protonn.

Brit.

/ˈprəʊtɒn/, U.S.

/ˈproʊˌtɑn/

Origin: A borrowing from Greek. Etymons: Greek πρῶτον, πρῶτος.

Etymology: < ancient Greek πρῶτον, neuter singular of πρῶτος first (see proto- comb. form).The word appears to have been re-formed several times in different senses (see quot. 1893 at sense 1, quot. 1908 at sense 2a, and quot. 1920¹ at sense 2b). In sense 2b perhaps suggested by the name of William Prout (see Prout's hypothesis n.), who suggested that hydrogen was a constituent of all the elements.

1. Biology. = anlage n. disused.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > embryo or fetus > embryo parts > [noun] > rudiment

germen1608

principle1665

germ1721

primordium1875

anlage1892

fundament1892

proton1893

limb-bud1906

1893 Nation 11 May 350/3 Mark translates it [sc. German Anlage] fundament. Minot adopts it as an English word... Neither seems to have thought of reverting to Aristotle, whose phrases..ἡ πρώτη οὐσία, τό πρῶτον, suggest the short word proton.

1898 Nature 15 Dec. 156/2 Dr. Arthur Willey recently suggested in these columns..the word primordium as an accurate..rendering of Anlage. Prof. B. G. Wilder..thinks the shorter word proton, already familiar in numerous compounds, and used by many biologists, is a better equivalent.

1903 Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 1902 24 113 A clear area near the center of the worm, consisting of one or a few large cells is the proton of the reproductive system.

a. Astronomy. Each of four hypothetical primordial chemical elements which were regarded as forming the basis of all the other elements. rare. Now disused.

ΚΠ

1908 A. C. Jessup & A. E. Jessup in London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 15 23 We might well suppose that in the nebulous stage of matter there are four substances, the first two being unknown upon earth, the third being hydrogen, and the fourth..being helium. It also seems probable that..no other elements exist in the early nebulæ; and..we are justified in assuming that hydrogen, the two unknown elements, and helium are the four original elements from which all the other elements form. To distinguish them from others we will term them protons.

1911 G. Martin Triumphs & Wonders Mod. Chem. iii. 39 These are the four elements from which all the others have formed, and these authors [sc. the Jessups] term them ‘protons’ to distinguish them from the other elements. The electrons are supposed to condense about the atoms of these protons in the form of concentric rings.

b. Physics and Chemistry. A subatomic particle that is a constituent of all atomic nuclei and has a positive charge numerically equal to that of the electron; (in chemical reactions) a hydrogen ion. Symbol p, (in chemical reactions) H⁺. The proton is a baryon with a mass of approximately 1.673 × 10⁻²⁷ kg (approx. 1836 times that of the electron), spin of ¹/ ₂, isospin of ¹/ ₂, and positive parity. Its half-life, of the order of 10³⁰ years, is so long that the particle was long thought to be completely stable.The atoms of each element have a characteristic number of protons in the nucleus, known as the atomic number. The common isotope of hydrogen has a nucleus consisting of a single proton.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > atomic chemistry > [noun] > nucleus > constituents of

nuclear atom1915

proton1920

neutron1921

nucleon1939

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle participating in strong interaction > baryon > [noun] > proton

proton1920

nucleon1923

positon1928

1920 Engineering 17 Sept. 382/3 Sir Ernest [Rutherford], replying, said that..a clear nomenclature was certainly wanted; the term ‘prouton’ for [read or] ‘proton’ might be suitable for the H nucleus.

1920 Nature 11 Nov. 357/1 The elements may be considered as being composed of these hydrogen nuclei or ‘protons’ as Sir Ernest Rutherford would have us call them.

1922 J. Mills Within Atom ii. 13 The hydrogen atom is composed of only one proton and one electron.

1933 A. S. Eddington Expanding Universe i. 8 Perhaps in the first stage only the rudiments of matter existed—protons and electrons traversing the void.

1941 Astounding Sci.-Fiction June 16/2 The protons go into the proton analyzer, where the gravitons are ripped out of them.

1942 J. D. Stranathan ‘Particles’ of Mod. Physics xi. 416 By firing alpha particles through a cloud chamber filled with nitrogen, it has been possible to photograph the track of the proton leaving the nitrogen nucleus.

1962 H. D. Bush Atomic & Nucl. Physics iii. 62 Isotopes will occur where atomic nuclei have the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons.

1977 J. March Adv. Org. Chem. (ed. 2) viii. 226 In most of these acids, the proton is lost from a carbon atom.

1991 C. A. Ronan Nat. Hist. Universe 23/2 It is now known that the proton and neutron are triplets of more basic particles called quarks.

