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单词 prussian
释义

Prussiann.adj.

Brit. /ˈprʌʃn/, U.S. /ˈprəʃ(ə)n/
Forms: 1500s Prussien, 1500s– Prussian, 1800s Prooshan (humorous), 1800s Prooshun (humorous), 1800s Proosian (humorous), 1800s– Prooshian (chiefly humorous).
Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin Prussianus.
Etymology: < post-classical Latin Prussianus, adjective (from 13th cent. in British sources as Prucianus , Prucinus , Pruscenus ) < Prussia (see note below) + classical Latin -ānus -an suffix. Compare also post-classical Latin Prissani , plural noun (9th cent.), Prussiensis , adjective (second half of the 10th cent. in an apparently isolated attestation). In quot. 1554 at sense A. 1 via Middle French prussien (1540 in the passage translated in this quot.). Compare earlier pruce adj., spruce adj.1 1The post-classical Latin name Prussia (late 10th or early 11th cent. as Pruscia , Pruzzia ; also Prucia , Prusia , Pruzia , Pruzcia , Prussya , Pruzsya , etc.; also Pruzze (late 10th cent.)) is derived < Prussi (late 10th or early 11th cent. as Pruzzi ; also Prusci , Pruci , Prusi , Pruzi , etc.), Latinized form of the name of a Baltic people (Old Prussians), who inhabited a territory on the south-east shores of the Baltic Sea, comprising parts of modern day Poland, Russia, and Lithuania. The origin of the name is uncertain and disputed. Other post-classical Latin names of the people were Borussi (see Borussian n. and adj.), and Pruteni (see Prutenic adj. and n.). Compare Middle Low German prūsse, prǖsse, prūse, prūze, etc., Middle High German priuze, priuz (nouns) inhabitant of Prussia (German Preuße), Middle Low German prūssisch, prūsisch, prūzesch, etc., Middle High German priuzisch (adjectives) Prussian (German preußisch); also, denoting Prussia, Middle Low German Prūssen, Prǖssen, Prūsen, Prūzen, etc., Middle High German Priuzen, Priuzenlant (German Preußen), and Old Prussian Prūsa, Lithuanian Prūsija, Polish Prusy. The area originally inhabited by the Old Prussians was conquered in the 13th cent. by the Knights of the Teutonic Order and formed a state within the Holy Roman Empire; in 1466 the western part of this was lost to Poland, the rest became a duchy in 1525; in the 17th cent. the duchy came under the rule of the elector of Brandenburg, who in 1701 assumed the title of König in Preußen, King in Prussia. In 1871 Prussia was subsumed into the newly founded state of Germany (then the German Empire), of which it remained an administrative unit until its final dissolution in 1947.
A. n.
1. A native or inhabitant of Prussia (see etymological note). Now chiefly historical.
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the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > native or inhabitant of Germany > [noun] > parts of
Easterling1253
Sprucier1443
Suevian1549
High German1550
Low German1550
Prussian1554
Lusatian1555
Westphalian1576
Borussian1607
Rhinelander1608
Eastman1610
Belgic1615
Franconian1615
Thuringian1618
Swab1637
spruce1640
Silesian1669
Swabian1675
palatinate1709
Hessian1729
Saxon1737
Austrasian1833
East German1838
Balt1854
West German1855
Württemberger1896
Sudeten1938
East German1947
West German1947
Saarlander1955
Ossi1989
Wessi1990
1554 W. Prat tr. J. Boemus Discr. Aphrique Prol. sig. Bviv The Germaynes, Italyons, Spanyardes, Frenchemen, Scottes, Iryshmen, the Danes, Liuones Prussiens [Fr. Prussiens, L. Prussii].
1565 R. Shacklock tr. S. Hozjusz Hatchet of Heresies f. 2v This agrement of fayth..floryshed among..the Germanes..Catholyke Russians, Prussians, or Masouians.
