psychicaladj.

Brit.

/ˈsʌɪkᵻkl/, U.S.

/ˈsaɪkᵻk(ə)l/

Forms: see psychic adj. and n. and -al suffix¹.

Origin: A borrowing from Greek, combined with an English element. Etymons: Greek ψυχικός , -al suffix¹.

Etymology: < ancient Greek ψυχικός psychic adj. + -al suffix¹; compare -ical suffix.In sense 2 after Hellenistic Greek ψυχικός, which in 1 Corinthians 2:14, 15:44, 46, is opposed to πνευματικός spiritual, and is rendered in the Vulgate by animālis; the Wycliffite Bible has beastly; most subsequent English versions have natural. In the 20th cent. it is sometimes translated as unspiritual (in e.g. the New English Bible (1970) and the Revised English Bible (1989).

1. Originally: of or relating to the spirit, spiritual (now rare). In later use chiefly: = psychic adj. 1.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > [adjective] > as opposed to physical

internal1547

psychical1642

superanimal?1663

psychological1789

psychic1845

incorporeal1887

the mind > mental capacity > spirituality > [adjective]

inwardc888

innerc900

spiritualc1384

spiritala1393

soulya1500

interiora1513

intern1546

internal1547

soulish1581

soul-like1606

pneumatic1624

thoughtsome1627

psychical1642

pneumatical1644

animastic1651

animastical1651

intimate1671

in-written1684

soular1818

inwardly1820

psychal1822

noetica1834

the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > [adjective] > characteristics of

psychical1642

functional1818

reactive1900

psycholeptic1925

1642 H. More Ψυχωδια Platonica sig. G3^v The first we name Nature Monadicall, The second hight Life Intellectuall, Third Psychicall.

1827 G. Bentham Outl. New Syst. Logic iv. 49 Human faculties..are either physical or psychical... The psychical [are] those which take place in our mind.

1834 T. Carlyle Sartor Resartus i. ix. 21/2 This physical or psychical infirmity..I have..thought right to publish.

1847 H. E. Lloyd & B. G. Babington tr. E. von Feuchtersleben Princ. Med. Psychol. 18 The proper subject of our inquiries—spirit in its relation to corporeal life, organism in its relation to psychical life.

1854 J. C. Bucknill Unsoundness of Mind 14 The purely psychical school of insanity has scarcely gained a footing in this country.

1877 M. Foster Text Bk. Physiol. (1878) iii. ii. 397 The difficulty of distinguishing between the unconscious or physical and the conscious or psychical factors.

1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 566 Such symptoms as hysteria, neurasthenia and psychical over-strain.

1913 E. Jones Papers on Psycho-anal. ii. 21 When the sublimation process is not sufficiently potent to provide an outlet for the accompanying psychical energy, other paths of discharge have to be forged.

1960 J. Strachey et al. tr. S. Freud Compl. Wks. VI. p. xiv This is the truth which he [sc. Freud] insists upon..: it should be possible in theory to discover the psychical determinants of every smallest detail of the processes of the mind.

1988 N. Symington Analytic Experience xi. 117 Psycho-physical parallelism, the view that a physical happening in the body is always paralleled by a psychical one in the mind.

2003 J. Haldane Intelligent Person's Guide to Relig. vii. 191 The idea..that death occasions a moment of psychical dissolution into a common cosmic soul.

2. Chiefly Theology. Of or relating to the animal or natural life of man, esp. the natural or animal soul, as opposed to the spiritual. Cf. psyche n. Now chiefly historical.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > spirituality > [adjective] > psychical or of the lower soul or not spiritual

animala1400

sensual?1532

soulish?1555

souly1616

psychical1702

soulical1828

psychic1858

1702 C. Leslie Serm. preached at Chester 228 All Psychical Beings were to be governed by Pneumatical ones.

1751 B. Holloway Originals Physical & Theol. II. 356 Their said human rational Souls were still but psychical Substances, and therefore had nothing in them essentially different from those of Brutes.

1875 E. White Life in Christ (1878) iii. xx. 263 A life which, notwithstanding the possession of a spiritual faculty, persists in being animal, or psychical only, is by divine decree transitory and perishable.