2005 C. Stross Accelerando iv. 154 It's Chernobyl weather outside, a sleet of alpha particles and raw protons storming through the void.

Compounds

(In sense 2b.)

proton accelerator n. a particle accelerator designed to accelerate protons.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle accelerator > [noun] > types of > proton accelerator

bevatron1947

proton accelerator1947

proton synchrotron1947

cosmotron1949

1947 E. O. Lawrence in Centennial of Sheffield Sci. School (1950) 24 The Bevatron..a high-energy multi-billion volt proton accelerator.

1993 N.Y. Times 23 Mar. c1/4 If its creators manage to fight off opponents and finish the Superconducting Supercollider taking shape here, this proton accelerator will be the largest and most expensive piece of scientific apparatus ever built.

proton-accepting adj. able to accept protons; that is a proton acceptor.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle participating in strong interaction > baryon > [adjective] > relating to proton > relating to acceptance

proton-accepting1925

1925 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 127 i. 1383 All prototropic changes appear to involve..(i) the removal of a proton from one part of a molecule to some outside basic or proton-accepting component of the system, and (ii) the addition to another part of the molecule of a proton..from some acidic or proton-donating component of the system.

1966 F. T. Gucker & R. L. Seifert Physical Chem. xix. 537 Many a neutral molecule is amphiprotic because it has an ionizable proton and a proton-accepting oxygen or nitrogen atom.

1992 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 267 25730 The presence of a neutral proton-accepting moiety at residue 85 is not sufficient for carrying out light-driven proton transport.

proton acceptor n. a substance or species which is able to accept protons; a protophilic species.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle participating in strong interaction > baryon > [noun] > proton > substance or species accepting

proton acceptor1925

1925 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 127 i. 1378 We..regard the acid as a proton donator and the base as a proton acceptor.

1973 A. W. Adamson Textbk. Physical Chem. xii. 544 NH₃ is a much better proton acceptor than is H₂O.

2003 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 8677/1 There is a buried water molecule close to the ring nitrogen, but its function as proton acceptor is questionable.

proton-donating adj. able to supply protons; that is a proton donor.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle participating in strong interaction > baryon > [adjective] > relating to proton > relating to giving up

proton-donating1925

1992 Jrnl. Pharmaceutical Sci. 81 353 The qualitative differences in structure of the two solvates may be ascribed to the smaller molecular size and much stronger proton-donating capacity (acidity) of formic acid than that of acetic acid.

proton donator n. = proton donor n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle participating in strong interaction > baryon > [noun] > proton > substance or species giving up

proton donator1925

proton donor1927

1925 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 127 i. 1378 We..regard the acid as a proton donator and the base as a proton acceptor.

1998 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 120 6378/1 Protonation of the carbonyl group of hypericin was observed as a consequence of an interaction with a proton donator in the albumin structure.

proton donor n. a substance or species which is able to supply protons; a protogenic species.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle participating in strong interaction > baryon > [noun] > proton > substance or species giving up

proton donator1925

proton donor1927

1927 Chem. Rev. 4 251 Their efficiency [sc. that of acid and basic catalysts] could then be attributed to their characteristic behaviour as proton-donors and as proton-acceptors respectively.

1977 Helmprecht & Friedman Basic Chem. vii. 149 H₂SO₄ is a more effective proton donor and a stronger acid than HSO₄−.

1989 R. Dryer & G. Lata Exper. Biochem. i. iv. 83 Water is an amphiprotic substance, serving as a proton donor or acceptor.

proton gradiometer n. a rod with a proton magnetometer at each end, which may be stood on the ground in a vertical position to measure local variations in the strength of the earth's magnetic field at ground level (such variations being due to features just below the surface).

ΚΠ

1960 M. J. Aitken in Archaeometry 3 38 Previous articles..have described the use of the proton magnetometer for archaeological prospecting. The proton gradiometer is a development which not only has advantages in operation, but is also less complex and therefore cheaper to construct.

1970 Oxf. Univ. Gaz. 100 Suppl. vi. 25 Comparative surveys using proton gradiometer, pulsed magnetic induction, and soil conductivity meter.

1990 Times 6 Oct. (Sat. Review) 10/1 Now is the age of..proton-gradiometers..and pulse induction metal detectors, remote-sensing devices costing tens of thousands of pounds.

proton magnetometer n. a magnetometer in which magnetic field strength is determined from the frequency of the voltage induced by the Larmor precession of protons in hydrogen atoms (e.g. in water) following the removal of a stronger magnetic field applied to orient the protons.

