pupiln.1
/ˈpjuːpl/, U.S. /ˈpjup(ə)l/ 1. Chiefly Civil Law. †An orphan who is a minor and consequently a ward (obsolete). Also (Scots Law): a person below the legal age of puberty (now rare or historical).In Scots Law the legal age of puberty was formerly 14 for a boy and 12 for a girl, at which point the child became a minor (cf. minor n. 3); these divisions were abolished by statute in 1986.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > person > child > [noun] > minor
pupilc1384
ward1433
minor1526
infanta1535
jail-bait1934
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > child > [noun] > orphan
stepchild971
stepbairnc1000
pupilc1384
orphana1450
orphelinc1450
orpheninc1450
orphanera1500
ward1559
orphanet1604
little Orphan Annie1910
war orphan1915
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Royal) James i. 27 To visite pupilles [L. pupillos], that is, fadirles or modirles, or bothe, and widewes in her tribulacioun.
1460 in Sc. Hist. Rev. (1947) 26 148 And sen it affeiris til us [sc. the king] of law to defend orphanis and pupillis beyng within age.
1487 Sc. Acts James III (1814) II. 177/2 Acciouns & complaintis made be kirkmen wedowis orphanis & pupillis.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. ccxxxix The French kyng..claymed to haue the order and mariage of the yonge lady, as a pupille, ward and orphane.
1574–5 in G. Donaldson Reg. Secreti Sigilli Regum Scotorum (1966) VII. 12/2 His hienes and his said regent..ar oblist to mantene pupillis in thair rychtis, and specialie these quhome of thay haif the warde and mariage.
a1618 J. Sylvester Iob Triumphant in tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Diuine Weekes & Wks. (1621) 926 They pluck the Pupill from the tender Brest.
1695 Cramond Kirk Session IV. 10 Sept. A complaint given in by Sir John Foulis of Revelstoun Drylaw's tutor of ane incroachment made upon his pupill Drylaws seatt in the church.
1761 D. Hume Hist. Eng. to Henry VII I. 271 The chancellor..was the guardian of all such minors and pupils as were the King's tenants.
a1768 J. Erskine Inst. Law Scotl. (1773) I. i. vii. §1 Tutory..is a power and faculty to govern the person, and to manage the estate, of a pupil.
1838 W. Bell Dict. Law Scotl. 492 Pupillarity..reaches from the birth of the child to the age of fourteen in males and twelve in females; and during this period they are termed pupils.
1869 Act 32 & 33 Victoria c. 116 §3 (Scotland) The judicial factor appointed to such pupil, minor, or lunatic.
1927 W. M. Gloag & R. C. Henderson Introd. Law Scotl. 47 A pupil may have a tutor, who may contract on his behalf. Whether he has a tutor or not he has no power to contract.
1999 University Toronto Law Jrnl. 49 146 The property of minors enjoyed special protections from fraud, and the guardian of such property was responsible for the unimpaired preservation of the pupil's property.
2.
a. A person who is being taught by another, esp. a schoolchild or student in relation to a teacher.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > learner > [noun] > pupil
discipleOE
scholarOE
clerka1425
pupil1531
eleve1736
school student1846
pup1871
1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour i. vi. sig. Cv The office of a tutor, is firste to knowe the nature of his pupil.
1563 J. Foxe Actes & Monuments 1543/1 There is but one in al thuniuersitie, that when he was a young man was my pupill.
1605 Stow's Ann. 1427 The Earle of Worcester and the Lord Zouche who had beene his puples when they were brought vp in Cambridge.
1627 Abp. G. Abbot in J. Rushworth Hist. Coll. (1659) 451 He was my Pupil at Oxford, and a very towardly one.
1680 R. Morden Geogr. Rectified (1685) 458 When the Pupil can read the Alcoran with perspicuity.
1700 J. Wallis in C. R. L. Fletcher Collectanea (1885) I. 314 Every tutor with his pupills.
1784 E. Allen Reason viii. §3. 328 She instructs those who are young and spritely among her pupils, to practise the most wild, freakish, wanton and romantic gestures.
1812 H. Davy Elements Chem. Philos. 6 This distinguished teacher..is said to have had a class of 2000 pupils.
1876 J. Grant Hist. Burgh Schools Scotl. ii. v. 161 The ordinance requiring the pupils of the grammar school of Glasgow to speak Latin only.
1891 E. Peacock Narcissa Brendon I. 120 He took pupils to increase his income.
1930 A. Cruse Englishman & his Bks. 85 From less than two pages of this work the pupil can learn all about the mechanism of a barrel organ.
