Purkinjen.
/pəːˈkɪn(d)ʒi/, U.S. /pərˈkɪndʒi/ 1. Purkinje's vesicle n. (also vesicle of Purkinje) [described by Purkinje in Symbolae ad ovi avium historiam ante incubationem (1825) 4; compare post-classical Latin vesicula Purkinii (1827)] Biology (now historical) the nucleus of an ovum; cf. Purkinjean adj.
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the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive substances or cells > [noun] > ovum or ootid > nucleus
nucleus1827
Purkinje's vesicle1836
1836 H. Milne-Edwards in Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. I. 785/1 During the last stage of its continuance in the ovary the vesicle of Purkinje disappears.
1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II Purkinje's vesicle.
1924 Sci. Monthly Apr. 404 [In 1825, Purkinje] made the important discovery of the germinal vesicle, which came to be known for a long time as the ‘Purkinje vesicle’.
1940 Science 24 May 506/1 Von Baer makes quite clear his reason for stating that Purkinje's vesicle is absent.
2. Purkinje's figure n. (also Purkinje figure) Physiology (chiefly in plural) a visual image of branching lines, produced by the shadows cast by the retinal blood vessels when light enters the eye obliquely in certain conditions of illumination.
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1866 T. H. Huxley Lessons Elem. Physiol. ix. 228 If you go into a dark room with a single..candle, and..allow the light to fall very obliquely into the eye, one of what are called Purkinje's figures is seen. This is a vision of a series of diverging, branched, red lines on a dark field.
1940 Amer. Jrnl. Ophthalmol. 23 804/2 In case of a separation of the choroid the Purkinje figure still persists.
1974 E. Hecht & A. Zajac Optics v. 141/2 You'll ‘see’ a pattern of shadows (Purkinje Figures) cast by the blood vessels on the sensitive retinal layer.
3. Purkinje fibre n. (also Purkinje's fibre, fibre of Purkinje) [described by Purkinje in Archiv f. Anat., Physiol., u. wissensch. Med. (1845) 294; compare German Purkinje'schen Fäden (1854)] Anatomy a type of specialized cardiac muscle fibre responsible for the conduction of excitation from the atrioventricular node to the remainder of the ventricular myocardium.
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the world > life > the body > structural parts > muscle > muscles of specific parts > [noun] > muscle substance of heart
Purkinje fibre1870
myocardium1879
1870 H. Power tr. S. Stricker Man. Human & Compar. Histol. I. 252 The transversely striated muscle of the endocardium of the ventricle occurs in two forms, either as the well-known Purkinje's fibres, or as a wide-meshed network of muscular bundles.
1911 Lancet 15 Apr. 1027/2 Their secondary branches from the fibres of Purkinje.
1952 Jrnl. Physiol. 118 348 The aim..was to measure the myoplasm resistance and the membrane resistance and capacity in Purkinje fibres of the mammalian heart.
1971 Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 47 351 During the last 20 years the fibres of Purkyně have been widely studied because of their unusual physiological properties.
1998 Current Biol. 8 295 Gap junctions are present at appositions between Purkinje fibers and could provide a mechanism for propagating impulses between these cells.
4. Purkinje cell n. (also Purkinje's cell, cell of Purkinje) [described by Purkinje in Amtlicher Bericht u. die Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher u. Ärzte in Prag (1838)180; compare German Purkinje'schen Zelle (1866)] Anatomy a type of neuron with a pyriform cell body and complex branching dendritic system, forming the central layer of the cerebellar cortex.
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the world > life > the body > nervous system > substance of nervous system > [noun] > nerve cell > types of
nerve vesicle1839
brain cell1848
stellate cell1870
Purkinje cell1872
neuroblast1878
touch cell1878
Golgi('s) cell1892
memory cell1892
astrocyte1896
astroblast1897
motor neuron1897
cytochrome1898
stichochrome1899
monaxon1900
basket cell1901
relay neuron1903
internuncial neuron1906
sheath cell1906
motoneuron1908
adjustor1909
satellite1912
microglia1924
oligodendroglia1924
sympathicoblast1927
pituicyte1930
oligodendrocyte1932
sympathoblast1934
sympathogonia1934
interneuron1938
Renshaw cell1954
1872 H. Power tr. S. Stricker Man. Human & Compar. Histol. II. 513 (caption) The layer of Purkinje's cells.
1967 Brain 90 38 The cerebellum showed a mild patchy loss of Purkinje cells with minimal gliosis and no inflammatory reaction.
