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单词 purposive
释义

purposiveadj.

Brit. /ˈpəːpəsɪv/, U.S. /ˈpərpəsɪv/
Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: purpose n., -ive suffix.
Etymology: Irregularly < purpose n. + -ive suffix. Compare later purpositive adj.
1. Adapted to a purpose or end; serving or directed toward some purpose in the constitution of things, esp. in the course of natural evolution.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > intention > [adjective] > relating to intention or purpose > having a purpose
terminative1632
purposive1854
telic1889
1854 R. Owen Principal Forms Skeleton & Teeth 114 Now this purposive modification of the hæmapophyses of the frontal vertebra, is but a repetition of that which affects the same elements in the abdominal vertebræ.
1879 Cornhill Mag. June 717 Its final outcome will be a purposive structure,—that is to say, a structure specially adapted to its peculiar function.
1894 G. Allen in Westm. Gaz. 8 May 2/1 The stings of nettles are purposive, as stings. They act as protectors.
1923 J. S. Huxley Ess. Biologist i. 41 Apparently purposive structures could arise by means of a non-purposive mechanism.
1977 G. Clark World Prehist. (ed. 3) i. 23 There are no signs that these were shaped to purposive, standard designs.
2.
a. Of an action: performed with conscious purpose or intention. Also (of an intelligence, etc.): †acting with seemingly conscious purpose or intention (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > intention > [adjective]
considerate1581
conscious1829
prepense1840
intentional1863
purposive1864
the mind > will > intention > [adjective] > performed with intention
bethoughtc1200
expressa1400
wilfula1400
purposedc1422
purpensed1436
malice prepensed1454
aforethought1472
studiedc1475
setc1485
voluntary1495
deliberate?1527
willing1550
witting1553
propensed1560
fore-intendeda1586
affected1586
designed1586
determinate1586
intended1592
deliberated1594
uncasual1614
recollecteda1616
resolved1624
industriousa1628
intentionate1631
pre-intended1636
advised1642
malice prepense1647
sedentary1647
propense1650
consultive1651
(crime, evil, etc.) of forethought1692
conscious1726
intentionala1729
systematic1746
studious1750
systematical1750
prepensive1752
advertent1832
self-conscious1832
volitive1839
designful1852
purposeful1853
purposive1864
thought-controlled1926
1864 R. Owen Instances Power of God in Lect. Young Men's Assoc. 6 Admiring the rare degree of constructive skill, foresight, and purposive adaption, in many artificial machines.
1864 R. Owen Instances Power of God in Lect. Young Men's Assoc. 7 To exemplify the purposive or adaptive principle in creation.
1874 W. B. Carpenter Princ. Mental Physiol. (1879) i. i. §19 20 The most purely Volitional movements—those which are prompted by a distinct purposive effort.
1884 Athenæum 1 Mar. 283 In this work [sc. Romanes ‘Evolution in Animals’]..we have..purposive intelligence distinctly opposed to natural selection.
1936 A. J. Ayer Lang., Truth & Logic viii. 232 Chairs do not show any signs of purposive activity, nor do clothes appear to be sensitive to pain.
1984 Times Law Rep. 4 Feb. 10/5 For reward the appellant had entered the witness box and told a whole string of purposive lies.
b. Psychology. Relating to conscious or unconscious purpose as reflected in human and animal behaviour or mental activity.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > psychology > behaviourism > theories of motivation > theory of purpose > [adjective]
purposive1874
purpositive1890
purposivist1923
1874 Proc. Royal Soc. 1873–4 22 105 When ordinary reflex action from the cord was nearly gone, purposive or voluntary movements were still made.
1884 Mind 9 30 Since the word ‘intelligent’ carries with it a reference to conciousness, I shall call this kind of behaviour [of earthworms] ‘purposive’ rather than ‘intelligent’.