1611 T. Coryate Crambe sig. b2v An old paire of stockings which a Prussian of Koningsberg gaue him, wherein inhabited some oraculous vermine.
1677 E. Browne Acct. Trav. Germany 82 To the Classis, or Natio Saxonum, were reduced Saxons..Prussians, Livonians.
1746 H. Walpole Lett. (1846) II. 112 The King of Sardinia..has made himself as considerable in the scale as the Prussian.
1778 S. P. Adye Treat. Courts Martial (ed. 2) ii. 146 With regard to modern punishments, the gantlope has been adopted, not only by the Prussians, but most other German powers.
1800 M. Trench Remains (1862) 86 I dined also again with the Arnsteins, who I see hate the Austrian government. She is a Prussian, and according to the late cant phrase ‘That accounts for it’.
1843 C. Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit (1844) xix. 239 Some people..may be Rooshans, and some may be Prooshans; they are born so, and will please themselves.
1895 Argosy Sept. 501/2 Prince William..enjoyed advantages in the way of learning and instruction such as no other Prussian could hope of obtaining.
1914 R. Brooke Let. 24 Aug. (1968) 611 To Hell with the Prooshians.
1929 W. Ray tr. W. Hegemann Frederick the Great 122 The patient Prussians had barely two more years to wait before death came to rid them of their great king.
1990 C. Tighe Gdansk (BNC) 66 The Prussians lacked political, military and economic power against the might of revolutionary France.
2. More fully blue Prussian. = Prussian blue n. 3. Now rare.
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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > pulses or plants producing pulses > [noun] > pea > other types of pea or pea-plant
rouncival1570
garden pea1573
field pease1597
vale-grey1615
rose pea1629
hotspur1663
seven-year pea1672
rathe-ripe1677
huff-codc1680
pigeon pea1683
hog-pease1686
shrub pea1691
field pea1707
pea1707
crown pea1726
maple rouncival1731
marrowfat1731
moratto1731
pig pea1731
sickle-pea1731
hog pea1732
maple pea1732
marrow pea1733
black eye?1740
egg-pea1744
magotty bay bean1789
Prussian1804
maple grey1805
partridge pea1812
Prussian blue1822
scimitar1834
marrow1855
fill-basket1881
string-pea1891
mattar1908
vining pea1959
1804 J. Gardiner Amer. Gardener 43 Spanish morottos, rouncivals, prussians, green and white, marrowfats, and other large late peas are the kinds to sow this month.
1836 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Plants (rev. ed.) 622 The grey pea, cultivated in agriculture, is by some considered as a species, though it is obviously a mere variety, not further removed from the frame pea than is the blue Prussian, or the crown pea.
1902 T. W. Sanders Encycl. Gardening (ed. 5) 296 Prussians: small, thin-skinned blue seeds.
1921 H. K. Hayes Breeding Crop Plants i. 7 In 1820 flowers of Blue Prussian pea, which has bluish seeds, were pollinated with pollen of Dwarf Spanish.
3. The medieval West Baltic language of the Old Prussian people; = Old Prussian n. 1. Now rare.Recorded earliest in Old Prussian n. 1.
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the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > Balto-Slavic > Baltic > Old Prussian
Old Prussian1841
Prussian1841
1841 R. G. Latham Eng. Lang. 3 The Livonian,..the Old Prussian, and the Lithuanian of Lithuania, constituting the Lithuanic stock [of languages].
1888 J. Wright tr. K. Brugmann Elem. Compar. Gram. Indo-Germanic Lang. I. 11 The Baltic division consists of Prussian [Ger. das Preussische], Lithuanian, and Lettic.
1946 Rev. Politics 8 44 The language was still so widespread in 1545 that Duke Albrecht had Luther's catechism translated into ‘Prussian’.
1972 W. B. Lockwood Panorama Indo-European Lang. 139 A catechism, in Prussian and German, was twice printed in 1545.
4. = Prussian blue n. 1.