ΚΠ

1959 Archaeol. Rep. for 1958 (Soc. for Promotion Hellenic Stud.) No. 5. 26 He was accompanied by Dr. M. J. Aitkin..who here, for the first time in the Eastern Mediterranean, employed the proton magnetometer in the detection of archaelogical remains.

1961 Antiquaries Jrnl. 41 44 In an attempt to locate these burials..a survey with proton magnetometer followed by selective excavation was organized.

1984 Tampa (Florida) Tribune 2 Apr. 48/3 The Endeavor..carries sophisticated..equipment. Some of that equipment includes a proton magnetometer, which locates iron under water.

proton-precession magnetometer n. = proton magnetometer n.

ΚΠ

1958 Jrnl. Geophysical Res. 60 880 The proton-precession magnetometer has been successfully adapted..for measuring the horizontal and vertical components of the earth's magnetic field.

1988 New Yorker 22 Feb. 48/2 When he became interested in paleomagnetism, in the middle nineteen-fifties, he developed an airborne proton-precession magnetometer, learned to fly, and flew all over Iceland.

proton synchrotron n. a synchrotron designed to accelerate protons.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle accelerator > [noun] > types of > proton accelerator

bevatron1947

proton accelerator1947

proton synchrotron1947

cosmotron1949

1947 Proc. Physical Soc. 59 677 (heading) Theory of the proton synchrotron.

1966 Daily Tel. 25 Nov. 26/3 Nimrod, a proton-synchrotron, is essentially a circular racetrack, round which bursts of sub-atomic particles are repeatedly accelerated until they approach the speed of light.

