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单词 qualified
释义

qualifiedadj.n.

Brit. /ˈkwɒlᵻfʌɪd/, U.S. /ˈkwɑləˌfaɪd/, /ˈkwɔləˌfaɪd/
Forms:

α. 1500s qualyfyd, 1500s qualyfyed, 1500s– qualified, 1600s qualifyed, 1600s quallified; Scottish pre-1700 qualifeit, pre-1700 qualifiet, pre-1700 qualifiit, pre-1700 qualifijt, pre-1700 qualifit, pre-1700 qualifyit, pre-1700 qualifyt, pre-1700 qualyfeid, pre-1700 qualyfeit, pre-1700 qualyfied, pre-1700 1700s– qualified, 1700s qwalifyed.

β. 1600s quallefied; Scottish pre-1700 qualefeit, pre-1700 qualefeyet, pre-1700 qualefeyit, pre-1700 qualefiet, pre-1700 qualefiit.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; perhaps partly modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: qualify v., -ed suffix1.
Etymology: < qualify v. + -ed suffix1, perhaps partly after Middle French, French qualifié fit, competent (1483), (of a crime) fulfilling all conditions specified in the legal definition (1566), (of a person) having the qualities and training required to practise a profession (1619), possessing a title of nobility (1625). Compare Spanish calificado (late 15th cent.), also cualificado (first half of the 16th cent.), Portuguese qualificado (15th cent. as caficadas, feminine plural), Italian qualificato (14th cent.), also German qualifiziert (16th cent. as †qualificiert).The following quot. apparently shows the earliest use, but it is unclear which sense is intended (compare note at materiality n. 1):a1529 J. Skelton Colyn Cloute (?1545) sig. B.viv And bryng in materialities [misprinted maierialities] And qualyfyed qualytes Of pluralytes Of tryalytes And of tot quottes.
A. adj.
I. That possesses a certain quality or qualities.
1. Having qualities or possessing accomplishments which fit one for a certain end, office, or function; having an officially recognized qualification to practise as a member of a particular profession; fit, competent.
a. In attributive use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > ability > [adjective] > competent > competent or fit
habilec1425
qualified1533
well-qualified1572
fit1573
competent1692
1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1903) II. iii. xvii. 16 Þai gaiff power to þir ten tribunis to create..two maist qualifyit persouns amang þame to haue empire and signorie abone þe laif [L. Tribunis militum negotium dederunt ut ex suo numero duos crearent qui summae rerum praeessent].
1558 Q. Kennedy Compendius Tractiue xiv. sig. F.vi Than sulde be qualifeit men in all the estatis of ye kirk.
1693 G. St. Lo (title) England's safety..Proposing a sure method for..raising qualified seamen for the well manning Their Majesties Fleet.
1726 G. Crawfurd Lives Officers Crown & State Scotl. 76/1 He was pitched on as the..best qualified Person..to be the Præceptor.
1849 R. Cobden Speeches 86 I have heard qualified persons say, that the..police there, are the finest armed and drilled men in Ireland.
1865 J. B. Lightfoot Comm. Gal. (1874) 72 I am..a qualified witness of his resurrection.
1880 C. R. Markham Peruvian Bark 93 The plan..was to make a collection of plants and seeds..through the instrumentality of qualified agents.
1933 Times 27 Sept. 12/1 Flap nets in the hands of a thoroughly qualified person were the most..humane way of catching birds.
1997 J. Bowker World Relig. 161/2 After the death of the Prophet Muhammad..the Muslim community split. Those who thought that his successor..should be the best qualified man chose Abu Bakr.
2006 N.Y. Times 17 Sept. (T: Style Mag.) 160/2 You should have it serviced by a qualified watchmaker every three to five years.
b. In predicative use. Frequently with as, for, to be, or to do something (formerly also with †in).
ΚΠ
1537–8 in J. M. Webster & A. A. M. Duncan Regality of Dunfermline Court Bk. (1953) 152 Cognition to be takin thairof be the balle or vtheris qualefeit thairfor.
1589–92 in Wodrow Soc. Misc. (1844) 535 Gif he beis fundin hable, meit, and sufficientlie qualifeit thairfoir.
1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear iv. 33 That which ordinarie men are fit for, I am qualified in. View more context for this quotation
1665 R. Boyle Occas. Refl. i. vii. sig. N1 Him that is qualify'd for such Employments.
1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 298 A Government qualified only to rule such a People.
1755 J. Mills tr. Crevier Rom. Emp. I. 107 That great man, equally qualified for war or peace.
1845 S. Austin tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Reformation in Germany III. 83 A commune was not qualified to dispute concerning things of this kind.
1863 C. Lyell Geol. Evid. Antiq. Man 33 In every way highly qualified for the task.
1914 C. F. Tweney Dict. Naval & Mil. Terms 164 Ordinary Seaman; one who has undergone training as a ship's boy, but who is not fully qualified as a seaman.
1989 Japan Times 15 May 20/5 I am not qualified to comment on his prize-winning essay.
2006 Wyoming Tribune-Eagle (Nexis) 17 Aug. a9 Because of his experience as a professional funeral director..he is uniquely qualified for the office.
2. Having the attributes required by law, custom, etc., for doing or being something (specified or implied).In quot. 1617: †entitled to hold two benefices at once (obsolete).
