and radiothermal observations, to refine the estimates of the density of the surface layers. 2002 Washington Post (Home ed.) 18 Mar. a12/4 (caption) Nuclear-powered radiothermal generators, or RTGs..have been used since the 1960s to power machines ranging from spacecraft to navigational beacons. radiotracer n. Brit. /ˈreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˌtreɪsə/ , U.S. /ˈreɪdioʊˌtreɪsər/ a radioactive tracer (cf. tracer n.¹ 2c). ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > instrument for detection > [noun] > substance used as tracer tracer1938 radiotracer1949 the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > tests > [noun] > materials used in testing test-meal1891 mucicarmine1896 pastille1906 barium meal1913 barium enema1930 mecholyl1934 radioiodine1935 cardiolipin1942 histoplasmin1945 barium swallow1946 methacholine1948 radiotracer1949 piperoxan1950 radio pill1957 1949 Sci. Monthly Dec. 356/2 Metabolism in plants of such elements as calcium, zinc, rubidium, and iron have also been studied with radiotracers. 1962 Newnes Conc. Encycl. Nucl. Energy 341/1 The oil industry is perhaps the greatest single user of radiotracers, which enter into every phase of production from oil well to refinery. 1998 Jrnl. Nucl. Med. 39 339 Increased lung uptake of the radiotracer may reflect severe or multivessel coronary artery disease. 3. Prefixed to the names of chemical elements, ions, and compounds. a. Designating a radioactive isotope of the named element (in early use occasionally of a chemically similar element, or that of which the isotope is a decay product). (a) radiobromine n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈbrəʊmiːn/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈbroʊˌmin/ ΚΠ 1935 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 57 592/1 They both showed..an activity regularly decaying with a half period of about six hours, corresponding to E. Fermi's radiobromine. 1955 C. L. Comar Radioisotopes in Biol. & Agric. vi. 216 The absorption and translocation of electrolytes in plants has been studied with radiobromine. 1995 Acta Physiol. Scand. 155 157 Fluid shifts were measured..utilizing a simultaneous, radionuclide dilution technique, in which..radiobromine and tritiated water were used to measure..extracellular and total body water volumes. radiocaesium n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈsiːzɪəm/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈsiziəm/ ΚΠ 1935 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 57 781/2 It seemed possible that radio-cesium might be an exception to the rule and emit a positron since the emission of an electron would result in the formation of Ba¹³⁴ which apparently does not exist in nature. 1955 Bull. Atomic Scientists Oct. 287/3 The long-lived useful products radiocaesium and radiostrontium will be separated from the rest of the fission products and concentrated into radioactive sources. 1993 Guardian 18 Nov. ii. 12/4 Hello and goodbye to the tiny village of Lelev, soon to be dismantled, when anybody can work out how to do it without sending up showers of radiocaesium. radiocerium n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈsɪərɪəm/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈsɪriəm/ ΚΠ 1952 Jrnl. Physical Chem. 56 869/1 The radiocerium was incorporated in the cerous valence state. 2002 M. S. Gerber On Home Front (ed. 2) vii. 182 Caused by exposure to..the atomic fission products yttrium, radiocerium (Ce-144), and radiostrontium (Sr-90), the malady produced liver and spleen damage. radiochlorine n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈklɔːriːn/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈklɔˌrin/ ΚΠ 1935 Physical Rev. 48 571/1 During a study of the beta-radiation from a sample of silver radiochloride..it was found possible to follow the decay of the radiochlorine. 1954 Bull. Atomic Scientists 10 350/1 A bomb burst close to sea water would produce vast quantities of radiosodium and radiochlorine. 2006 Jrnl. Environmental Radioactivity 89 62 The migration of radiochlorine may be enhanced due to anion exclusion. radiocobalt n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈkəʊbɔːlt/ , /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈkəʊbɒlt/ , /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈkəʊb(ə)lt/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈkoʊˌbɔlt/ , /ˌreɪdioʊˈkoʊˌbɑlt/ ΚΠ 1938 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 60 1785/2 This activity is due to a radio-cobalt which can be formed only by the bombardment of iron. 1961 R. Calder in J. F. Dewhurst et al. Europe's Needs & Resources xxv. 800 Today radium has been displaced as a medical auxiliary by such by-products of fission as radiocobalt and radiocesium. 