1882 Church Q. Rev. Apr. 128 To try the effect of psychical and carnal methods, because apparent failure attends the use of spiritual methods.

1938 R. G. Collingwood Princ. Art xii. 273 This rules out all theories of art which place its origin in sensation or its emotions, i.e. in man's psychical nature.

1986 J. J. Buckley Female Fault & Fulfilment in Gnosticism iv. 75 Adam had the potential to balance all three natures—earthly, psychical, and spiritual—but because he did not succeed, subsequent humanity suffers his imbalance.

3. Of, relating to, or designating faculties or phenomena, such as telepathy and clairvoyance, that are apparently inexplicable by natural laws and are attributed by some to spiritual or supernatural agency; involving paranormal phenomena of the mind, parapsychological. Cf. psychic adj. 3a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > the paranormal > [adjective]

psychical1836

psychic1871

supernormal1885

supranormal1889

paranormal1905

psionic1951

1836 Biblical Repertory July 358 This remarkable power of the soul, which elevates it above time and space, is called by our theorizer psychical magic, of which animal magnetism and second sight are species.

1879 W. H. Harrison Spirits bef. our Eyes I. Contents p. x Trustworthy information about events at a distance given by the psychical method.

1886 E. Gurney et al. Phantasms of Living I. 5 ‘Psychical’ phenomena. [Note] The specific sense which we have given to this word needs apology. But we could find no other convenient term, under which to embrace a group of subjects that lie on or outside the boundaries of recognised science.

1902 W. James Varieties Relig. Experience i. 6 Even more perhaps than other kinds of genius, religious leaders have been subject to abnormal psychical visitations.

1956 R. M. Lester Towards Hereafter xiv. 165 Those who had held to the twisted idea that all psychical phenomena and spirit communication was ‘the work of the devil’ began to think again.

1966 J. Fowles Magus xvii. 102 I'm sorry... I've never had a psychical experience in my life.

Compounds

psychical blindness n. [after German Seelenblindung (see quot. 1881)] Medicine rare = psychic blindness n. at psychic adj. and n. Compounds.

ΚΠ

1881 Lancet 26 Nov. 905/1 When a considerable portion of the cortex of the brain of the dog is removed, the animal, after partial recovery, manifests a peculiar imperfection of vision... This condition Munk calls..psychical blindness (‘seelenlahmungen’; ‘seelenblindheit’).

1947 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 60 293 By no means all the old-timers reacted to psychical blindness by denying its existence.

psychical deafness n. Medicine rare loss of the ability to recognize sounds, esp. of words; auditory agnosia; (also) psychogenic deafness.

ΚΠ

1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. (at cited word) Psychical deafness, word-deafness.

1925 Sci. Monthly Jan. 66 Losses of sensation may take place in the special senses—psychical deafness, neurotic blindness, hysterical loss of smell.

2001 A. Sheridan tr. P. Aulagnier Violence of Interpr. iii. 57 Certain phenomena of psychical deafness encountered in infantile autism and catatonia.

psychical determinism n. = psychic determinism n. at psychic adj. and n. Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > psychology > mental action or process > psychology of mental action > [noun] > theory of deterministic action

psychical determinism1876

psychic determinism1911

the mind > mental capacity > psychology > states of consciousness > unconscious as psychological influence > [noun] > psychic determinism

psychical determinism1876

psychic determinism1911

1876 W. James in Nation 8 June 368/1 We have no space to discuss the sources of the English prejudice in favor of psychical determinism.

1911 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 22 518 [Freud] found as a matter of experience two things, namely, that the realm of psychical determinism is more extensive than is generally supposed.

2001 D. Cohen-Mor Matter of Fate 90 As to what produced his literary inclination in the first place, al-Hakīm falls back on psychical determinism to account for it.

psychical distance n. the mental detachment believed by some to be inherent in, or necessary to, certain kinds of aesthetic experience.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > psychology > psychology of perception > psychology of aesthetic perception > [noun] > distance for appreciation

psychical distance1912

1912 E. Bullough in Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. 5 87 (heading) ‘Psychical distance’ as a factor in art and aesthetic principle.