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the world > matter > colour > named colours > blue or blueness > blue colouring matter > [noun] > blue pigment > specific
azurec1374
lapis lazulia1425
litmusc1503
verditer1505
florey1527
bice1548
smalt1558
smalts1591
smalt1598
ultramarine1598
litmus blue1612
verditer1665
ultramarine blue (or colour)1686
blue sublimate1700
Prussian blue1724
terre bleue1728
starch blue1742
king's blue1778
verditel1778
Antwerp brown1787
Berlin blue1794
lacmus1794
Antwerp blue1795
French blue1802
lapis1811
Waterloo blue1815
Waterloo1823
cobalt1835
Thénard's blue1837
iron blue1839
turnsole1839
permanent blue1863
opal blue1880
Haarlem blue1885
cyanine blue1886
cerulean blue1889
Victoria blue1890
Milori blue1899
Prussian1911
Windsor blue1912
gentianine1927
Monastral1936
Alcian Blue1947
1911 O. Onions Widdershins iv. 154 The daylight had gone, but I knew that ‘Prussian’ would be about the colour for the eyes.
1990 Herald (Nexis) 12 Sept. 13 Opulent colors predominate..such as ruby, dark purple, sienna, prussian and chocolate in flowing shirts and contrasting bustiers in washed silks.
B. adj.
1. Of or relating to Prussia or its inhabitants; (also) designating something characteristically identified with or reputed to come from Prussia.
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the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > native or inhabitant of Germany > [adjective] > parts of Germany
Suevical1560
Swevical1560
Prussian1565
Suevian1574
Thuringian1607
Franconian1608
Suevic1638
High German1640
Saxonic1647
Saxon1654
Swabian1684
Saxonian1761
Hanoverian1775
Low German1808
East German1849
West German1850
West German1946
Balt1954
the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > Germanic region > [adjective] > Prussia
spruce1378
pruce1389
Prussian1702
Borussian1718
1565 R. Shacklock tr. S. Hozjusz Hatchet of Heresies (verso title page) Fixing his eye on Prussian grounde, He sawe holy Hosius makyng this boke.
1599 R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations I. 146 Then fiue Prussian horsemen came riding and tooke them, deliuering them bounde to the custodie of two.
1611 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. ii. 344 With Transyluania, Seruia, and Panonia, The Prussian Plains, and ouer all Polonia.
1677 P. Meadows Narr. Princip. Actions Wars Sueden & Denmark 117 To the end that by this revolution they might better open and secure their Trade with Dantzick and the Prussian Ports.
1702 Toland Acct. Court of Prussia (1705) 36 'Tis at Berlin that his Prussian Majesty dos commonly keep his Court.
1754 W. Faucitt (title) Regulations for the Prussian Infantry.
1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature (1799) II. 422 A Prussian Author..has lately favoured the World with various productions.
1852 G. W. Johnson Cottage Gardeners' Dict. 531/2 Lactuca Lettuce... Imperial Grand Admirable, Prussian, Large Roman.
1883 Chambers's Encycl. VII. 815 This tendency to over-legislation has long been the predominating evil feature of Prussian administration.
1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 29 Oct. 827/1 One of the objects of the Prussian campaign, a masterpiece of politico-military strategy, was to separate Prussia and Saxony.
1990 B. Burrough & J. Helyar Barbarians at Gate ii. 56 As a young man, he had been an Army instructor, and he brought that blunt, Prussian style to the executive suite.
2. Of, relating to, or designating the medieval West Baltic language of the Old Prussian people; = Old Prussian adj. rare.Recorded earliest in Old Prussian adj.
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the world > people > ethnicities > ancient people of central and eastern Europe > [adjective]
Helvetian1559
Getan1572
Getic1573
Cimbrian1607
Old Prussian1765
Prussian1765
Cimbric1781
Bulgarian1797
1765 D. Fenning et al. New Syst. Geogr. (new ed.) II. 76/1 Some authors suppose that the former inhabitants, alluding to their proximity to the Russians, called themselves Porussi, or bordering on the Russians, for po, in the old Prussian language, signifies near.
