单词 | purposive |
释义 | purposiveadj. 1. Adapted to a purpose or end; serving or directed toward some purpose in the constitution of things, esp. in the course of natural evolution. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > intention > [adjective] > relating to intention or purpose > having a purpose terminative1632 purposive1854 telic1889 1854 R. Owen Principal Forms Skeleton & Teeth 114 Now this purposive modification of the hæmapophyses of the frontal vertebra, is but a repetition of that which affects the same elements in the abdominal vertebræ. 1879 Cornhill Mag. June 717 Its final outcome will be a purposive structure,—that is to say, a structure specially adapted to its peculiar function. 1894 G. Allen in Westm. Gaz. 8 May 2/1 The stings of nettles are purposive, as stings. They act as protectors. 1923 J. S. Huxley Ess. Biologist i. 41 Apparently purposive structures could arise by means of a non-purposive mechanism. 1977 G. Clark World Prehist. (ed. 3) i. 23 There are no signs that these were shaped to purposive, standard designs. 2. a. Of an action: performed with conscious purpose or intention. Also (of an intelligence, etc.): †acting with seemingly conscious purpose or intention (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the mind > will > intention > [adjective] considerate1581 conscious1829 prepense1840 intentional1863 purposive1864 the mind > will > intention > [adjective] > performed with intention bethoughtc1200 expressa1400 wilfula1400 purposedc1422 purpensed1436 malice prepensed1454 aforethought1472 studiedc1475 setc1485 voluntary1495 deliberate?1527 willing1550 witting1553 propensed1560 fore-intendeda1586 affected1586 designed1586 determinate1586 intended1592 deliberated1594 uncasual1614 recollecteda1616 resolved1624 industriousa1628 intentionate1631 pre-intended1636 advised1642 malice prepense1647 sedentary1647 propense1650 consultive1651 (crime, evil, etc.) of forethought1692 conscious1726 intentionala1729 systematic1746 studious1750 systematical1750 prepensive1752 advertent1832 self-conscious1832 volitive1839 designful1852 purposeful1853 purposive1864 thought-controlled1926 1864 R. Owen Instances Power of God in Lect. Young Men's Assoc. 6 Admiring the rare degree of constructive skill, foresight, and purposive adaption, in many artificial machines. 1864 R. Owen Instances Power of God in Lect. Young Men's Assoc. 7 To exemplify the purposive or adaptive principle in creation. 1874 W. B. Carpenter Princ. Mental Physiol. (1879) i. i. §19 20 The most purely Volitional movements—those which are prompted by a distinct purposive effort. 1884 Athenæum 1 Mar. 283 In this work [sc. Romanes ‘Evolution in Animals’]..we have..purposive intelligence distinctly opposed to natural selection. 1936 A. J. Ayer Lang., Truth & Logic viii. 232 Chairs do not show any signs of purposive activity, nor do clothes appear to be sensitive to pain. 1984 Times Law Rep. 4 Feb. 10/5 For reward the appellant had entered the witness box and told a whole string of purposive lies. b. Psychology. Relating to conscious or unconscious purpose as reflected in human and animal behaviour or mental activity. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > psychology > behaviourism > theories of motivation > theory of purpose > [adjective] purposive1874 purpositive1890 purposivist1923 1874 Proc. Royal Soc. 1873–4 22 105 When ordinary reflex action from the cord was nearly gone, purposive or voluntary movements were still made. 1884 Mind 9 30 Since the word ‘intelligent’ carries with it a reference to conciousness, I shall call this kind of behaviour [of earthworms] ‘purposive’ rather than ‘intelligent’. 1912 W. McDougall Introd. Social Psychol. i. 29 If we make our notion of purposive activity or behaviour wide enough to include these phenomena of bodily organization in the animal kingdom, it must also include the similar purposes of plant growth. 1932 E. C. Tolman Purposive Behavior in Animals & Men i. 12 Behavior as behavior, that is, as molar, is purposive and is cognitive. 1981 B. A. Farrell Standing of Psychoanal. ii. 25 Much mental activity and behaviour is purposive or goal-directed. 2004 Appl. Animal Behaviour Sci. 85 95 When trainers expect horses to ‘understand’ their tasks in a purposive way that the horse cannot comprehend, the welfare of the animal may be compromised. 3. a. Of or relating to purpose. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > intention > [adjective] > relating to intention or purpose intentional1530 intentionary1647 purposive1899 1899 J. Smith Christian Char. 216 There is not a causal, but there is a purposive, connection here. 1905 Outlook 23 Sept. 390/1 The purposive aspect of Crabbe's writing. 1993 Times 15 Nov. 2/5 Britain's elaborative approach is alien to the Continent's ‘purposive’ approach in which the legislator merely states his intention and leaves it to the courts to interpret what he means. b. Grammar. Of a clause, phrase, or conjunction: expressing aim or purpose. ΚΠ 1930 F. R. Blake in J. T. Hatfield et al. Curme Vol. Ling. Stud. 38 The immaterial adnominal cases are the following:..purposive—the struggle for the citadel. 1981 Language 57 665 A third type of clause in which the subject concord is indicated by a suffixed person-marker on the relator is the purposive clause. 1995 J. W. Verhaar Toward Ref. Gram. of Tok Pisin xiv. 224 As for bai, it does occur initially in dependent clauses of apparently the same type, but bai then is a purposive conjunction. 1999 P. Avis God & Creative Imagination v. 66 Greek: hina, introducing a final (or purposive) clause: ‘in order that’. 4. Characterized by firm purpose and resolution. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > resolution or determination > [adjective] stallc1275 unflichinga1340 adviseda1393 affirmed1440 constant1481 resolved1518 resolute1522 well-settled?1532 ratified1533 unbashed1536 bent1548 well-resolved1565 unabashed1571 determinate1587 undaunted1587 peremptory1589 confirmed1594 decretal1608 pight1608 intent1610 definitivea1616 unshrinkinga1616 naylessa1618 pitched1642 decisive1658 martyrly1659 certain1667 fell1667 decretory1674 martyrial1678 decretorian1679 invariable1696 unflinching1728 hell-bent1731 decided1767 determined1773 iron-headed1787 adamantine1788 unwincing1802 stick-at-nothing1805 adamant1816 hard-set1818 rock-like1833 bound1844 do-or-die1851 unbased1860 focused1888 capable de tout1899 purposive1903 go-for-broke1946 hard rock1947 take-no-shit1992 1903 Daily Chron. 29 July 4/4 They are strong in mind and body, truthful and purposive, excellent leaders of the people of lower races. 1904 Daily News 10 Aug. 6 They have become aware of his practical talent,..his lucidity, integrity, and calmly purposive steadfastness. 1987 Nature 8 Oct. 495/1 One effect of this more purposive approach to the management of science is that lines of research are more likely to be stopped than in the past. Derivatives ˈpurposively adv. in a purposive manner; purposely. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > intention > [adverb] willesOE with one's willc1175 willes and waldesc1225 adviselya1325 wittinglya1340 wilfullyc1374 witting1377 a-purposea1382 of purpose (also (out) of (a) (set) purpose)a1382 wilfulc1381 willingly1402 of intention1430 knowingly1435 advisedlyc1449 deliberately1471 purpensely1472 purposely1495 prepensedly1496 purpensedly1496 purposedlya1540 proposely?1550 studiously1567 on (also upon) purpose1569 on set purpose1569 of industry1575 affectedly1582 premeditatelya1595 deliberatively1598 consultively1599 intentionallya1673 affectionally1603 by (also out of, on, upon) design1603 intentionately1609 industriouslya1616 perpensedly1624 intendedlya1641 unspontaneously1640 industrously1643 consultedly1645 consideringly1647 designedly1652 premeditatedly1653 wittily1653 intendingly1678 premeditatinglya1679 self-consciously1685 propensely1694 thinkingly1705 accidentally on purpose1711 affectionatelya1716 prepensely?1725 systematically1744 advertently1745 systemically1761 reflectively1775 purposefullya1854 meaningly1867 aimfully1870 purposively1878 designingly1879 proposedly1887 the mind > will > intention > [adverb] > purposefully purposefullya1854 purposively1878 1878 Mind 3 268 The first living matter must have been able to take in nourishment, to grow, to propagate, and to act purposively in relation to its environment. 1939 P. H. Gordon New Archery ii. viii. 89 Never varying except purposively, to correct a mistake. 1997 F. Hearn Moral Order & Social Disorder vi. 152 The purposively constructed organizations that make possible and drive the modern world. ˈpurposiveness n. the quality or fact of being purposive. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > intention > [noun] > intention or purpose > fact of having a purpose purposiveness1876 1876 E. R. Lankester tr. E. Haeckel Hist. Creation I. i. 19 [One] must necessarily come to the conclusion that this ‘purposiveness’ no more exists than the much-talked-of ‘beneficence’ of the Creator. 1932 A. H. Gardiner Theory of Speech & Lang. iv. 181 The characteristic feature of the sentence, as opposed to mere unintelligible words, is its purposiveness. 2001 C. Crockett Theol. of Sublime 110 Kantian beauty, which consists in a free play of imagination and understanding in a purposiveness without purpose or a finality without end. ˈpurposivism n. the theory that all human or animal activity is purposive. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > psychology > behaviourism > theories of motivation > theory of purpose > [noun] purposivism1931 1931 A. Ralston & C. J. Gage Present Day Psychol. xvii. 244 McDougall is the leading exponent of the school of purposivism. 1932 E. C. Tolman Purposive Behavior in Animals & Men xxv. 423 Our psychology is a purposivism; but it is an objective, behavioristic purposivism, not a mentalistic one. 1998 A. L. Blumenthal in G. A. Kimble & M. Wertheimer Portaits of Pioneers in Psychol. III. iii. 32 As early as 1858.., he [sc. Wilhelm Wundt] was arguing that there are phenomena in biology and psychology that require explanations that are different in their fundamental form from the pattern of explanation found in physics and chemistry. These explanations..had to involve notions of purposivism and goal-oriented actions. ˈpurposivist n. and adj. (a) n. an adherent of purposivism; (b) adj. of, relating to, or subscribing to purposivism. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > psychology > behaviourism > theories of motivation > theory of purpose > [adjective] purposive1874 purpositive1890 purposivist1923 the mind > mental capacity > psychology > behaviourism > theories of motivation > theory of purpose > [noun] > advocate of purposivist1923 1923 Jrnl. Amer. Inst. Criminal Law & Criminol. 14 2 Some criminologists and penologists are really purposivists, although..they insist upon calling themselves determinists. 1932 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 38 152 The author [sc. Woodworth (1931)]..drops a mild plaint that McDougall's instinct—purposivist—hormic philosophy has not been more indulgently received. 1936 J. R. Kantor Objective Psychol. Gram. v. 69 The second group of purposivists carry speech farther away from the individual than the first group. For them, speech is primarily an instrument for achieving social purposes. 1940 R. S. Woodworth Psychol. (ed. 12) xvii. 583 The purposivist school emphasizes the importance of striving and goal-seeking. 1994 M. C. Smith Social Sci. in Crucible ii. 75 The response and number of such purposivist reviewers as Berle and Beard reflected the changing political and ideological environment of the 1930s. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < |
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