1938 R. M. Ogden Psychol. of Art vii. 142 The illusion of ‘psychical distance’ is destroyed when the actors appear in the audience.

1999 Jrnl. Aesthetics & Art Crit. 57 212/1 The audience for popular music does not treat the music with psychical distance, disinterestedness, or respect.

psychical moment n. = psychological moment n. at psychological adj. and n. Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > a suitable time or opportunity > [noun] > critical or decisive moment

articlea1398

prick?c1422

crise?1541

push1563

in the nick1565

jump1598

concurrence1605

cardo1609

(the) nick of time (also occasionally opportunity, etc.)1610

edgea1616

climacterical1628

climacteric1633

in the nick-time1650

moment1666

turning-point1836

watershed1854

psychological moment1871

psychical moment1888

moment of truth1932

crunch1939

cruncher1947

high noon1955

break point1959

defining moment1967

midnight1976

1888 W. Sharp Life H. Heine vi. 113 Surely remembered excitement may be as keen—as it may even be more subtle, more rarefied—as at the ‘psychical moment’.

1904 Sat. Rev. 19 Nov. 633 The position of vantage indicated as the psychical moment to strike in.

1992 20th Cent. Lit. 38 181 The Mirror Stage is a psychical moment in which the human infant..achieves an apprehension of control and unity.

† psychical paralysis n. Medicine Obsolete rare. paralysis having a psychological rather than a physical cause.

ΚΠ

1893 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon P[aralysis]., psychical, a paralysis dependent upon psychical defect... Hysterical paralysis may be considered a psychical paralysis.

psychical research n. the study or investigation of paranormal, esp. parapsychological, phenomena.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > the paranormal > [noun] > study of

psychical research1883

psychic research1885

psychicism1892

psychs1927

psychics1942

psionics1952

1883 Proc. Soc. Psychical Res. 1882–3 1 331 The name of the Society is..The Society for Psychical Research.

1917 T. S. Eliot Let. 23 Mar. (1988) I. 169 I was at a gathering of a curious zoo of people known as the Omega Club, and was sitting on a mat..discussing psychical research with William Butler Yeats.

1990 L. Picknett Encycl. Paranormal 113/2 Eusapio Palladino was the most outstanding physical-effects medium in the history of psychical research.

psychical researcher n. a person who studies or investigates paranormal, esp. parapsychological, phenomena; spec. (with capital initials) a member of the Society for Psychical Research (founded in 1882).

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > the paranormal > [noun] > study of > one who studies

psychicist1876

psychist1884

psychical researcher1885

psychic researcher1891

1885 Daily News 14 Feb. 5/2 It..will sum up the aspirations of Theosophists and Psychical Researchers.

1892 W. James Coll. Ess. & Rev. (1920) 320 The ‘psychical researchers’, though kept at present somewhat out in the cold, will inevitably conquer the recognition which their labors also deserve.

1965 Jrnl. Soc. Psychical Res. 43 32 Mr Priestley..has..a number of interesting and original suggestions to offer that are well worth the serious consideration of psychical researchers.

2002 N. Drury Dict. Esoteric 258/2 Psychic Cord, term sometimes used by psychical researchers and parapsychologists to describe the silver cord that is said to connect the physical and astral bodies. It is sometimes reported during the out-of-the-body experience.

psychical unity n. = psychic unity n. at psychic adj. and n. Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > [noun] > supposed universality of mind

psychical unity1863

psychic unity1893

1863 J. F. Collingwood tr. T. Waitz Introd. Anthropol. ii. i. 273 If theology feared that an original difference of language..would involve the original unity of the human species..the science of language restores to theology the psychical unity [Ger. geistigen Einheit] of mankind.

1902 D. G. Brinton Basis Social Relations i. 19 When we have such evidence as this for the psychical unity of the human species [etc.].