1912 W. McDougall Introd. Social Psychol. i. 29 If we make our notion of purposive activity or behaviour wide enough to include these phenomena of bodily organization in the animal kingdom, it must also include the similar purposes of plant growth.
1932 E. C. Tolman Purposive Behavior in Animals & Men i. 12 Behavior as behavior, that is, as molar, is purposive and is cognitive.
1981 B. A. Farrell Standing of Psychoanal. ii. 25 Much mental activity and behaviour is purposive or goal-directed.
2004 Appl. Animal Behaviour Sci. 85 95 When trainers expect horses to ‘understand’ their tasks in a purposive way that the horse cannot comprehend, the welfare of the animal may be compromised.
3.
a. Of or relating to purpose.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > intention > [adjective] > relating to intention or purpose
intentional1530
intentionary1647
purposive1899
1899 J. Smith Christian Char. 216 There is not a causal, but there is a purposive, connection here.
1905 Outlook 23 Sept. 390/1 The purposive aspect of Crabbe's writing.
1993 Times 15 Nov. 2/5 Britain's elaborative approach is alien to the Continent's ‘purposive’ approach in which the legislator merely states his intention and leaves it to the courts to interpret what he means.
b. Grammar. Of a clause, phrase, or conjunction: expressing aim or purpose.
ΚΠ
1930 F. R. Blake in J. T. Hatfield et al. Curme Vol. Ling. Stud. 38 The immaterial adnominal cases are the following:..purposive—the struggle for the citadel.
1981 Language 57 665 A third type of clause in which the subject concord is indicated by a suffixed person-marker on the relator is the purposive clause.
1995 J. W. Verhaar Toward Ref. Gram. of Tok Pisin xiv. 224 As for bai, it does occur initially in dependent clauses of apparently the same type, but bai then is a purposive conjunction.
1999 P. Avis God & Creative Imagination v. 66 Greek: hina, introducing a final (or purposive) clause: ‘in order that’.
4. Characterized by firm purpose and resolution.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > resolution or determination > [adjective]
stallc1275
unflichinga1340
adviseda1393
affirmed1440
constant1481
resolved1518
resolute1522
well-settled?1532
ratified1533
unbashed1536
bent1548
well-resolved1565
unabashed1571
determinate1587
undaunted1587
peremptory1589
confirmed1594
decretal1608
pight1608
intent1610
definitivea1616
unshrinkinga1616
naylessa1618
pitched1642
decisive1658
martyrly1659
certain1667
fell1667
decretory1674
martyrial1678
decretorian1679
invariable1696
unflinching1728
hell-bent1731
decided1767
determined1773
iron-headed1787
adamantine1788
unwincing1802
stick-at-nothing1805
adamant1816
hard-set1818
rock-like1833
bound1844
do-or-die1851
unbased1860
focused1888
capable de tout1899
purposive1903
go-for-broke1946
hard rock1947
take-no-shit1992
1903 Daily Chron. 29 July 4/4 They are strong in mind and body, truthful and purposive, excellent leaders of the people of lower races.
1904 Daily News 10 Aug. 6 They have become aware of his practical talent,..his lucidity, integrity, and calmly purposive steadfastness.
1987 Nature 8 Oct. 495/1 One effect of this more purposive approach to the management of science is that lines of research are more likely to be stopped than in the past.