1985 Jrnl. Radioanalytical & Nucl. Chem. 95 359 The established method can be applicable for rapid and reliable determination of radiocobalt in seawater. radiocopper n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈkɒpə/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈkɑpər/ ΚΠ 1935 Nature 27 July 141/2 After 30 minutes, more than half the radio-copper is deposited on the plate. 1967 Brain 90 150 Working with radiocopper (⁶⁴Cu and ⁶⁷Cu) Osborn and I have repeatedly demonstrated that the counting rate over the liver rises immediately after injection. 2005 Clin. Gastroenterol. & Hepatol. 3 816/2 Tests such as measurement of radiocopper incorporation into ceruloplasmin are now rarely used because of the difficulty in obtaining isotope. radiofluorine n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈflʊəriːn/ , /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈflɔːriːn/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈflʊˌrin/ , /ˌreɪdioʊˈflɔˌrin/ ΚΠ 1934 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 146 211 The effect must be due to some common contamination on all surfaces such as occluded gas and is undoubtedly the radio-fluorine reported by Wertenstein as formed from nitrogen. 1986 Appl. Radiation & Isotopes 37 1135 Methods used for the characterization of various chemical forms of radiofluorine are outlined. radiogold n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈɡəʊld/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈɡoʊld/ ΚΠ 1947 Science 29 Aug. 176/2 The therapeutic value of colloidal radiogold..in cases of lymphoid malignancy. 1955 Sci. News Let. 19 Mar. 184/3 A gram of radiogold, costing about $25, can irradiate tissues with the power that would be obtained from a $20,000 chunk of radium. 1995 Scanning Microsc. 9 239 A more tractable application is the direct instillation into the urinary bladder of radiogold immunoconjugates to treat superficial bladder carcinoma. radioiron n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈʌɪən/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈaɪ(ə)rn/ ΚΠ 1938 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 60 1785/1 One radio-iron isotope is produced when iron is bombarded with deuterons. 1960 Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 104 442/2 This calculation is based on the assumption that loss of radioiron from liver between 0–3 hrs is negligible. 1985 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 9 Nov. 1333 Iron absorption is being studied by extrinsic labelling of foods with radioiron. radiopotassium n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)pəˈtasɪəm/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊpəˈtæsiəm/ , /ˌreɪdioʊˌpoʊˈtæsiəm/ ΚΠ 1937 Sci. Monthly July 96/2 One possible explanation is that..this change [in nuclear rotation] is so great that it slows down the radioactivity enormously and gives radiopotassium its unusually long life. 1977 Jrnl. Nucl. Med. 18 1167 Thallium-201 can substitute for radiopotassium in myocardial imaging. 1996 Water Res. 30 1539 The total gamma activity of sediments appeared to be due to all determined radionuclides with a major contribution of the naturally occurring radiopotassium. radiorubidium n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ruːˈbɪdɪəm/ , /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)rᵿˈbɪdɪəm/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˌruˈbɪdiəm/ ΚΠ 1946 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 33 107/1 The production of the radio-rubidium and radio-phosphorus. 1987 Physics in Med. & Biol. 32 173 ICRP Reference Man has a total Rb content of 0.68g, compared with our estimate of only 0.25g…This has important dosimetric implications for radiorubidium. radioruthenium n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ruːˈθiːnɪəm/ , /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)rᵿˈθiːnɪəm/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˌruˈθiniəm/ ΚΠ 1946 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 90 16/1 Among the first products that are given off in the chemical process are radio-xenon, radio-iodine and radio-ruthenium. 1998 Jrnl. Environmental Radioactivity 38 317 Groups of sheep were given single oral administrations of radiocerium, radioruthenium, and radiosilver. radiosilver n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈsɪlvə/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈsɪlvər/ ΚΠ 1936 Chem. Rev. 18 487 Neutron capture..gives rise to radiosilver isotopes with half-lives of 22 seconds and 2.3 minutes. 1971 Nature 10 Dec. 347/1 The reaction ¹⁰⁹Ag (n, 2n)^108mAg does seem to be important in thermonuclear bomb production of radiosilver. 