1984 BioScience 34 617/1 Moebious wrote in 1887 that..the highest aim of zoology should be to demonstrate the psychical unity of all animals.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	psychical
释义	psychicaladj. Brit. /ˈsʌɪkᵻkl/, U.S. /ˈsaɪkᵻk(ə)l/ Forms: see psychic adj. and n. and -al suffix¹. Origin: A borrowing from Greek, combined with an English element. Etymons: Greek ψυχικός , -al suffix¹. Etymology: < ancient Greek ψυχικός psychic adj. + -al suffix¹; compare -ical suffix.In sense 2 after Hellenistic Greek ψυχικός, which in 1 Corinthians 2:14, 15:44, 46, is opposed to πνευματικός spiritual, and is rendered in the Vulgate by animālis; the Wycliffite Bible has beastly; most subsequent English versions have natural. In the 20th cent. it is sometimes translated as unspiritual (in e.g. the New English Bible (1970) and the Revised English Bible (1989). 1. Originally: of or relating to the spirit, spiritual (now rare). In later use chiefly: = psychic adj. 1. ΘΚΠ the mind > [adjective] > as opposed to physical internal1547 psychical1642 superanimal?1663 psychological1789 psychic1845 incorporeal1887 the mind > mental capacity > spirituality > [adjective] inwardc888 innerc900 spiritualc1384 spiritala1393 soulya1500 interiora1513 intern1546 internal1547 soulish1581 soul-like1606 pneumatic1624 thoughtsome1627 psychical1642 pneumatical1644 animastic1651 animastical1651 intimate1671 in-written1684 soular1818 inwardly1820 psychal1822 noetica1834 the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > [adjective] > characteristics of psychical1642 functional1818 reactive1900 psycholeptic1925 1642 H. More Ψυχωδια Platonica sig. G3^v The first we name Nature Monadicall, The second hight Life Intellectuall, Third Psychicall. 1827 G. Bentham Outl. New Syst. Logic iv. 49 Human faculties..are either physical or psychical... The psychical [are] those which take place in our mind. 1834 T. Carlyle Sartor Resartus i. ix. 21/2 This physical or psychical infirmity..I have..thought right to publish. 1847 H. E. Lloyd & B. G. Babington tr. E. von Feuchtersleben Princ. Med. Psychol. 18 The proper subject of our inquiries—spirit in its relation to corporeal life, organism in its relation to psychical life. 1854 J. C. Bucknill Unsoundness of Mind 14 The purely psychical school of insanity has scarcely gained a footing in this country. 1877 M. Foster Text Bk. Physiol. (1878) iii. ii. 397 The difficulty of distinguishing between the unconscious or physical and the conscious or psychical factors. 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 566 Such symptoms as hysteria, neurasthenia and psychical over-strain. 1913 E. Jones Papers on Psycho-anal. ii. 21 When the sublimation process is not sufficiently potent to provide an outlet for the accompanying psychical energy, other paths of discharge have to be forged. 1960 J. Strachey et al. tr. S. Freud Compl. Wks. VI. p. xiv This is the truth which he [sc. Freud] insists upon..: it should be possible in theory to discover the psychical determinants of every smallest detail of the processes of the mind. 1988 N. Symington Analytic Experience xi. 117 Psycho-physical parallelism, the view that a physical happening in the body is always paralleled by a psychical one in the mind. 2003 J. Haldane Intelligent Person's Guide to Relig. vii. 191 The idea..that death occasions a moment of psychical dissolution into a common cosmic soul. 2. Chiefly Theology. Of or relating to the animal or natural life of man, esp. the natural or animal soul, as opposed to the spiritual. Cf. psyche n. Now chiefly historical. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > spirituality > [adjective] > psychical or of the lower soul or not spiritual animala1400 sensual?1532 soulish?1555 souly1616 psychical1702 soulical1828 psychic1858 1702 C. Leslie Serm. preached at Chester 228 All Psychical Beings were to be governed by Pneumatical ones. 1751 B. Holloway Originals Physical & Theol. II. 356 Their said human rational Souls were still but psychical Substances, and therefore had nothing in them essentially different from those of Brutes. 1875 E. White Life in Christ (1878) iii. xx. 263 A life which, notwithstanding the possession of a spiritual faculty, persists in being animal, or psychical only, is by divine decree transitory and perishable. 1882 Church Q. Rev. Apr. 128 To try the effect of psychical and carnal methods, because apparent failure attends the use of spiritual methods. 