Derivatives

ˈpurposively adv. in a purposive manner; purposely.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > intention > [adverb]
willesOE
with one's willc1175
willes and waldesc1225
adviselya1325
wittinglya1340
wilfullyc1374
witting1377
a-purposea1382
of purpose (also (out) of (a) (set) purpose)a1382
wilfulc1381
willingly1402
of intention1430
knowingly1435
advisedlyc1449
deliberately1471
purpensely1472
purposely1495
prepensedly1496
purpensedly1496
purposedlya1540
proposely?1550
studiously1567
on (also upon) purpose1569
on set purpose1569
of industry1575
affectedly1582
premeditatelya1595
deliberatively1598
consultively1599
intentionallya1673
affectionally1603
by (also out of, on, upon) design1603
intentionately1609
industriouslya1616
perpensedly1624
intendedlya1641
unspontaneously1640
industrously1643
consultedly1645
consideringly1647
designedly1652
premeditatedly1653
wittily1653
intendingly1678
premeditatinglya1679
self-consciously1685
propensely1694
thinkingly1705
accidentally on purpose1711
affectionatelya1716
prepensely?1725
systematically1744
advertently1745
systemically1761
reflectively1775
purposefullya1854
meaningly1867
aimfully1870
purposively1878
designingly1879
proposedly1887
the mind > will > intention > [adverb] > purposefully
purposefullya1854
purposively1878
1878 Mind 3 268 The first living matter must have been able to take in nourishment, to grow, to propagate, and to act purposively in relation to its environment.
1939 P. H. Gordon New Archery ii. viii. 89 Never varying except purposively, to correct a mistake.
1997 F. Hearn Moral Order & Social Disorder vi. 152 The purposively constructed organizations that make possible and drive the modern world.
ˈpurposiveness n. the quality or fact of being purposive.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > intention > [noun] > intention or purpose > fact of having a purpose
purposiveness1876
1876 E. R. Lankester tr. E. Haeckel Hist. Creation I. i. 19 [One] must necessarily come to the conclusion that this ‘purposiveness’ no more exists than the much-talked-of ‘beneficence’ of the Creator.
1932 A. H. Gardiner Theory of Speech & Lang. iv. 181 The characteristic feature of the sentence, as opposed to mere unintelligible words, is its purposiveness.
2001 C. Crockett Theol. of Sublime 110 Kantian beauty, which consists in a free play of imagination and understanding in a purposiveness without purpose or a finality without end.
ˈpurposivism n. the theory that all human or animal activity is purposive.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > psychology > behaviourism > theories of motivation > theory of purpose > [noun]
purposivism1931
1931 A. Ralston & C. J. Gage Present Day Psychol. xvii. 244 McDougall is the leading exponent of the school of purposivism.
1932 E. C. Tolman Purposive Behavior in Animals & Men xxv. 423 Our psychology is a purposivism; but it is an objective, behavioristic purposivism, not a mentalistic one.
1998 A. L. Blumenthal in G. A. Kimble & M. Wertheimer Portaits of Pioneers in Psychol. III. iii. 32 As early as 1858.., he [sc. Wilhelm Wundt] was arguing that there are phenomena in biology and psychology that require explanations that are different in their fundamental form from the pattern of explanation found in physics and chemistry. These explanations..had to involve notions of purposivism and goal-oriented actions.
ˈpurposivist n. and adj. (a) n. an adherent of purposivism; (b) adj. of, relating to, or subscribing to purposivism.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > psychology > behaviourism > theories of motivation > theory of purpose > [adjective]
purposive1874
purpositive1890
purposivist1923
the mind > mental capacity > psychology > behaviourism > theories of motivation > theory of purpose > [noun] > advocate of
purposivist1923
1923 Jrnl. Amer. Inst. Criminal Law & Criminol. 14 2 Some criminologists and penologists are really purposivists, although..they insist upon calling themselves determinists.
1932 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 38 152 The author [sc. Woodworth (1931)]..drops a mild plaint that McDougall's instinct—purposivist—hormic philosophy has not been more indulgently received.
1936 J. R. Kantor Objective Psychol. Gram. v. 69 The second group of purposivists carry speech farther away from the individual than the first group. For them, speech is primarily an instrument for achieving social purposes.
1940 R. S. Woodworth Psychol. (ed. 12) xvii. 583 The purposivist school emphasizes the importance of striving and goal-seeking.
1994 M. C. Smith Social Sci. in Crucible ii. 75 The response and number of such purposivist reviewers as Berle and Beard reflected the changing political and ideological environment of the 1930s.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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adj.1854
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