1994 Cell Biophysics 24–5 1 Radiosilver-111 and Radiogold-199 were proposed by us as suitable isotopes for radioimmunotherapy in areas such as India by reason of their suitable half-lives. radiosodium n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈsəʊdɪəm/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈsoʊdiəm/ ΚΠ 1934 Science 9 Nov. 8/2 Radio-sodium gives out its rays for a long time. 1951 New Biol. 10 39 It has also been shown that radiosodium is actively transferred inwards across a frogskin membrane into a solution of higher sodium concentration than that of the external medium. 1984 Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. 246 E436 Radiosodium uptake by both the whole thyroid and by the luminal fluid..did not reach maximal levels until 16–24h after injection of the radioisotope. (b) radioactinium n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪəʊakˈtɪnɪəm/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˌækˈtɪniəm/ now chiefly historical an isotope of thorium (thorium-227) which is produced by beta decay of actinium and itself decays by alpha emission with a half-life of 18.7 days. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactive isotope > specific isotopes > [noun] > thorium radioactinium1906 ionium1907 1906 O. Hahn in Nature 12 Apr. 560/1 I have found that a new product is present in actinium which is intermediate between actinium and actinium X, and..will be called..‘radio-actinium’. 1926 R. W. Lawson tr. G. von Hevesy & F. A. Paneth Man. Radioactivity xxiii. 164 The β-radiation of actinium, the existence of which it is necessary to assume in order to explain its transformation into radioactinium, is too weak to be detected. 1989 R. Pflaum Grand Obsession xvi. 274 Marie got up before daybreak to prepare personally the source of radioactinium he needed. radiobismuth n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈbɪzməθ/ , /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈbɪsməθ/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈbɪzməθ/ †(a) = radiotellurium n. (a) (obsolete); (b) any radioactive isotope of bismuth. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactive isotope > specific isotopes > [noun] > polonium radiobismuth1903 radiotellurium1903 1903 E. Rutherford & F. Soddy in London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 5 585 The question whether polonium (radio-bismuth) is a new element is of great interest. 1954 Analyt. Chem. 26 177/1 One of the simplest preparations of carrier-free isotopes was the production of a mixed solution of radiolead and radiobismuth. 1975 Radiation Res. 63 443 (title) Metabolic studies with radiobismuth... Retention and distribution of ²⁰⁶Bi in the normal rat. 1993 Cancer Res. 53 5683 We studied the capacity of the antibody–chelate complex to retain radiobismuth. radiolead n. Brit. /ˈreɪdɪəʊlɛd/ , U.S. /ˈreɪdioʊˌlɛd/ a mixture of isotopes of lead, together with some bismuth and polonium, which constitutes the longer-lived product of the decay of radon; (also) lead-210 (radium D), the major radioactive component of this mixture, which decays by beta emission with a half-life of about 22 years. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactive isotope > specific isotopes > [noun] > radium > radon > mixture radiolead1903 1903 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 5 585 The radio-lead described by Hoffmann and Strauss and by Giesel cannot be regarded as a new element until it is shown that it has permanent activity of a distinctive character. 1910 Nature 24 Feb. 492/1 The most natural source of polonium is radium D (radio-lead), which grows polonium and has a period of half-transformation of about twenty years. 1926 R. W. Lawson tr. G. von Hevesy & F. A. Paneth Man. Radioactivity xiv. 118 Polonium..can be prepared..from solutions of the salts of radio-lead, which..contains an isotope of bismuth (RaE) and three isotopes of lead (RaD, RaG, Pb). 1941 Jrnl. Appl. Physics 12 440/2 The detection of radio-lead by its radioactivity is more than a million times more sensitive than the ordinary chemical and physical methods. 1989 Toxicol. & Appl. Pharmacol. 99 314 Low values of pH diminished the uptake and enhanced the release of radiolead by erythrocytes. 2007 Jrnl. Environmental Radioactivity 92 84 However, as the age of sediment increases, its radiolead content has an increasingly minor impact on inventory. radiostrontium n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈstrɒntɪəm/ , /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈstrɒnʃ(ɪ)əm/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈstrɑn(t)ʃiəm/ , /ˌreɪdioʊˈstrɑn(t)iəm/ a radioactive isotope of strontium; spec. strontium-90, which is a product of uranium fission and decays by beta emission with a half-life of about 29 years. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > strontium > [noun] > compounds > other strontian water1789 radiostrontium1940 1940 Science 22 Nov. 10/1 This radioactive yttrium..must be considered at the present time merely as a by-product of the radio-strontium preparation. 1941 Jrnl. Appl. Physics 12 456/2 Radio-strontium [sc. strontium-85] has a half-life of 55 days, can be readily prepared in relatively large amounts, and emits very energetic beta-particles. 1958 Times 12 Nov. 4/2 A further report will be published shortly by the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, giving the 1957 figures for radiostrontium in soil, herbage, animal bone, and milk samples from the United Kingdom. 1972 Goldman & Bustad (title) Biomedical implications of radiostrontium exposure. 1995 Sci. Total Environment 172 17 Soil ingestion can be a major source of radiostrontium contamination in sheep and other free-grazing ruminants. radiotellurium n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)tɛˈl(j)ʊərɪəm/ , /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)tɛˈl(j)ɔːrɪəm/ , /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)tᵻˈl(j)ʊərɪəm/ , /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)tᵻˈl(j)ɔːrɪəm/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˌtɛˈlʊriəm/ , /ˌreɪdioʊtəˈlʊriəm/ †(a) an isotope of polonium (polonium-210, originally thought to be tellurium), which occurs in the radium decay series and decays by alpha emission with a half-life of about 138 days (obsolete); (b) any radioactive isotope of tellurium. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactive isotope > specific isotopes > [noun] > polonium radiobismuth1903 radiotellurium1903 1903 N.-Y. Tribune 12 July ii. 2/6 A local sensation was created in Berlin a few months ago by Professor Marckwald's announcement that he had found a new radio-active substance. He derived it from pitchblende, and was disposed to call it ‘radio-tellurium’. 1962 O. Hahn in Coll. Papers Ld. Rutherford I. 168 Eventually it turned out that polonium and radiotellurium were identical, and the latter name had to be dropped, although polonium is in fact a higher homologue of tellurium. 1971 W. J. Edwards & J. M. Bateman Adsorption of Tellurium from Aqueous Solution (Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.) Pref. i Radio-tellurium is a possible fission product and nickel oxide, or hydroxide, a potential trap for this method of detection. 1996 Nucl. Technol. 113 204/1 The irradiated targets are dissolved in a sulfuric acid medium, entailing the maintenance of radioiodine and radiotellurium..in the form of I⁻ (AgI) and Te(0), respectively. radiothorium n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈθɔːrɪəm/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈθɔriəm/ now chiefly historical an isotope of thorium (thorium-228) which occurs in small amounts in natural thorium and is formed by the beta decay of actinium-228, and which itself decays by alpha emission with a half-life of 1.9 years; (also) a mixture of radioactive isotopes of thorium, actinium, and radium, present as decay products in natural thorium. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > thorium > [noun] thorium1832 thorinum1836 radiothorium1905 1905 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 88 ii. 789 The author [sc. Ramsay] hence considers it very probable that the radioactive power of thorium is to be attributed to small quantities of this element, radiothorium. 1921 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 41 572 A much weaker source of α rays was obtained by dipping a nickel plate for a few seconds in a more dilute solution of radio~thorium. 1950 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) X. 435/1 The term radiothorium is loosely applied to the mixture of isotopes that can be separated from natural thorium and which contain the bulk of its activity. Such radiothorium consists of a mixture of meso-Th i, meso-Th ii, radium, and actinium isotopes, respectively, Th-X, a radium isotope, and their decay products, including true radiothorium or ²²⁸Th. 2001 Hindu (Nexis) 17 May Radiothorium had been characterized as a compound of ‘Th-x and stupidity’. Hahn soon convinced the skeptics in Rutherford's laboratory of the reality of his substance. b. Designating a compound, group, or ion containing a radioactive label. radiochloride n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈklɔːrʌɪd/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈklɔˌraɪd/ ΚΠ 1935 Physical Rev. 48 571/1 During a study of the beta-radiation from a sample of silver radiochloride..it was found possible to follow the decay of the radiochlorine. 