1958 Observer 30 Nov. 19/5 Pupils shunted off to the posh new comprehensives.
2004 M. Potter Set Theory & its Philos. ix. 165 Cantor conjectured a special case of Bernstein's equinumerosity theorem in his 1883 book..but it was his pupil, Felix Bernstein, who proved it.
b. Law. A trainee barrister undergoing pupillage. Cf. pupillage n. 2b.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > legal profession > lawyer > [noun] > counsellor, barrister, or advocate > apprentice
prenticea1325
apprenticec1375
pupil1832
pupil barrister1968
1652 Anti-Levellers Antidote 24 One part of those who formerly were their puples or servants (now called the Six Clerks) have far out stripped them [sc. Master Clerks] in wealth, by doing nothing beneficial to the Publique, but mischievous.]
1832 Times 13 June 3 He gives to his dear friend and quondam amanuensis and pupil, Richard Doane, barrister-at-law, all his books on English law.
1869 A. Trollope Phineas Finn II. lxiii. 213 He would sooner go back to the Bar as the lowest pupil..than marry a woman simply because she had money.
1913 Final Rep. Royal Comm. Univ. Educ. in London (Cd. 6717) iii. 147 in Parl. Papers 1913 XXXX. 297 It is left to the man himself to obtain the training he needs, usually by the expensive process of entering a barrister's chambers as a pupil, or going into a solicitor's office.
1953 W. W. Boulton Guide to Conduct & Etiquette at Bar 51 A barrister may not receive as a pupil or accept a fee from any student or barrister not domiciled in the United Kingdom without satisfying himself that the pupil has informed the Treasury of the pupil's Inn.
1983 J. A. Flood Barristers' Clerks i. 12 Any barrister who has continuously practised for five years may take on a pupil.
2004 Daily Tel. 29 Apr. 18/3 Many barristers also fear that, with less money coming into chambers, they will have to stop paying pupils.
Compounds
C1. Appositive, with the sense ‘that is in the state of minority or pupilage’, ‘that is under age’ (see sense 1), as pupil child, pupil king, etc. Also figurative. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1607 E. Grimeston tr. Gen. Inuentorie Hist. France ii. 428 Hongarie was weake of men, and in the hands of a Pupill King, gouerned by Prelates and Barons of the realme.
1641 Naunton's Fragmenta Regalia sig. B4v Espying his time fitting, and the Soveraignitie in the hands of a Pupill Prince.
1700 J. Astry tr. D. de Saavedra Fajardo Royal Politician II. 255 Fear was a necessary Tutor to this Pupil People.
1773 J. Erskine Inst. Law Scotl. II. i. 110 That the father was tutor-in-law to his issue, was never doubted; for he must necessarily have that authority himself over his pupil children.
1887 Westm. Rev. Sept. 103 The custody of his pupil children.
1958 Times 4 July 7/1 The House allowed an appeal by Mr. William Miller as tutor and administrator at law of his pupil child.
1996 Irish Times (Nexis) 18 Oct. 13 Bowen, a 10th century knight whose young pupil prince..betrays him to become a vicious tyrant.
C2. (In sense 2.)
pupil barrister n. Law = sense 2b.
ΚΠ
1968 L. E. Vickers Law ix. 61 (heading) Articled clerks and pupil barristers.
2004 Guardian (Nexis) 3 Aug. 21 He was..the first head of chambers to establish financial help for pupil barristers, something now obligatory.
pupil-centred adj. Education that focuses primarily on the needs and interests of pupils.
ΚΠ
1926 Bridgeport (Connecticut) Telegram 4 Nov. 8/3 This is seen in the trend away from a content-centered to a pupil-centered curriculum.
1930 W. E. Wickenden in C. A. Beard Toward Civilization xiii. 267 Modern education is ‘pupil-centred’, rather than ‘subject-centred’.
1995 School Sci. Rev. June 92/2 The rhetoric of pupil-centred learning..is that of encouraging pupils' questions.
pupil-master n. †(a) a schoolmaster (obsolete); (b) Law a barrister responsible for the training of a pupil.
ΚΠ
1850 J. Struthers Life in Poet. Wks. I. p. xxxvii The pupil-master was a remarkably quiet man.
1953 W. W. Boulton Guide to Conduct & Etiquette at Bar 51 A barrister may not receive..a pupil..not domiciled in the United Kingdom without satisfying himself..that the Benchers of his (the pupil Master's) own Inn do not dissent from such acceptance.
