punitiveadj.

Brit.

/ˈpjuːnᵻtɪv/, U.S.

/ˈpjunədɪv/

Forms: 1500s punitiue, 1600s– punitive.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin punitivus.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin punitivus inflicting or involving punishment (13th cent. in British and continental sources) < classical Latin pūnīt- , past participial stem of pūnīre punish v. + -īvus -ive suffix. Compare Middle French, French punitif (c1370 in Middle French in sense ‘(of a person) inclined to punish’, late 18th cent. in sense 1), Spanish punitivo (early 16th cent.), Portuguese punitivo (1569), Italian punitivo (a1406).

1. Inflicting or intended to inflict punishment; retributive, punishing.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > [adjective]

punishinga1500

penitive1502

punitivea1513

penal1561

penous1627

penary1651

vindictive1656

chastising1691

punitory1710

punitional1824

a1513 J. Irland Meroure of Wyssdome (1990) III. 109 Becaus he disobeyit to god be þe devin iustice vindicatiue and punytiue he tynt þe dominacioun þat he had vpone his awne body.

1593 R. Cosin Apol. for Sundrie Proc. (rev. ed.) ii. viii. 72 These and like inducements doe serue to ground the processe informatiue: so doe they no lesse, euen in Processe punitiue, when the enquirie and examination is to punish the offender.

1624 Bp. J. Hall True Peace-maker 17 Woe bee to them..that, by the dam of their bribes, labour to stop the due course of punitive Iustice!

1695 J. Edwards Disc. conc. Old & New-Test. III. ii. 95 This Punitive way of dealing with Achan.

1739 J. Trapp Righteous Over-much 4 The utmost Rigour of punitive Justice.

1789 J. Bentham Introd. Princ. Morals & Legisl. Concl. 332 The code would not consist of a collection of civil laws... Neither would the penal code..consist of a collection of punitive laws.

1855 Amer. Law Reg. 3 413 The law has manifested its punitive will in a different form, by providing for the punishment of..the servants of the company, in the Act of 1st April, 1836.

1897 Lit. World 22 Oct. 312/1 A British Punitive Expedition captured Benin City.

2002 Prospect Aug. 20/2 When confronting adversaries, Americans favour policies of coercion rather than persuasion, emphasising punitive sanctions over inducements to better behaviour.

2. Of a tax or other charge: extremely high, severe; (also) prohibitive, damaging.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > motivation > demotivation > [adjective] > deterrent

deterring1638

deterrent1829

punitive1907

1907 Galveston (Texas) Daily News 6 May 6/4 The charge that, in criticising the various new schemes of punitive taxation, the press has offered no remedy.

1947 Times 13 Nov. 5/3 Like the increase in purchase taxes to punitive rates, it will not be resented as an emergency measure.

1990 D. Lucie Doing the Business in Fashion, Progress, Hard Feelings, Doing the Business (1991) 274 To a potential sponsor, especially in these days of punitive interest rates, that means minimum return.

2000 S. Kinsella Secret Dreamworld Shopaholic vii. 96 If you start charging for museums, no-one will ever go! Our cultural heritage will be lost to a whole generation, excluded by a punitive financial barrier.

Compounds

punitive damages n. Law (originally U.S.) damages exceeding simple compensation and awarded to punish the defendant.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > action of courts in claims or grievances > claim at law > [noun] > a sum payable in damages > damages as punishment to defendant

exemplary damages1755

vindictive damages1813

punitive damages1858

1858 Amer. Law Reg. 7 56 In Kendall vs. Stone, 1 Sel. 16, Mr Hill..presents..the reasons in support of the proposition that this doctrine of punitive damages stands upon no ground of principle.

1886 Times 2 Oct. 8/3 When the repetition of her offence renders her liable for puntive damages.

1973 Black Panther 20 Oct. 6/1 Punitive damages are assessed only when the judge believes that a defendant has acted deliberately and with malice.

2000 Time 24 July 45/2 The $145 billion award far exceeds the old record for punitive damages—a paltry $5 billion dished out for the Exxon-Valdez environmental disaster.

Derivatives

ˈpunitively adv. by way of punishment; in a way intended to punish.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > retributive punishment > [adverb]

punitively1706

retributively1809

1706 R. Brocklesby Explic. Gospel-theism iv. vi. 627/1 She should be pay'd home for all her Injustice, and should be punitively recompens'd amply and abundantly.

1866 H. Bushnell Vicarious Sacrifice iv. i. 479 As if Christ..were somehow punitively handled in our place.

1991 New Yorker 9 Sept. 87/2 Members of these groups who break the prevailing wage patterns..are liable to be accused of ‘poaching’ workers—or dealt with more punitively.

ˈpunitiveness n. punitive quality; tendency or desire to punish.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > [noun] > quality of being punishable

obnoxiousness1610

punishableness1647

penalness1727

punitiveness1727

punishability1855

1727 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. II Punitiveness, punishing Nature or Quality.