2003 W. W. Shreeve & R. N. Pierson in L. E. Feinendegen et al. Molecular Nucl. Med. xii. 262/1 About 23% of the space penetrated in the first few hours by radio-bromide or radio-chloride is intracellular. radiochromate n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈkrəʊmeɪt/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈkroʊˌmeɪt/ ΚΠ 1955 Jrnl. Lab. & Clin. Med. 46 521 (title) Survival of radiochromate-labeled platelets in rabbits. 1988 Amer. Jrnl. Med. 85 276/1 They directly injected radiochromate and not tagged erythrocytes, one hour after cannulation of the bile duct. radiofibrinogen n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)fʌɪˈbrɪnədʒ(ə)n/ , /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈfʌɪbrᵻnədʒ(ə)n/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˌfaɪˈbrɪnədʒən/ , /ˌreɪdioʊˌfaɪˈbrɪnəˌdʒɛn/ ΚΠ 1965 Minerva Nucl. 9 250 (title) The time course of radiofibrinogen uptake in the I.R.E. sarcoma and in acute inflammatory process as induced in rats. 1977 Lancet 5 Feb. 303/2 We infer that the clots were formed after radio-fibrinogen had been administered. 1993 G. T. Kinasewitz in D. A. Mahler Pulmonary Dis. Elderly Patient xiii. 394 Radiofibrinogen scanning is..highly accurate in detecting recent..thrombi in the calf veins and the popliteal vein. radioiodide n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈʌɪədʌɪd/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈaɪəˌdaɪd/ ΚΠ 1942 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 64 942/1 The freshly prepared sample of sodium radio-iodide was dissolved in..absolute alcohol. 2001 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 9302/1 After irradiation, the target was subjected to dry distillation to release the trapped radioiodide. radiophosphate n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈfɒsfeɪt/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈfɑsˌfeɪt/ ΚΠ 1923 Nebraska State Jrnl. 3 Apr. 2/5 When made radioactive with solutions of radiophosphate of potash, it absorbs nitrogen from the air and forms a perfect fertilizer. 1951 New Biol. 10 40 A sample of blood is withdrawn and mixed with radiophosphate, in the form of sodium or chromium phosphate. 1992 Current Opinion Radiol. 4 62 Radiophosphate is highly sensitive in detecting bone disease. radiosulphate n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈsʌlfeɪt/ , /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈsʌlfət/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈsəlˌfeɪt/ ΚΠ 1950 Industr. & Engin. Chem. 42 2232/2 In wheat, as much as 60 to 80% of the radiosulfate taken up by the plant is found in the kernels at maturity. 1963 Jrnl. Parasitol. 49 122/1 Since H. medioplexus is a blood-sucking parasite, it is probable that radiosulphate was ingested as the worms fed on the host's blood. 1999 Vet. Res. Communic. 23 101 In vitro cartilage proteoglycan synthesis from a radiosulphate precursor..was significantly inhibited by 50 μmol/L indomethacin. radiothyroxine n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)θʌɪˈrɒksiːn/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˌθaɪˈrɑkˌsin/ , /ˌreɪdioʊˌθaɪˈrɑks(ə)n/ ΚΠ 1948 Science 2 Apr. 354/2 The ease of preparation of radiothyroxine of high specific activity should facilitate further research. 1970 Jrnl. Clin. Investig. 49 1266/1 During oral administration of diphenylhydantoin..the plasma radiothyroxine disappearance rate increased. 2001 Jrnl. Nucl. Med. 42 975/1 Conversion of radioiodide to circulating radiothyroxine by functioning carcinomas increases the absorbed radiation in normal tissues. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). radio-comb. form³ Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly. Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: radio- comb. form². Etymology: Originally a transferred use of radio- comb. form²; in later formations influenced by radio n.Forming a large number of scientific and technical terms, chiefly combining with second elements ultimately of Greek and Latin origin. Formations are found from the end of the 19th cent., apparently earliest in radio-telegraphy n., and subsequently in a number of related terms, e.g. radio-telegram n., radio-telegraph n., radio-telephone n. Compare also the noun radio n., and the discussion at that entry of the difficulty in determining whether some early examples show attributive use of the noun or compound formations with the combining form. The sense of the combining form, originally ‘Hertzian (i.e. radio) waves’, was later extended to ‘radio’ (as a medium