1879 H. Sweet in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1877–9 53 Of great importance for the vocabulary and etymology is..a German and Prussian vocabulary, edited by Nesselmann [Note Ein deutsch-preussisches Vocabularium..1868].
1955 Trans. & Proc. Amer. Philol. Assoc. 86 310 The only term for salmon or trout current in western Europe which may originally have had the same application in primitive Indo-European is German Lachs ‘salmon’ (Old High German laks), on the basis of such cognates as Prussian lasasso, Lithuanian lasziszà, Lettish lasis, [etc.].

Compounds

Prussian acid n. Chemistry Obsolete = prussic acid n. at prussic adj. Compounds.
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the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > poison > [noun] > poisonous chemicals
mercury sublimy?1540
sublimate1543
sublimatum1558
sublimy1558
mercury sublimate1562
corrosive sublimate1664
sweet sublimate1664
supplement1769
Prussian acid1783
oxalic acid1788
prussic acid1788
cyanide1815
cyanuret1827
nitrobenzide1835
nitrobenzol1848
pyridine1851
nitrobenzene1852
isonitrile1871
iso-cyanide1877
1783 J. Watt Let. 14 Nov. in J. P. Muirhead Origin & Progress Mech. Inventions J. Watt (1854) II. 179 Mr. Scheele's process of making the Prussian acid.
1794 R. Kirwan Elements Mineral. (ed. 2) I. 488 Iron..forms, with the Prussian acid, compounds of two different kinds; the one fully saturated, the other unsaturated.
1867 B. Harte in N. Page Wilkie Collins (1995) lii. 163 Have never seen arsenic or Prussian acid in any of the private drawers—but have seen paregoric and camphor.
Prussian alkali n. Chemistry Obsolete potassium ferrocyanide, K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O.
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1772 J. C. Lettsom Naturalist's & Traveller's Compan. vi. 34 Zinc is precipitated in a white powder by the Prussian alkali.
1794 R. Kirwan Elements Mineral. (ed. 2) I. 487 Prussian, or Pruissiated alkali, formerly called the phlogisticated alkali, is an alkali united to a particular tinging substance by the intermediation of iron, calcined.
1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 757 A determinate quantity of the Prussian alkali must be tried previously.
Prussian binding n. Needlework (now rare) a binding (binding n. 5b) with a silk face and a cotton reverse.
ΚΠ
1830 Times 11 Dec. 2/1 A superior and fashionable nap great coat, Genoa velvet collar, silk Prussian binding £4 4s.
1882 S. F. A. Caulfeild & B. C. Saward Dict. Needlework 412/2 Prussian bindings. These are designed for the binding of mantles, dressing-gowns, and waterproofs... They consist of a silk face and cotton back, having a diagonal twill.
1932 D. C. Minter Mod. Needlecraft 113/1 Neaten the bottom of a fitting sleeve with lute ribbon or Prussian binding.
Prussian brown n. a deep brown pigment derived from Prussian blue by oxidation or by admixture with another pigment.
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the world > matter > colour > named colours > brown or brownness > colouring matter > [noun] > pigments
brown1549
umberc1568
castory1590
wood-colour1622
burnt umbera1650
Cologne earth1658
Spanish brown1660
raw umber1702
bistre1728
Siena1787
raw sienna1797
Terra Siennaa1817
sepia1821
brown ochre1823
bone brown1831
indigo-brown1838
mummy1854
Cassel brown1860
Prussian brown1860
mineral brown1869
Cappagh brown1875
Verona brown1889
1860 R. Hunt Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 5) III. 545 Prussian brown, a fine deep brown colour obtained by adding the yellow prussiate of potash (ferroprussiate) to a solution of sulphate of copper.
1889 Cent. Dict. at Brown a. and n. Prussian brown, a pigment used by artists, prepared by calcining an aluminous Prussian blue... It is orange-brown, and resembles burnt sienna, but is not so rich in tone.