ΚΠ
1540 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1814) II. 376/1 That in euery burgh thare be ane qualifijt man chosin to seill all claith.
1559 Q. Kennedy in Wodrow Soc. Misc. (1844) 267 That I was nocht qualifiet to ressone with Willok, because..I wes bot ane meyne man in our estait.
1617 J. Minsheu Ἡγεμὼν είς τὰς γλῶσσας: Ductor in Linguas Qualified,..aptum esse factum qualificatumque ad duo detinenda beneficia. [Note] Qualified for Benefices.
1656 in Gross Gild Merch. (1890) II. 267 Sundry Persons not being qualified according to the said Custome.
1702 London Gaz. No. 3839/4 The next winning Horse that is duly qualify'd to run for this Plate.
1786 T. Amery Trial at Large 117 The charter having been granted..the defendant was a qualified man to be chosen.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. viii. 292 The king..had no right to force on them even a qualified candidate.
1879 Jrnl. Statist. Soc. London 42 860 67 per cent. of those who are qualified to vote, make use of their right.
1979 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 9 Nov. 2/7 (Immigration) Minister's Permits..allow those not qualified for residence to remain up to 12 months.
3.
a. In predicative use. Furnished with, possessed of (certain) qualities. Frequently with modifying adverb. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adjective] > having a certain quality or qualities
positivea1398
tachedc1400
facedc1525
arsed1542
qualitied1567
qualified1590
propertieda1616
qualitated1662
city1946
1590 W. Clever Flower of Phisicke 108 Single medicines, haue an appropriat inclination in themselues, but artificially qualified from their owne nature, haue a more clearer..effect.
1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 158 A certaine gentlewoman..more honourably borne, than honestly quallified.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) iv. vi. 67 She is..so qualified, as may beseeme The Spouse of any noble Gentleman. View more context for this quotation
1665 J. Webb Vindic. Stone-Heng Restored 45 All stones are not qualified alike; some are hard..some soft.
1681 J. Dryden Absalom & Achitophel 3 The moderate sort of Men, thus qualifi'd, Inclin'd the Ballance to the better side.
1787 Daily Universal Reg. 3 Jan. 3/2 Adorned and qualified as she was, it cannot be supposed that she could remain long without a conquest.
b. In attributive use. Possessed of good qualities; accomplished, perfect. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > [adjective] > having acquired skill or accomplished
besee1393
accomplisheda1460
addressed1477
qualified1592
well-accomplished1598
complementala1635
the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > perfection > [adjective] > perfect and complete
accomplisheda1460
complete1526
qualified1592
consummate1603
exact1633
finished1710
1592 T. Nashe Pierce Penilesse (Brit. Libr. copy) sig. H The fine qualified Gentleman..should carie it clean away from the lazie clownish droane.
1598 R. Bernard tr. Terence Adelphi iii. i, in Terence in Eng. 286 Such a qualified yong gentleman.
a1641 J. Finett Philoxenis (1656) 238 Reverenced amongst them for his..descent from a race of qualified saints.
1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Qualified, Accomplisht Statesman, Soldier, Scholar.
4. Of persons: belonging to the upper classes of society; ‘of quality’ (quality n. 5). Now rare (English regional (Cheshire) in later use).
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social class > nobility > aristocracy or upper class > [adjective]
aristocratic1596
select1602
qualified1604
patrician?1614
classical1629
aristocratical1742
ruffle-shirted1805
connected1817
thoroughbred1821
upper1825
eupatrid1833
optimate1846
classy1870
silver-tailed1890
upper-bracket1945
upscale1966
1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta Nat. & Morall Hist. Indies v. xix. 380 If any Indian qualified [Sp. principal], or of the common sorte, were sicke.
1608 A. Willet Hexapla in Exodum 481 These personall wrongs are..of persons not qualified but of common and ordinarie persons.
1678 tr. A. de Courtin Rules Civility (rev. ed.) xvi. 166 If..you be behind, and must pass after the qualify'd person.
1886 R. Holland Gloss. Words County of Chester Qualified, in good circumstances. A rich man would be said to be qualified.
II. Modified in some respect.
5.
a. Modified, limited, moderated; esp. (of a statement, opinion, etc.) incorporating a reservation or condition; mitigated.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > [adjective] > limited by conditions
qualified1538
circumstantiateda1628
conditional1837
conditioned1842
the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective] > toned-down
qualified1746
moderated1773
modified1837
watered-down1840
toned-down1974
1538 J. Husee Let. 5 May in Lisle Papers (P.R.O.: SP 3/12) f.44 I was very quyck wt hir at the fyrst, but seing hir then so penytent..the seconde tyme I was somewhat more qualefyed.
c1599 Life T. More in C. Wordsworth Eccl. Biogr. (1810) II. 162 Delivering this qualified answer to the Kinge.
1635 J. Swan Speculum Mundi vi. §2. 202 If it be taken in a qualified sense, it is not much amisse.