1994 Inner Temple Yearbk. 1994/95 160/2 The relationship between pupilmaster or mistress still determines whether pupillage is a joyous or miserable experience.
pupil nurse n. a trainee nurse.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > healer > nurse > [noun] > other types
man-nurse1530
probationer nurse1584
parish nurse1716
day nurse1759
school nurse1836
Gamp1846
hospital nurse1848
pupil nurse1861
male nurse1874
district nurse1883
relief nurse1884
casualty nurse1885
bayman1888
maid nurse1895
charge-nurse1896
ward nurse1899
health visitor1901
practice nurse1912
community nurse1922
scrub nurse1927
theatre nurse1934
para-nurse1942
nurse practitioner1967
rehab nurse1977
1861 Times 25 Mar. 5/4 Pupil nurses are now received and trained in the Hospital, no other charge being made than for their board and lodging.
1915 Jrnl. Amer. Instit. Criminal Law & Criminology 6 399 Investigation showed that she had been in a hospital for three months as a pupil nurse.
2005 Scunthorpe Evening Telegraph (Nexis) 13 Jan. 3 As a pupil nurse, part of my training took place on ward 4, which was at the time the children's ward.
pupil power n. a movement to promote the interests or enhance the status or influence of school pupils (see power n.1 2e); the influence exerted by pupils acting in concert to achieve such ends.
ΚΠ
1968 Bucks County (Levittown, Pa.) Courier Times 12 Apr. 7/3 No one doubts that 1,500..angry girl students..could cause considerable trouble if they ever decided to bring their pupil power to bear.
1974 Howard Jrnl. 14 38 The growth of ‘pupil power’ and the increase in truancy.
2006 Independent on Sunday (Nexis) 21 May 65 For a long time, in the dawn of pupil power, everyone called them kids, including ministers of education keen to keep abreast.
pupil-room n. (a) (in a public school) the room in which a tutor teaches; the work done there by a pupil; (b) Law the room occupied by a pupil in a barrister's chambers.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > legal profession > [noun] > pupils' room in chambers
pupil-room1766
1766 Let. in F. M Hawtrey Hist. Hawtrey Family (1903) I. 150 Mr. Norbury used to Sleep in his Pupil-room in a press-bed.
1849 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis (1850) I. xxix. 285 In the pupil-room of Mr. Hodgeman, the special pleader,..six pupils were scribbling declarations.
1898 J. G. Cotton Minchin Old Harrow Days 7 My purgatory took the shape of Mr Bull's pupil room.
1899 A. Lubbock Mem. Eton i. 5 [He] was..allowed to roast them [sc. chestnuts] over the pupil-room fire while pupil-room was going on.
1927 J. D. Hills Let. Dec. in Ld. Drogheda Double Harness (1978) ii. 17 Moore..is a light-hearted boy..whose company I enjoy in pupil room.
1998 Notes & Rec. Royal Soc. 52 273 This unimposing legal novice sitting in pupil-rooms off Chancery Lane drew inspiration directly from such 18th century masters as Laplace, Cramer and Vandermonde.
Derivatives
ˈpupildom n. now rare = pupilhood n.; (also) pupils collectively.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > learner > [noun] > pupil > condition of
pedantism1603
pupillage1651
pupildom1845
pupilhood1854
pupilship1879
1845 E. A. Poe in Broadway Jrnl. 11 Jan. 20/2 Poems such as he..would have written during the epoch of his pupildom in that school.
1917 Evening Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 3 Feb. 4/2 In the mind of the average young terror who makes up a large share of pupildom, it is a school-ma'am who brightens up the scenery instead of disfiguring it.
2004 Times (Nexis) 29 Nov. 4 After lunch I have a free period and, sneaking away from pupildom, I poke my head into the staff common room.
ΚΠ
1785 T. Potter Moralist II. 221 The pupiless, the friend, the sensible and accomplished companion.
ˈpupilhood n. the state or condition of being a pupil (sense 2a).
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > learner > [noun] > pupil > condition of
pedantism1603
pupillage1651
pupildom1845
pupilhood1854
pupilship1879
1854 E. Forbes Opening Disc. in Nat. H. Chair in G. Wilson & A. Geikie Mem. E. Forbes (1861) xv. 554 None who remained constant to the beautiful studies of his pupilhood.
1938 L. Bloomfield in Language 14 312 At the end of the two years of pupilhood that followed, I knew no greater intellectual pleasure than to listen to Prokosch.