1911 Encycl. Brit. XXI. 598/1 There are pigments, such as Prussian brown, light red and burnt sienna, which owe their hues to a process of actual calcination.
1993 Stud. Conservation 38 246 Often he used the names of pigments as colour descriptions, which implies he was familiar with less well-known pigments such as Prussian brown.
Prussian carp n. a freshwater fish native to eastern Europe, Carassius gibelio (family Cyprinidae), often regarded as a form of the crucian carp ( C. carassius) or as a wild subspecies of the goldfish ( C. auratus).
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the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > order Salmoniformes (salmon or trout) > superorder Ostariophysi or order Cypriniformes > [noun] > suborder Cyprinoidei > family Cyprinidae (minnows and carps) > unspecified and miscellaneous types
snot-fish1655
gilt char1673
vrac1673
carp1789
kurper1831
Prussian carp1836
grass carp1885
saddle carp1888
zebrafish1914
1836 W. Yarrell Hist. Brit. Fishes I. 311 (heading) The Crucian Carp. Prussian Carp. Crowger.
1880 A. Günther Introd. Study of Fishes 591 The Crucian Carp (Carassius carassius) is much subject to variation of form; very lean examples are commonly called ‘Prussian Carps’.
1969 A. Wheeler Fishes Brit. Isles & N.-W. Europe 187/1 Others consider that the fish native to eastern Europe (C. auratus gibelio (Bloch, 1783)—the ‘Prussian Carp’) is subspecifically distinct from the Asiatic goldfish (C. a. auratus).
1991 P. S. Maitland & R. N. Campbell Freshwater Fishes Brit. Isles xv. 184 Crucian Carp Carassius carassius... Crowger, Gibel Carp, Prussian Carp.
Prussian collar n. a high, upright, military-style collar.
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1823 Edinb. Advertiser 19 Dec. 396/2 Blue frock, Prussian collar, epaulets, black waist belt, sash, &c. and cocked hat and plume.
1955 J. E. Liberty Pract. Tailoring (ed. 2) xi. 211 The Prussian or Double collar, is made to button up to the neck and has a small stand. There are variations of this type, from the style very like the double linen collar worn with a tie, to that where the fall lies flatter on the fronts and does not fit so closely to the stand, 2 to 3½ in. fall, as on uniforms.
1998 G. O'Hara Callan Dict. Fashion & Fashion Designers 193/1 The Prussian collar has frequently been adapted to fashion garments.
Prussian green n. a green pigment derived from Prussian blue, by oxidation or by admixture with another pigment.
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the world > matter > colour > named colours > green or greenness > green colouring matter > [noun] > pigment or dye > other pigments
vert1481
verditer1505
green bice1548
sap1572
sap-green1578
terre-verte1658
verditer1665
ultramarine blue (or colour)1686
emerald1712
Prussian green1738
Saxon green1753
verditel1778
Brunswick green1790
mountain green1822
Vienna green1825
bladder-green1830
Verona green1835
mitis green1839
Paris green1847
Hooker's green1860
Guignet's green1862
emerald green1879
silk green1880
viridian1882
Cassel green1885
Milori green1885
Victoria green1890
Montpellier green1930
cadmium green1934
guaco1936
Monastral1936
1738 J. Hoofnail New Pract. Improvem. Exper. Colours Contents p. viii A Way to make Prussian Green.
1842 G. W. Francis Dict. Arts Prussian Green, a celebrated pigment, consisting of an imperfect Prussian blue, containing excess of the oxyde of iron, to which the yellow tincture of French berries is added.
1939 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) III. 473/1 Oxidising agents such as chlorine and nitric acid frequently give rise to green solutions and green precipitates (‘Prussian green’).
1994 A. Theroux Primary Colors 44 His blue in all probability was a ‘Prussian Green’ (a Winsor & Newton tube color, a mixture of Prussian blue and gamboge, a.k.a. Hooker's green).
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.adj.1554
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