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单词 purify
释义

purifyv.

Brit. /ˈpjʊərᵻfʌɪ/, /ˈpjɔːrᵻfʌɪ/, U.S. /ˈpjʊrəˌfaɪ/
Forms: Middle English purfyȝe, Middle English purifye, Middle English purisie (transmission error), Middle English–1500s purefie, Middle English–1500s puryfie, Middle English–1500s puryfy, Middle English–1500s puryfye, Middle English–1600s purifie, 1500s– purify, 1600s purifi'd (past participle), 1600s purifide (past participle); Scottish pre-1700 purefe, pre-1700 purefy, pre-1700 purife, pre-1700 puriffy, pre-1700 purifie, pre-1700 purifit (past participle), pre-1700 puryfe, pre-1700 1700s– purify, 1700s peerify.
Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French purifier.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French purifier, purefier, French purifier to make morally pure (c1175 in Old French), to make ritually pure (c1225 in reflexive use; end of 13th cent. with reference to the churching of women after childbirth; in transitive use from c1343), to make physically pure, to remove impurities from (c1265), to rid (a language) of undesirable elements (1718) < classical Latin pūrificāre to free from dirt, cleanse, to make ceremonially pure, in post-classical Latin also to cleanse from sin (Vulgate), to church (a woman) after childbirth (from late 12th cent. in British sources; from 13th cent. in continental sources) < pūrus pure adj. + -ficāre -fy suffix. Compare Catalan purificar (second half of 13th cent.), Spanish purificar (1385), Portuguese purificar (15th cent.), Italian purificare (a1294). Compare pure v.
1. transitive. To make ceremonially or ritually pure or clean; (formerly) spec. †to church (a woman) after childbirth (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > worship > cleanness (ceremonial) > purification > purify [verb (transitive)]
cleansec1000
hallowc1000
clengea1300
circumcide1340
circumcisec1340
purifyc1350
purgea1430
sanctifya1500
expiate1603
housel1607
lustre1645
lustrate1653
catharize1832
society > faith > worship > cleanness (ceremonial) > purification > purify [verb (transitive)] > women after childbirth
purifyc1350
church1440
kirka1500
c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) l. 8 (MED) Þou shalt purisie [read purifie; L. lavabis] me, and y shal be made whyȝte vp snowe.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Lev. xiv. 8 Whenne þe man haþ wasched his cloþes, he shal shaue alle þe heerys of þe body, & he shal be wasche wiþ water, & purified he shal goon yn to þe tentys.
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 310 (MED) Þe quene Margarete, with childe þan was sche þe kyng..went..to se hir & hir barn, & with hir he soiorned tille sho was purified.
Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 75 Chyrchyn, or puryfyen, purifico.
a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (Harl. 7333) (1879) 276 (MED) Whenne þe Emperesse shulde be purified, she enteryd in to the temple.
1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Purificacion of Weomen f. xxx*v The woman that is purifyed, must offer her Crysome.
1610 Bible (Douay) II. 2 Macc. xii. 38 When the seuenth day came on, being purified according to the custome, they kept the Sabbath in the same place.
1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd i. 74 In the Consecrated stream..to wash off sin, and fit them so Purified to receive him pure. View more context for this quotation
1731 R. Gwinnett et al. Pylades & Corinna I. 59 They take Girls under the Age of Nine, whom they purify with much Ceremony, that is twelve Times through each of the four Elements, before they are held fit for Sacrifice.
1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xxiii. 399 Yet Ammianus (xxii. 12) clears and purifies the whole ground, according to the rites which the Athenians formerly practised in the isle of Delos.
1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe III. vii. 162 The holy places [have been] purified from pollution by the blood of those infidels who defiled them.
1854 J. H. Newman Lect. Hist. Turks iii. ii. 168 The priests washed and purified the altars where their own priests had said mass.
1932 J. G. Neihardt Black Elk Speaks vii. 77 The next day some of the people were building a sweat tepee for a medicine man by the name of Chips, who was going to perform a ceremony and had to be purified first.
1992 Lakota Times (Rapid City, S. Dakota) 5 Aug. a2/2 The evening after the accident, children were purified with sage smoke and got to hold a Pipe passed around.
2. transitive. To make morally or spiritually pure; to cleanse (the soul, conscience, etc.) from moral or spiritual defilement; to free from guilt or sin.
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > virtue > purity > make pure [verb (transitive)]
cleansec897
shire?c1225
clengea1300
purge1340
purec1350
purifya1393
whitena1400
sprinkle1526
refine1594
simplify1609
sublime1613
purgate1795
revirginize1852
bleach1868
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. 3460 (MED) He that wolde him purefie, The hihe god hath mad him clene..He hath him clensed bothe tuo, The bodi and the Soule also.
?c1422 T. Hoccleve Ars Sciendi Mori l. 624 in Minor Poems (1970) i. 201 Thogh deeth assaill and vexe greuously The rightwys man, or slee him sodeynly..He shal be pourged cleene & purified.
c1475 Wisdom (Folger) (1969) 54 (MED) They þat of þe hewy burthen of synne hathe cure, My loue dyschargethe and puryfyethe clene.