1938 R. G. Collingwood Princ. Art xii. 273 This rules out all theories of art which place its origin in sensation or its emotions, i.e. in man's psychical nature. 1986 J. J. Buckley Female Fault & Fulfilment in Gnosticism iv. 75 Adam had the potential to balance all three natures—earthly, psychical, and spiritual—but because he did not succeed, subsequent humanity suffers his imbalance. 3. Of, relating to, or designating faculties or phenomena, such as telepathy and clairvoyance, that are apparently inexplicable by natural laws and are attributed by some to spiritual or supernatural agency; involving paranormal phenomena of the mind, parapsychological. Cf. psychic adj. 3a. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > the paranormal > [adjective] psychical1836 psychic1871 supernormal1885 supranormal1889 paranormal1905 psionic1951 1836 Biblical Repertory July 358 This remarkable power of the soul, which elevates it above time and space, is called by our theorizer psychical magic, of which animal magnetism and second sight are species. 1879 W. H. Harrison Spirits bef. our Eyes I. Contents p. x Trustworthy information about events at a distance given by the psychical method. 1886 E. Gurney et al. Phantasms of Living I. 5 ‘Psychical’ phenomena. [Note] The specific sense which we have given to this word needs apology. But we could find no other convenient term, under which to embrace a group of subjects that lie on or outside the boundaries of recognised science. 1902 W. James Varieties Relig. Experience i. 6 Even more perhaps than other kinds of genius, religious leaders have been subject to abnormal psychical visitations. 1956 R. M. Lester Towards Hereafter xiv. 165 Those who had held to the twisted idea that all psychical phenomena and spirit communication was ‘the work of the devil’ began to think again. 1966 J. Fowles Magus xvii. 102 I'm sorry... I've never had a psychical experience in my life. Compounds psychical blindness n. [after German Seelenblindung (see quot. 1881)] Medicine rare = psychic blindness n. at psychic adj. and n. Compounds. ΚΠ 1881 Lancet 26 Nov. 905/1 When a considerable portion of the cortex of the brain of the dog is removed, the animal, after partial recovery, manifests a peculiar imperfection of vision... This condition Munk calls..psychical blindness (‘seelenlahmungen’; ‘seelenblindheit’). 1947 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 60 293 By no means all the old-timers reacted to psychical blindness by denying its existence. psychical deafness n. Medicine rare loss of the ability to recognize sounds, esp. of words; auditory agnosia; (also) psychogenic deafness. ΚΠ 1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. (at cited word) Psychical deafness, word-deafness. 1925 Sci. Monthly Jan. 66 Losses of sensation may take place in the special senses—psychical deafness, neurotic blindness, hysterical loss of smell. 2001 A. Sheridan tr. P. Aulagnier Violence of Interpr. iii. 57 Certain phenomena of psychical deafness encountered in infantile autism and catatonia. psychical determinism n. = psychic determinism n. at psychic adj. and n. Compounds. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > psychology > mental action or process > psychology of mental action > [noun] > theory of deterministic action psychical determinism1876 psychic determinism1911 the mind > mental capacity > psychology > states of consciousness > unconscious as psychological influence > [noun] > psychic determinism psychical determinism1876 psychic determinism1911 1876 W. James in Nation 8 June 368/1 We have no space to discuss the sources of the English prejudice in favor of psychical determinism. 1911 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 22 518 [Freud] found as a matter of experience two things, namely, that the realm of psychical determinism is more extensive than is generally supposed. 2001 D. Cohen-Mor Matter of Fate 90 As to what produced his literary inclination in the first place, al-Hakīm falls back on psychical determinism to account for it. psychical distance n. the mental detachment believed by some to be inherent in, or necessary to, certain kinds of aesthetic experience. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > psychology > psychology of perception > psychology of aesthetic perception > [noun] > distance for appreciation psychical distance1912 1912 E. Bullough in Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. 