1972 Exper. Brain Res. 15 484 Advantage was taken of the selective transmission of mossy fiber input to Purkyně cells.
1998 Brain Res. Bull. 47 220/2 (caption) The stratum of the cells of Purkinje.
2003 Stud. Hist. & Philos. Biol. & Biomed. Sci. 34 622 The first direct evidence came from Cajal's work on cortical cells in the cerebellum, particularly the ‘baskets’ around Purkyne cells.
5. Physiology and Psychology.
a. Purkinje phenomenon n. (also Purkinje's phenomenon, phenomenon of Purkinje) [perhaps after French phénomène de Purkinje (J. M. de Lépinay & W. Nicati 1882, in Jrnl. de physique théorique et appliquée 1 35); described by Purkinje in Mag. f. die ges. Heilkunde (1825) 20 225] a decrease in the apparent brightness of light of long wavelength (e.g. red) compared with light of short wavelength (e.g. blue) when the degree of illumination falls.
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the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > intensity of light, luminosity > [noun] > reduction in
extinction1794
Purkinje phenomenon1893
Purkinje effect1907
Purkinje shift1924
1893 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 5 399 Purkinje's phenomenon. In a light of moderate brightness, choose a bit of red paper and a bit of blue paper that are about equal in intensity and saturation... Carry both into a darkened room..and again notice which seems brightest.
1900 C. Weiland tr. M. Tscherning Physiol. Optics xvii. 260 A comparison of the brightness of two different colors is not easy,..and the result depends besides on the phenomenon of Purkinje.
1910 M. Greenwood Physiol. Special Senses xii. 101 A particular case of adaptation which is of much interest is ‘Purkinje's Phenomenon’.
1949 H. C. Weston Sight, Light & Efficiency i. 20 The ‘Purkinje phenomenon’..is familiar to everyone who has noted..that when green leaves and red flowers are seen in twilight the green appears brighter compared with the red than is the case in full daylight.
1963 Art Bull. 45 133 The west windows [of Chartres cathedral] seem to lose their red coloration and become predominantly blue when seen from a distance. Can this be attributed to the Purkinje phenomenon?
b. Purkinje effect n. (also Purkinje's effect) = Purkinje phenomenon n. at sense 5a.
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the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > intensity of light, luminosity > [noun] > reduction in
extinction1794
Purkinje phenomenon1893
Purkinje effect1907
Purkinje shift1924
1907 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 80 23 To avoid trouble, owing to the Purkinje effect, it was considered advisable to work at illuminations not exceeding two or three candle-feet.
1924 J. B. Watson Psychol. (ed. 2) iii. 102 Owing however to Purkinje's effect, a match made at a moderate intensity will not hold when the intensity is greatly diminished.
1997 J. V. Field Invention of Infinity v. 83 The first written description of how faint illumination affects our apprehension of colours dates from the nineteenth century—the phenomenon is called the Purkinje Effect—but Piero had obviously noticed it four centuries earlier.
c. Purkinje shift n. = Purkinje phenomenon n. at sense 5a.
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the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > intensity of light, luminosity > [noun] > reduction in
extinction1794
Purkinje phenomenon1893
Purkinje effect1907
Purkinje shift1924
1924 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 35 200 The Purkinje shift and other phenomena, well recognized and established as optical.
1973 Nature 14 Dec. 380/1 The most familiar effect of the duality of human vision is the so-called ‘Purkinje shift’.
1991 Leonardo 24 321/2 Purkinje developed a theory of scotopic and photopic vision, or what we call the Purkinje shift.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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