1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. OOiiiv By this gyfte of gostly scyence, the tong of man or woman is purified and fyled.
1593 G. Harvey Pierces Supererogation 47 But out-vpon ranke, & lothsome ribaldry, that putrifieth, where it should purify.
1611 Bible (King James) 1 John iii. 3 Euery man that hath this hope in him, purifieth himselfe, euen as he is pure. View more context for this quotation
1688 J. Barker Poet. Recreations i. 18 Friendship..purifies our Love, and makes it flow, I'th' clearest stream.
1729 W. Law Serious Call xxi. 420 Purifying his heart all manner of ways, fearful of every error and defect in his life.
1794 T. Taylor tr. Pausanias Descr. Greece III. 321 For this god is a sophist, who purifies souls after death.
1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xxvii. 280 The germ of all that purifies a woman's breast, and makes it true and good, has never stirred in mine.
1872 J. Morley Voltaire i. 3 Each did much to..purify the spiritual self-respect of mankind.
1919 P. G. Wodehouse Their Mutual Child ii. xiv. 264 Absence had purified him of that dull anger which had been his so short a while before.
1988 L. Gordon Eliot's New Life ii. 89 He means to purify himself through solitude, envisaged in terms of the remote lives of desert saints.
2002 Law & Hist. Rev. 20 602 That the Mugwumps are most often remembered for attempting to purify the government should not obscure their deep commitment to advancing private morality.
3.
a. transitive. To make physically pure or clean; to remove dirt, filth, etc., from; (in later use esp.) to remove impurities or contaminants from (a substance).
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > remove impurities from [verb (transitive)]
mereeOE
spurge1303
fine1340
sendre1340
purea1350
purgec1350
purifya1398
depurea1400
clarifyc1430
expurge1483
defecatec1487
subtiliate1551
refine?1572
neatify1581
distil1599
sublimate1601
sweeten1601
depurate1620
infresh1635
lustre1645
lustrate1653
freshen1710
chasten1715
epurate1799
enchastena1806
dispollute1862
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 256 Rede wyn..clenseþ by [read þe] weyes of veynes of quitter and of rotednesse and purifieþ þe blood.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xv. 54 The ayer purifyeth and clenseth hym selfe for to receyue the Impressyons of influences of this god.
1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 211 I..dulcely drank of eloquence the fontayne, Quhen it was purifit wyth frost and flowit clere.
1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 327v To purifie or pourge it [sc. the metal] from drosse.
1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xxxviii. 243 There used to be fires made..to purifie the aire.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 138 Th' officious Nymphs,..With Waters..From earthly dregs his Body purify . View more context for this quotation
1703 M. Martin Descr. W. Islands Scotl. 183 Water-gruel..purifies the Blood and procures Appetite, when Drunk without Salt.
1729 G. Shelvocke, Jr. tr. K. Siemienowicz Great Art Artillery iv. 292 Lead, divested of its Crudity and Grossness by being purified.
1760–1 C. Lennox Ladies Museum I. 142 Lightnings too, and thunder..whose dreadful explosions..cool and purify the surrounding elements.
1800 tr. E. J. B. Bouillon-Lagrange Man. Course Chem. I. 71 This sulphur may be purified..by washing it.
1841 T. R. Jones Gen. Outl. Animal Kingdom xxviii. 567 The air required for purifying the blood is, of course, continually changed.
1902 Westm. Gaz. 20 Dec. 3/1 River water is usually purified by sedimentation and filtration.
2000 New Scientist 4 Mar. 97/3 He was the first person to successfully purify cucumber mosaic cucumovirus, now regarded as the most economically important virus occurring in plants.
b. transitive. Christian Church. Of a celebrant: to cleanse (the chalice, paten, etc.) during the Eucharist.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > worship > parts of service > post-communion > [verb (transitive)] > cleanse
rinsea1400
purify1727
1727 tr. N. Menin Hist. & Chronological Treat. Anointing & Coronation Kings & Queens France 165 He [sc. the king] is still for some time on his Knees..while the Archbishop purifies the Chalice.
1786 G. Hay Pious Christian Instructed iii. 87 After the communion the priest purifies the chalice and covers it.
1858 J. Purchas Directorium Anglicanum 62 The Celebrant..first purifies the corporal..and then purifies the paten.
1885 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. (ed. 3) App. at Purification Innocent III...laid it down that the priest should always use wine to purify the chalice, and drink it, unless he was going to say another Mass.
1975 J. F. Noll Father Smith instructs Jackson iii. xxxvi. 216 The servers assist the priest. They bring him wine and water, help him to purify his fingers, and so on.
1990 A. R. Kezel in Birgitta of Sweden 255 The thought and vocabulary of this response are reminiscent of the Roman priest's prayer while purifying the chalice after communion.
4. transitive. To remove (an impurity, disease, etc.) by cleansing; to drive out; to purge.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > remove impurities from [verb (transitive)] > remove by purifying
bermc1315
spurgea1395
purifyc1400
defeke1605
defecate1774
c1400 J. Gower Eng. Wks. (1901) II. 491 Al his lepre it hath so purified.
c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Katherine (Arun. 396) (1893) iii. 994 (MED) Hir body..muste be claryfyed And al the carnalite fully puryfied.