1746 J. Hervey Medit. (1818) 211 Every object, a little while ago, glared with light, but now all appears under a more qualified lustre.
1783 M. Dawes Nature & Extent Extreme Power 1 Such are the effects of qualified liberty, that it pervades the hearts of our fellow-citizens.
1861 J. S. Mill Considerations Representative Govt. i. 7 Unfit for more than a limited and qualified freedom.
1891 E. Peacock Narcissa Brendon II. 432 Narcissa gave a qualified reply.
1952 N. Mandela Struggle is my Life (1978) ii. iii. 38 To accept a measure of this nature even in a qualified manner would be a betrayal of the toiling masses.
1995 Guardian 16 June i. 3/4 Projects as diverse as 5,000 miles of bicycle paths and an electronic zoo..got a qualified green light. None..is guaranteed funding.
2006 State (Columbia, S. Carolina) (Nexis) 29 Aug. (Commentary section) The authors stop with a qualified assertion that consumption of sweet soft drinks ‘may be a key contributor to..obesity.’
b. Law. Limited or modified; having some qualification or restriction attached; conditional or partial; as qualified acceptance, qualified endorsement, qualified estate, qualified fee, qualified oath, qualified privilege, qualified property, etc. Frequently opposed to absolute.
ΚΠ
1681 J. Dalrymple Inst. Law Scotl. iv. xlvi. § 5 Qualified oaths, or these which are not so plain and short as that they may be written and signed at the bar.
1769 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. IV. 235 Animals, in which there is no property either absolute or qualified.
1774 J. Erskine Institute IV. ii. §13 A defender to whose oath a libel is referred..may protest for a qualified oath.
?1810 Edinb. Encycl. (1830) III. i. 207 In bailment there is a special qualified property transferred from the bailor to the bailee, together with the possession.
1883 S. Amos Rom. Civil Law 236 By what has been called a qualified mandate..a person induced another to repose credit in a third person.
1905 Columbia Law Rev. 5 485 No exception can be taken..to the phrase ‘qualified estate’ to describe the various forms of conditional and determinable estate.
1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 113/1 Qualified acceptance may be a promise to pay on a contingency occurring, e.g. on the sale of certain goods consigned by the drawer to the acceptor.
1944 Michigan Law Rev. 43 587 Whoever negotiated the document..by qualified endorsement or endorsement, guarantees the capacity of prior parties.
1972 Times 16 Mar. 9/7 The defence was a denial of the words in the statement of claim, a plea of qualified privilege, a plea of absolute privilege, and also a plea of justification.
2006 Independent (Nexis) 22 Mar. 56 The right to life in article 2..was different in nature from the qualified rights..which enabled the state..to justify an interference with the right.
c. Accounting (chiefly British). Designating a report or account that includes or has received a qualification; see qualification n. 1b.
ΚΠ
1862 Times 25 Apr. 6/1 The official auditor, has addressed a memorandum to the shareholders explaining the principles which..have prevented him from affixing more than a qualified certificate of the accounts.
1917 National Insurance Acts, 1911 to 1915: 3rd Rep. National Insurance Audit Dept. 1916 5 in Parl. Papers (Cd. 8488) XVII. 143 Ten thousand nine hundred and thirty-nine qualified reports annexed to accounts on the audit of approved societies and branches have been issued.
1985 Times 30 Aug. 15/2 The highly qualified accounts..have caused considerable embarrassment.
2004 A. Davidson How to win as Stock Market Speculator vi. 60 If a company has a qualified audit report, do not risk investing in it.
6. slang. Used as a euphemism for ‘bloody’, ‘damned’, etc. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > malediction > oaths > [adjective] > euphemisms for stronger oaths
adjective1851
something1859
adjectived1869
qualified1886
epitheted1896
adj.1903
jiggering1903
adjectival1907
jeezly1908
blerry1920
bluggy1921
somethinged1922
socking1941
bleeping1957
naffing1959
1886 R. Kipling Arrest Lt. Golightly in Civil & Mil. Gaz. 23 Nov. 3/4 He was..told not to make a qualified fool of himself.
1932 D. L. Sayers Have his Carcase xxvi. 353 ‘I wish we'd never come up against this qualified case,’ added the Superintendent bitterly.
1949 ‘E. C. R. Lorac’ Still Waters iii. 39 I..knocked my head on those qualified rocks.
B. n.
A person eligible for a position or office; a person possessing a professional qualification. Also with the and plural agreement: qualified people as a class.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > type of soldier generally > [noun] > eligible
qualified1910
the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > [noun] > skilful person > qualified person
qualified1972
1910 Westm. Gaz. 22 Apr. 14/1 Of 443,385 persons fully qualified for service the [German] State took only 221,852; and..in 1911 the State will take only about 39 per cent. of the qualified.
1972 Accountant 12 Oct. 12/1 (advt.) Newly qualifieds—Birmingham.
1997 Accountancy Apr. 55/3 A newly qualified in London may earn around £28,000 to £30,000.
2000 Cornwall Today Dec. 37/1 Well-intentioned volunteers..rushed to help... The qualified and the unqualified, the old and the young.