1994 Buffalo (N.Y.) News (Nexis) 22 Apr. 33 The Debussyan atmospherics of the first of the 1907 ‘Seven Early Songs’ (written during his abject pupilhood with Schoenberg) come as a shock.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
pupiln.2
/ˈpjuːpl/, U.S. /ˈpjup(ə)l/ 1.
a. The opening in the iris through which light passes into the eye, and which generally appears black. Also occasionally (more generally): the iris and pupil as distinct from the white of the eye.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > sense organ > sight organ > parts of sight organ > [noun] > pupil
apple of the eyeeOE
pearl1340
blacka1387
pupillaa1400
sightc1400
pupil?a1425
sheenc1500
strale1553
prunall1612
sight-hole1670
shine1713
?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 39v If it may noȝt be resolued..þat þe place be kut with a litel spature vpon corneam atuix þe pupille [?c1425 Paris pupil, i. þe blak of þe eyȝe; L. pupillam] & þe white.
1567 J. Maplet Greene Forest f. 5 It [sc. the Carbuncle] so warreth with the pupill or the eiesight, that it sheweth manifolde reflexions.
1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica iii. xx. 156 If beholding a candle we protrude either upward or downeward the pupill of one eye, the object will appeare double. View more context for this quotation
1686 R. Boyle Free Enq. Notion Nature vii. 311 I consider then that what is call'd the Pupil or Apple of the Eye, is not (as 'tis known ,) a substantial Part of the Organ, but only a round Hole or Window made in the Uvea, at which the Modify'd Beams of Light enter, to fall upon the Chrystalline Humour.
1787 G. White Jrnl. 7 July (1970) xx. 294 The pupils of the domestic cat..are..capable of..standing near at right angles with the opening of the eye-lids.
1806 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 15 388 The pupils of the eyes were much dilated.
1843 U.S. Mag. & Democratic Rev. Sept. 306/2 She had..Spanish eyes, with long curved lashes and a pupil blacker than a raven's wing.
1878 T. Hardy Return of Native II. iii. iii. 112 ‘That's the only kind of water we have,’ she continued, tossing a stone into the pool, which lay on the outside of the bank like the white of an eye without its pupil.
1934 ‘G. Orwell’ Burmese Days xi. 177 Her eyes had opened so wide that the pale blue white showed all round the pupil.
1963 H. Burn Drugs, Med. & Man (ed. 2) i. 13 An extract of belladonna dropped into a lady's eye dilated the pupil and made her look more beautiful.
1994 Nature 17 Nov. 291/1 One of the dorsal spines of a pinfish accidentally pierced the pupil of his right eye when he ‘yanked’ his line too hard.
b. In extended use.
ΚΠ
1599 J. Davies Nosce Teipsum 49 The wit, the pupill of the Soules cleare eye.
1750 tr. C. Leonardus Mirror of Stones 79 Beloculus is a white stone, having a black pupil.
1843 C. Mathews Var. Writings 320 The pupil of the mind's eye itself becomes so enlarged or contracted that it imparts other and strange colors to whatever it contemplates.
1999 J. Raban Passage to Juneau v. 281 The distended violet pupil of the camera lens tracked us as we came through the lych-gate.
2. Entomology. The central part of an ocellated spot on the wing of a butterfly or moth. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > parts of insects > [noun] > head > eye > dark central spot of ocellus
pupil1826
1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. IV. xlvi. 286 Ocellus, an eye-like spot in the Wings of many Lepidoptera, consisting of annuli of different colours, inclosing a central spot or pupil.
1955 Evolution 9 191 The characteristic features distinguishing the North American species from the European P[apilio] machaon are the shape of the pupil and the ratio of the depth of the black to the red area.
1997 Evolution 51 1207 The butterfly Bicyclus anynana has a series of distal eyespots on its wings. Each eyespot is composed of a white pupil, a black disc, and a gold outer ring.
Compounds
C1.
a.
pupil change n.
ΚΠ
1904 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 17 Dec. 1644 Such concomitant affections as muscular palsies and pupil changes.
1989 Arch. Sexual Behavior 18 191 Greater pupil change was found when the stimulus slide was preceded by a relatively lighter control slide.
pupil constrictor n.
ΚΠ
1904 Lancet 23 Apr. 1102/1 The sphincter is innervated by the third cranial nerve, the pupil-constrictor fibres originating in the third nucleus in the floor of the aqueduct of Sylvius.
1946 Nature 28 Sept. 433/1 These substances, which act as powerful pupil-constrictors or myotics, have recently been described..in Nature.
1970 Jrnl. Criminal Law, Criminol., & Police Sci. 61 298/1 Opiates are notorious pupil constrictors.
pupil contractor n.
ΚΠ
1868 A. B. Garrod Essentials Materia Medica (ed. 3) 415 Medicines which act upon the eyes... Pupil Dilators (Mydriatics)... Pupil Contractors (Myositics).