of communication, a technology, etc.). Compare French radio- (formations in which are found from the end of the 19th cent.; compare radioconductor n.), German radio- (formations in which are found from at least the first half of the 20th cent.; compare radiosonde n.). On the early history of the combining form in French, see H. Cottez Dict. des structures du vocab. savant (ed. 4, 1985) at radio-. Connected with radio waves or radio communications. Cf. radio n. Compounds 3. radioconductor n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)kənˈdʌktə/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊkənˈdəktər/ [after French radioconducteur (E. Branly 1897, in Comptes rendus hebd. de l'Acad. des Sci. 125 941)] now historical = coherer n. ΘΚΠ society > communication > telecommunication > radio communications > radio equipment > [noun] > radio set > receiver > parts of coherer1894 radioconductor1897 barretter1903 cat's whisker1915 dial1922 radio dial1922 chassis1931 front end1938 1897 Electr. Rev. (U.S.) Dec. 317/4 The receiver, fixed on the pointer of a goniometer,..is derived from the radio-conductor with filings. 1906 S. R. Bottone tr. D. Mazzotto Wireless Telegr. & Telephony vii. 166 Branly gave the name of ‘radio-conductors’ to the tubes with filings, a name which some prefer, as it only points to the fact, leaving the true nature of the phenomenon unexplained. 1995 M. Estabrooks Electronic Technol. ii. 28 The Frenchman Edouard Branly discovered the radioconductor which worked on the principle that it became a conductor of electricity in the presence of an electromagnetic wave. radioheliograph n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈhiːlɪə(ʊ)ɡrɑːf/ , /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈhiːlɪə(ʊ)ɡraf/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈhilioʊˌɡræf/ Astronomy an interferometric radio telescope system designed to record instantaneous high-resolution images of the sun as observed at radio wavelengths. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical instruments > instrument for distant vision > [noun] > telescope > radio telescopes radio telescope1947 radioheliograph1960 1960 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 46 1262 It combines the principles of the multi-element interferometer and the Mills' cross, and may be regarded as a radio heliograph. 1973 Sci. Amer. Oct. 72/3 Spatial structure in the corona is studied on a second-by-second basis by a radioheliograph composed of 96 linked antennas each 45 feet in diameter. 1994 New Scientist 26 Feb. 44/2 There are three major instruments at the site…Perhaps the most unusual is the Nobeyama Radioheliograph, which is dedicated to studying the violent convulsions of the surface of the Sun. radioteletype n. Brit. /ˌreɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈtɛlᵻtʌɪp/ , U.S. /ˌreɪdioʊˈtɛləˌtaɪp/ a teleprinter which transmits and receives information by radio. ΘΚΠ society > communication > telecommunication > telegraphy or telephony > telegraphy > telegraph > [noun] > types of > radio-telegraphs wireless telegraph1895 Marconigraph1902 radio-telegraph1903 radiograph1904 spark telegraph1934 rig1935 radioteletype1939 RT1941 1939 H. K. Morgan Aircraft Radio & Electr. Equipm. xii. 325 It may be that by 1945 it will be considered profitable to equip transports with a tape or page radio teletype. 1949 A. Koestler Promise & Fulfilm. ii. iii. 236 Communications..are rather precarious, depending as they do on the vagaries of the American consul's radio teletype. 1976 S9 (N.Y.) May–June 137 (caption) Bart also monitors RTTY (radioteletype) and amateur radio SST (slow-scan television) signals. 1990 Yachting Feb. 78/3 Today's SSB transceivers can also receive and send radioteletype (RTTY),..facsimile..and encrypted voice messages. radiovisor n. Brit. /ˈreɪdɪə(ʊ)vʌɪzə/ , U.S. /ˈreɪdioʊˌvaɪzər/ now historical (chiefly U.S.) an early electromechanical form of television developed by Charles F. Jenkins; cf. televisor n. 1. ΚΠ 1928 Daily Express 5 Sept. 13/5 A moving picture has to be produced by means of apparatus which may be termed a radio-screen, radio-visor, or televisor. 1931 Daily Express 21 Sept. 8/2 It is now being accepted that an apparatus for receiving visual signals by wireless can be conveniently called a radiovisor. 1996 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 19 Apr. c1/1 A large part of the third floor is taken up with..curios like the 1931 Jenkins Radiovisor, a mechanical television that used a slotted, spinning wheel to transmit images. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < comb. form¹1822comb. form²1887comb. form³1897
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