1908 H. R. Mackintosh in Hibbert Jrnl. July 920 A similar inference as to the punitiveness of God.

1994 Harper's Mag. Dec. 76/3 Everywhere rampant punitiveness kept escalating—cop sweeps in housing projects..kill the deadbeat dads, hang smokers..lockboxes on TV sets, jail cells for rappers.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	punitive
释义	punitiveadj. Brit. /ˈpjuːnᵻtɪv/, U.S. /ˈpjunədɪv/ Forms: 1500s punitiue, 1600s– punitive. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin punitivus. Etymology: < post-classical Latin punitivus inflicting or involving punishment (13th cent. in British and continental sources) < classical Latin pūnīt- , past participial stem of pūnīre punish v. + -īvus -ive suffix. Compare Middle French, French punitif (c1370 in Middle French in sense ‘(of a person) inclined to punish’, late 18th cent. in sense 1), Spanish punitivo (early 16th cent.), Portuguese punitivo (1569), Italian punitivo (a1406). 1. Inflicting or intended to inflict punishment; retributive, punishing. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > [adjective] punishinga1500 penitive1502 punitivea1513 penal1561 penous1627 penary1651 vindictive1656 chastising1691 punitory1710 punitional1824 a1513 J. Irland Meroure of Wyssdome (1990) III. 109 Becaus he disobeyit to god be þe devin iustice vindicatiue and punytiue he tynt þe dominacioun þat he had vpone his awne body. 1593 R. Cosin Apol. for Sundrie Proc. (rev. ed.) ii. viii. 72 These and like inducements doe serue to ground the processe informatiue: so doe they no lesse, euen in Processe punitiue, when the enquirie and examination is to punish the offender. 1624 Bp. J. Hall True Peace-maker 17 Woe bee to them..that, by the dam of their bribes, labour to stop the due course of punitive Iustice! 1695 J. Edwards Disc. conc. Old & New-Test. III. ii. 95 This Punitive way of dealing with Achan. 1739 J. Trapp Righteous Over-much 4 The utmost Rigour of punitive Justice. 1789 J. Bentham Introd. Princ. Morals & Legisl. Concl. 332 The code would not consist of a collection of civil laws... Neither would the penal code..consist of a collection of punitive laws. 1855 Amer. Law Reg. 3 413 The law has manifested its punitive will in a different form, by providing for the punishment of..the servants of the company, in the Act of 1st April, 1836. 1897 Lit. World 22 Oct. 312/1 A British Punitive Expedition captured Benin City. 2002 Prospect Aug. 20/2 When confronting adversaries, Americans favour policies of coercion rather than persuasion, emphasising punitive sanctions over inducements to better behaviour. 2. Of a tax or other charge: extremely high, severe; (also) prohibitive, damaging. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > motivation > demotivation > [adjective] > deterrent deterring1638 deterrent1829 punitive1907 1907 Galveston (Texas) Daily News 6 May 6/4 The charge that, in criticising the various new schemes of punitive taxation, the press has offered no remedy. 1947 Times 13 Nov. 5/3 Like the increase in purchase taxes to punitive rates, it will not be resented as an emergency measure. 1990 D. Lucie Doing the Business in Fashion, Progress, Hard Feelings, Doing the Business (1991) 274 To a potential sponsor, especially in these days of punitive interest rates, that means minimum return. 2000 S. Kinsella Secret Dreamworld Shopaholic vii. 96 If you start charging for museums, no-one will ever go! Our cultural heritage will be lost to a whole generation, excluded by a punitive financial barrier. Compounds punitive damages n. Law (originally U.S.) damages exceeding simple compensation and awarded to punish the defendant. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > action of courts in claims or grievances > claim at law > [noun] > a sum payable in damages > damages as punishment to defendant exemplary damages1755 vindictive damages1813 punitive damages1858 1858 Amer. Law Reg. 7 56 In Kendall vs. Stone, 1 Sel. 16, Mr Hill..presents..the reasons in support of the proposition that this doctrine of punitive damages stands upon no ground of principle. 1886 Times 2 Oct. 8/3 When the repetition of her offence renders her liable for puntive damages. 1973 Black Panther 20 Oct. 6/1 Punitive damages are assessed only when the judge believes that a defendant has acted deliberately and with malice. 2000 Time 24 July 45/2 The $145 billion award far exceeds the old record for punitive damages—a paltry $5 billion dished out for the Exxon-Valdez environmental disaster. Derivatives ˈpunitively adv. by way of punishment; in a way intended to punish. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > retributive punishment > [adverb] punitively1706 retributively1809 1706 R. Brocklesby Explic. Gospel-theism iv. vi. 627/1 She should be pay'd home for all her Injustice, and should be punitively recompens'd amply and abundantly. 1866 H. Bushnell Vicarious Sacrifice iv. i. 479 As if Christ..were somehow punitively handled in our place. 1991 New Yorker 9 Sept. 87/2 Members of these groups who break the prevailing wage patterns..are liable to be accused of ‘poaching’ workers—or dealt with more punitively. ˈpunitiveness n. punitive quality; tendency or desire to punish. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > [noun] > quality of being punishable obnoxiousness1610 punishableness1647 penalness1727 punitiveness1727 punishability1855 1727 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. II Punitiveness, punishing Nature or Quality. 1908 H. R. Mackintosh in Hibbert Jrnl. July 920 A similar inference as to the punitiveness of God. 1994 Harper's Mag. Dec. 76/3 Everywhere rampant punitiveness kept escalating—cop sweeps in housing projects..kill the deadbeat dads, hang smokers..lockboxes on TV sets, jail cells for rappers. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.a1513
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