1905 F. C. Busch Lab. Man. Physiol. 194 Myotics (pupil contractors), such as eserine and pilocarpine.
pupil dilator n.
ΚΠ
1854 Abstr. Papers Royal Soc. 1850–54 6 156 Excitors of voluntary nerves and pupil dilators.
1868 A. B. Garrod Essentials Materia Medica (ed. 3) 415 Medicines which act upon the eyes... Pupil Dilators (Mydriatics)... Pupil Contractors (Myositics).
2003 Jrnl. Neurophysiol. (Electronic ed.) 89 3179 There was a resultant miosis (decrease in pupil diameter) from the relaxation of the pupil dilator muscle.
b.
pupil-constricting adj.
ΚΠ
1958 Van Nostrand's Sci. Encycl. (ed. 3) 746/2 Glaucoma... Treatment is directed to the reduction of intra-ocular tension by means of pupil-constricting drugs.
2003 Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 73 107 The potency of the pupil-constricting effects of morphine-6-glucuronide and morphine was significantly smaller.
pupil-contracting adj.
ΚΠ
1883 M. Foster Text Bk. Physiol. (ed. 4) iii. ii. 506 The action of the pupil-contracting centre ceases also, and the pupil therefore widens.
pupil-dilating adj.
ΚΠ
a1834 S. T. Coleridge Marginalia (1998) IV. 499 The pupil-dilating..Narrations..of the Animal Magnetists.
1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VI. 775 The course of the pupil-dilating fibres is more circuitous.
1964 S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 14) iv. 140 Pupil-dilating drugs are called mydriatics.
1994 Science 11 Nov. 1051/2 Patients with..Alzheimer's disease are hypersensitive to the pupil-dilating effect of the acteylcholine receptor antagonist tropicamide.
C2.
pupil reaction n. the response of the pupil to light, esp. as a test of neurological function.
ΚΠ
1883 Proc. Royal Soc. 35 232 Circumstances such as these would, I think, account for the absence of the pupil-reaction in my first experiment [on narcotised monkeys].
1973 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 86 644 The neurological exam [of a concussed footballer] consisted of a brief test for funduscopy, pupil reaction, and extra-ocular-muscle function.
1991 C. George Out of Storm (1992) 41 He shone the slender beam into each eye in turn, then nodded. ‘Pupil reaction satisfactory. How's the head?’
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
pupilv.
/ˈpjuːpl/, U.S. /ˈpjup(ə)l/ transitive (frequently in passive). Originally: †to treat as a pupil; to teach (obsolete). In later use: (Law) to be appointed as a pupil to a barrister; to undergo pupillage (cf. pupillage n. 2b).
ΘΚΠ
society > education > teaching > [verb (transitive)]
i-taechec888
lerec900
iwisseOE
to teach a personc1000
wisc1000
ylereOE
avayc1315
readc1330
learna1382
informc1384
beteacha1400
form1399
kena1400
redec1400
indoctrinea1450
instructc1449
ensign1474
doctrine1475
introduct1481
lettera1500
endoctrinec1500
to have (a person) in schooling?1553
lesson1555
tutor1592
orthographize1596
pupil1599
con1612
indoctrinate1621
art1628
doctrinate1631
document1648
verse1672
documentizea1734
form1770
intuit1776
skill1809
indoctrinize1861
1599 H. Porter Pleasant Hist. Two Angrie Women of Abington sig. C4v Haue I seene thee Pupell such greene young things, and with thy counsell Tutor their wits.
1612 T. Heywood Apol. for Actors i. 30 It becomes my juniority rather to be pupil'd my selfe then to instruct others.
1674 G. Fox in Trans. Friends' Hist. Soc. (1910) 7 74 R.R. is a man fitt to perfect scollars, rather then to pupill them.
1849 Times 17 Jan. 9/4 He is practically conversant with the most approved system of Norfolk farming, having been pupilled with a most eminent agriculturist..in that county.
1877 Scribner's Monthly Oct. 872 For centuries, the poor classes of Chines have been pupiled in the rough school of shifts and want.
1897 Trenton (New Jersey) Evening Times 3 Feb. 1/5 All denominations have attended and aided both in teaching and pupiling the classes.
1971 ‘M. Underwood’ Trout in Milk i. 23 It would have been much better if she'd been pupilled to a man.
1997 Mondaq Business Briefing (Nexis) 1 May Osaro was admitted to the Nigerian Bar in 1991, and was subsequently pupiled by Mr. Sofunde.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.1c1384
n.2?a1425
v.1599