Compounds

qualified majority n. Business and Politics a specified proportion above a simple majority, as a requirement for ratification in a voting system; spec. (in the Council of Ministers in the European Union) a majority in a system of weighted voting, in which each member nation has a certain number of votes according to its status, and the required majority is calculated to ensure a proposal may not be blocked by one powerful nation; frequently attributive, as qualified majority voting, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > expression of choice by some approved method > [noun] > taking of votes > counting of votes > number on one side exceeding other
majority1737
plurality1832
landslide1856
qualified majority1916
society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > election of representative body by vote > proceedings at election > [noun] > the numerical result of voting > numbers of votes received by one candidate
simple majority1689
absolute majority1782
plurality1803
qualified majority1916
1916 J. Grunzel Econ. Protectionism ii. iv. 264 Regulations affecting..the business headquarters of the enterprise and its independence of foreign enterprises shall be under the protection of a qualified majority of the stockholders, or shall require the consent of a special stockholders' meeting.
1956 Internat. Organization 10 572/1 The unanimity rule in the council of ministers precludes lapses into supra-national determination, except in the ill-defined twilight zone where ‘qualified majorities’ of the council may decide.
1978 Forbes 26 June 119/1 A few words should be said about the attempts of many managements to prevent takeover efforts... They sneak into the proxy statement proposals to change the bylaws so that a qualified majority vote, sometimes as much as 80%, is needed to approve mergers or similar deals.
1993 D. Leonard Guide to European Community v. 44 The Maastricht treaty..extended the range of issues to which qualified majority voting would apply, including transport and the environment.
2000 Times 7 Aug. i. 16/1 The intergovernmental conference on the implications of enlargement (the size of the Commission, reweighting of votes on the Council of Ministers, extension of qualified majority voting and flexibility).

Derivatives

ˈqualifiedly adv.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > [adverb]
conditionlyc1380
conditionally1483
qualifiedly1598
sub modo1600
contingently1657
subject1722
eventually1746
in a sort of way1802
qualifyingly1829
1598–9 in W. Fraser Memorials Montgomeries (1859) II. 239 That nane tak vpoune hand ony wark..quhilk he is nocht abill to performe qualifeitlie.
1711 J. Spotiswood Form of Process 117 The other Party..abides by the Writing, either simply, or qualifiedly.
1858 H. Bushnell Serm. for New Life 308 A force independent and qualifiedly sovereign.
1905 Amer. Anthropologist 7 695 These obsidian blades..in a measure are..sacred. Nevertheless the term can be applied to them only qualifiedly.
2003 Philippine Daily Inquirer (Nexis) 22 Nov. 2 This is not to say that the songs in this compilation are mild pap, but neither are they all qualifiedly rock.
ˈqualifiedness n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > ability > [noun] > competence, fitness, or ability
sufficiencec1384
suffisance1426
opportunity1535
qualification1561
sufficiency1567
fitness1574
qualifiedness1675
adequacy1779
competence1790
competency1797
locus standi1822
1675 J. Smith Christian Relig. Appeal i. 23 Cæsar had nothing to commend him to the Electors, but his qualifiedness for that function, by the worth of his parts.
1698 R. Ferguson View Ecclesiastick 115 He has both Chalk'd out..an Imployment, and given a Proof of his Qualifiedness for the discharge of it.
1702 J. Howe Living Temple (new ed.) I. iii. 156 The more manifest need of his hand to heighten dull matter, to a qualifiedness for performances.
1745 J. Orton Jesus Christ 42 The great Test of Qualifiedness for Service in the Church.
1953 H. Bhattacharyya Cultural Heritage India III. ii. xxi. 369 The svarūpa..in which svarūpa-śakti and rasahood find only the minimum expression, so as not to give it any noticeable qualifiedness, is known as Nirviśesa.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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adj.n.1533
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