5 87 (heading) ‘Psychical distance’ as a factor in art and aesthetic principle. 1938 R. M. Ogden Psychol. of Art vii. 142 The illusion of ‘psychical distance’ is destroyed when the actors appear in the audience. 1999 Jrnl. Aesthetics & Art Crit. 57 212/1 The audience for popular music does not treat the music with psychical distance, disinterestedness, or respect. psychical moment n. = psychological moment n. at psychological adj. and n. Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > time > a suitable time or opportunity > [noun] > critical or decisive moment articlea1398 prick?c1422 crise?1541 push1563 in the nick1565 jump1598 concurrence1605 cardo1609 (the) nick of time (also occasionally opportunity, etc.)1610 edgea1616 climacterical1628 climacteric1633 in the nick-time1650 moment1666 turning-point1836 watershed1854 psychological moment1871 psychical moment1888 moment of truth1932 crunch1939 cruncher1947 high noon1955 break point1959 defining moment1967 midnight1976 1888 W. Sharp Life H. Heine vi. 113 Surely remembered excitement may be as keen—as it may even be more subtle, more rarefied—as at the ‘psychical moment’. 1904 Sat. Rev. 19 Nov. 633 The position of vantage indicated as the psychical moment to strike in. 1992 20th Cent. Lit. 38 181 The Mirror Stage is a psychical moment in which the human infant..achieves an apprehension of control and unity. † psychical paralysis n. Medicine Obsolete rare. paralysis having a psychological rather than a physical cause. ΚΠ 1893 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon P[aralysis]., psychical, a paralysis dependent upon psychical defect... Hysterical paralysis may be considered a psychical paralysis. psychical research n. the study or investigation of paranormal, esp. parapsychological, phenomena. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > the paranormal > [noun] > study of psychical research1883 psychic research1885 psychicism1892 psychs1927 psychics1942 psionics1952 1883 Proc. Soc. Psychical Res. 1882–3 1 331 The name of the Society is..The Society for Psychical Research. 1917 T. S. Eliot Let. 23 Mar. (1988) I. 169 I was at a gathering of a curious zoo of people known as the Omega Club, and was sitting on a mat..discussing psychical research with William Butler Yeats. 1990 L. Picknett Encycl. Paranormal 113/2 Eusapio Palladino was the most outstanding physical-effects medium in the history of psychical research. psychical researcher n. a person who studies or investigates paranormal, esp. parapsychological, phenomena; spec. (with capital initials) a member of the Society for Psychical Research (founded in 1882). ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > the paranormal > [noun] > study of > one who studies psychicist1876 psychist1884 psychical researcher1885 psychic researcher1891 1885 Daily News 14 Feb. 5/2 It..will sum up the aspirations of Theosophists and Psychical Researchers. 1892 W. James Coll. Ess. & Rev. (1920) 320 The ‘psychical researchers’, though kept at present somewhat out in the cold, will inevitably conquer the recognition which their labors also deserve. 1965 Jrnl. Soc. Psychical Res. 43 32 Mr Priestley..has..a number of interesting and original suggestions to offer that are well worth the serious consideration of psychical researchers. 2002 N. Drury Dict. Esoteric 258/2 Psychic Cord, term sometimes used by psychical researchers and parapsychologists to describe the silver cord that is said to connect the physical and astral bodies. It is sometimes reported during the out-of-the-body experience. psychical unity n. = psychic unity n. at psychic adj. and n. Compounds. ΘΚΠ the mind > [noun] > supposed universality of mind psychical unity1863 psychic unity1893 1863 J. F. Collingwood tr. T. Waitz Introd. Anthropol. ii. i. 273 If theology feared that an original difference of language..would involve the original unity of the human species..the science of language restores to theology the psychical unity [Ger. geistigen Einheit] of mankind. 1902 D. G. Brinton Basis Social Relations i. 19 When we have such evidence as this for the psychical unity of the human species [etc.]. 1984 BioScience 34 617/1 Moebious wrote in 1887 that..the highest aim of zoology should be to demonstrate the psychical unity of all animals. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.1642
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