1769 H. Brooke Fool of Quality IV. xvii. 31 He, who shineth in darkness, will..purify your pollutions.
1854 R. Montgomery Poet. Wks. I. 34 Affliction with its flame hath purified the dross, and deeper in my soul enstamp'd a Saviour's cross.
1927 V. Woolf To Lighthouse i. xi. 97 It seemed to her like her own eyes meeting her own eyes, searching as she alone could search into her mind and her heart, purifying out of existence that lie, any lie.
1997 E. Cadava Emerson & Climates of Hist. iii. 172 Coming to battle slavery in the name of God, these peoples will purify the sin that has beset America from its beginning.
5. transitive. To rid of undesirable or alien elements; to refine to an ideal state; to return to an original uncorrupted state.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > improvement > [verb (transitive)] > purify or refine
slick1340
filec1400
polishc1400
burnish1526
polite1535
extirpate1548
purify1548
soften1579
purgea1582
refine1592
mellow1593
civilize1596
rarefy1600
incivilize1603
sublimate1624
alembicate1627
chastise1627
sublime1631
calcine1635
gentilize1635
ennoble1636
subtilize1638
deconcoct1655
sublimizea1729
smooth1762
absterge1817
decrassify1855
sandpaper1890
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. lix The kynge hauynge peace aswell with foreyne princes,..as disburdened and purified of all domesticall sedicion.
1667 T. Sprat Hist. Royal-Soc. i. 40 He saw the French Tongue abundantly purifi'd.
1711 J. Anderson Countrey-man's Let. to Curat 6 That Prince seem'd calculat rather for Poorifying (pardon the Clench) than Purifying the Church.
1784 E. Allen Reason xiii. §1. 426 The last century and a half has done more towards the perfecting of grammar, and purifying the languages, than the world had ever done before.
1845 S. Austin tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Reformation in Germany III. 373 The country communes determined (April, 1530) that these churches too should be purified.
1890 Spectator 27 Dec. The desire of the Russian Government to ‘purify’ Poland of Germans.
1942 T. S. Eliot Little Gidding ii. 11 Speech impelled us To purify the dialect of the tribe And urge the mind to aftersight and foresight.
1992 W. H. Brock Fontana Hist. Chem. i. 29 He was, in the tradition of humanism, attempting to purify the spelling of a classical root that had been barbarized by Arabic contamination.
6. transitive. Chiefly Scots Law. To fulfil (a condition) so as to render a legal obligation unconditional or absolute; (also) to make (a contract or obligation) unconditional or absolute. Cf. pure adj. 2b.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > legal obligation > put under legal obligation [verb (transitive)] > free an obligation from conditions
purify1590
1590 H. Swinburne Briefe Treat. Test. & Willes iv. f. 133 If he die, then is the condition said to be purified or extant, and so thou art to bee admitted, otherwise not.
a1623 H. Swinburne Treat. Spousals (1686) 130 Whether in this Case the conditional Contract be purified and made perfect Matrimony, is a Question.
1671 in M. P. Brown Suppl. Dict. Decisions Court of Session (1826) II. 553 He suspends upon this reason, that the bond was conditional..but this condition was never purified; but to the contrary, a second donatar to the said ward and marriage..was preferred.
1711 S. C. Misc. I. 62 The doctor..having now taken the oath to her Majesty, and so purified the condition of the sentence, hath undoubted right and title.
1754 J. Erskine Princ. Law Scotl. II. iii. vii. §9 Obligations, where the condition is not purified, or the term of payment not come within the seven years.
1861 G. Ross W. Bell's Dict. Law Scotl. (rev. ed.) at Obligation A conditional obligation, dependent on an event which may never happen, has no obligatory force until the condition be purified.
1927 W. M. Gloag & R. C. Henderson Introd. Law Scotl. 29 If a legacy is given on a condition which is partly potestative, it is held to be purified if the legatee has done all that he could to purify it, though he have failed.
1992 Times Sc. Law Rep. 23 Dec. 22/1 A suspensive condition of payment under the underlying contract had been purified only by the fraud of a third party to that contract.
7. intransitive. To become pure. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > become free from impurities [verb (intransitive)]
finea1425
refine1604
reclear1615
purify1645
depurate1768
the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > improvement > [verb (intransitive)] > become purified or refined
sublime1624
polish1712
mellow1737
bleach1799
purify1805
sublimate1850
society > morality > virtue > purity > become pure [verb (intransitive)]
purec1350
purify1852
1645 [implied in: H. Hammond Death-bed Repentance 35 God's mercy in Christ, his general but conditionall mercy for all penitent purifying sinners.].
1668 R. Steele Husbandmans Calling ix. 237 Water, if it stand, it putrifies: if it run, it purifies.
1800 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 3 580 He does not put it in water to purify.
1805 R. Southey Let. in C. C. Southey Life & Corr. R. Southey (1850) II. 347 Send them to new settlements, and let the old ones purify.
1852 H. E. Manning Grounds of Faith i. 21 Of the intermediate state of departed souls, purifying for the kingdom of God.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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