1995 Independent 18 Feb. 1/4 Nicolas Blazianu ripped out 1,300 electronic circuits from the main control room of Cern's atom smasher—known as the Proton Synchrotron.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	proton
释义	protonn. Brit. /ˈprəʊtɒn/, U.S. /ˈproʊˌtɑn/ Origin: A borrowing from Greek. Etymons: Greek πρῶτον, πρῶτος. Etymology: < ancient Greek πρῶτον, neuter singular of πρῶτος first (see proto- comb. form).The word appears to have been re-formed several times in different senses (see quot. 1893 at sense 1, quot. 1908 at sense 2a, and quot. 1920¹ at sense 2b). In sense 2b perhaps suggested by the name of William Prout (see Prout's hypothesis n.), who suggested that hydrogen was a constituent of all the elements. 1. Biology. = anlage n. disused. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > embryo or fetus > embryo parts > [noun] > rudiment germen1608 principle1665 germ1721 primordium1875 anlage1892 fundament1892 proton1893 limb-bud1906 1893 Nation 11 May 350/3 Mark translates it [sc. German Anlage] fundament. Minot adopts it as an English word... Neither seems to have thought of reverting to Aristotle, whose phrases..ἡ πρώτη οὐσία, τό πρῶτον, suggest the short word proton. 1898 Nature 15 Dec. 156/2 Dr. Arthur Willey recently suggested in these columns..the word primordium as an accurate..rendering of Anlage. Prof. B. G. Wilder..thinks the shorter word proton, already familiar in numerous compounds, and used by many biologists, is a better equivalent. 1903 Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 1902 24 113 A clear area near the center of the worm, consisting of one or a few large cells is the proton of the reproductive system. 2. a. Astronomy. Each of four hypothetical primordial chemical elements which were regarded as forming the basis of all the other elements. rare. Now disused. ΚΠ 1908 A. C. Jessup & A. E. Jessup in London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 15 23 We might well suppose that in the nebulous stage of matter there are four substances, the first two being unknown upon earth, the third being hydrogen, and the fourth..being helium. It also seems probable that..no other elements exist in the early nebulæ; and..we are justified in assuming that hydrogen, the two unknown elements, and helium are the four original elements from which all the other elements form. To distinguish them from others we will term them protons. 1911 G. Martin Triumphs & Wonders Mod. Chem. iii. 39 These are the four elements from which all the others have formed, and these authors [sc. the Jessups] term them ‘protons’ to distinguish them from the other elements. The electrons are supposed to condense about the atoms of these protons in the form of concentric rings. b. Physics and Chemistry. A subatomic particle that is a constituent of all atomic nuclei and has a positive charge numerically equal to that of the electron; (in chemical reactions) a hydrogen ion. Symbol p, (in chemical reactions) H⁺. The proton is a baryon with a mass of approximately 1.673 × 10⁻²⁷ kg (approx. 1836 times that of the electron), spin of ¹/ ₂, isospin of ¹/ ₂, and positive parity. Its half-life, of the order of 10³⁰ years, is so long that the particle was long thought to be completely stable.The atoms of each element have a characteristic number of protons in the nucleus, known as the atomic number. The common isotope of hydrogen has a nucleus consisting of a single proton. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > atomic chemistry > [noun] > nucleus > constituents of nuclear atom1915 proton1920 neutron1921 nucleon1939 the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle participating in strong interaction > baryon > [noun] > proton proton1920 nucleon1923 positon1928 1920 Engineering 17 Sept. 382/3 Sir Ernest [Rutherford], replying, said that..a clear nomenclature was certainly wanted; the term ‘prouton’ for [read or] ‘proton’ might be suitable for the H nucleus. 1920 Nature 11 Nov. 357/1 The elements may be considered as being composed of these hydrogen nuclei or ‘protons’ as Sir Ernest Rutherford would have us call them. 1922 J. Mills Within Atom ii. 13 The hydrogen atom is composed of only one proton and one electron. 1933 A. S. Eddington Expanding Universe i. 8 Perhaps in the first stage only the rudiments of matter existed—protons and electrons traversing the void. 1941 Astounding Sci.-Fiction June 16/2 The protons go into the proton analyzer, where the gravitons are ripped out of them. 1942 J. D. Stranathan ‘Particles’ of Mod. Physics xi. 416 By firing alpha particles through a cloud chamber filled with nitrogen, it has been possible to photograph the track of the proton leaving the nitrogen nucleus. 1962 H. D. Bush Atomic & Nucl. Physics iii. 62 Isotopes will occur where atomic nuclei have the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons. 1977 J. March Adv. Org. Chem. (ed. 2) viii. 226 In most of these acids, the proton is lost from a carbon atom. 1991 C. A. Ronan Nat. Hist. Universe 23/2 It is now known that the proton and neutron are triplets of more basic particles called quarks. 2005 C. Stross Accelerando iv. 154 It's Chernobyl weather outside, a sleet of alpha particles and raw protons storming through the void. Compounds (In sense 2b.) proton accelerator n. a particle accelerator designed to accelerate protons. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle accelerator > [noun] > types of > proton accelerator bevatron1947 proton accelerator1947 proton synchrotron1947 cosmotron1949 1947 E. O. Lawrence in Centennial of Sheffield Sci. School (1950) 24 The Bevatron..a high-energy multi-billion volt proton accelerator. 1993 N.Y. Times 23 Mar. c1/4 If its creators manage to fight off opponents and finish the Superconducting Supercollider taking shape here, this proton accelerator will be the largest and most expensive piece of scientific apparatus ever built. proton-accepting adj. able to accept protons; that is a proton acceptor. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle participating in strong interaction > baryon > [adjective] > relating to proton > relating to acceptance proton-accepting1925 1925 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 127 i. 1383 All prototropic changes appear to involve..(i) the removal of a proton from one part of a molecule to some outside basic or proton-accepting component of the system, and (ii) the addition to another part of the molecule of a proton..from some acidic or proton-donating component of the system. 1966 F. T. Gucker & R. L. Seifert Physical Chem. xix. 537 Many a neutral molecule is amphiprotic because it has an ionizable proton and a proton-accepting oxygen or nitrogen atom. 1992 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 267 25730 The presence of a neutral proton-accepting moiety at residue 85 is not sufficient for carrying out light-driven proton transport. proton acceptor n. a substance or species which is able to accept protons; a protophilic species. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle participating in strong interaction > baryon > [noun] > proton > substance or species accepting proton acceptor1925 1925 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 127 i. 1378 We..regard the acid as a proton donator and the base as a proton acceptor. 1973 A. W. Adamson Textbk. Physical Chem. xii. 544 NH₃ is a much better proton acceptor than is H₂O. 2003 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 8677/1 There is a buried water molecule close to the ring nitrogen, but its function as proton acceptor is questionable. proton-donating adj. able to supply protons; that is a proton donor. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle participating in strong interaction > baryon > [adjective] > relating to proton > relating to giving up proton-donating1925 1925 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 127 i. 1383 All prototropic changes appear to involve..(i) the removal of a proton from one part of a molecule to some outside basic or proton-accepting component of the system, and (ii) the addition to another part of the molecule of a proton..from some acidic or proton-donating component of the system. 1992 Jrnl. Pharmaceutical Sci. 81 353 The qualitative differences in structure of the two solvates may be ascribed to the smaller molecular size and much stronger proton-donating capacity (acidity) of formic acid than that of acetic acid. proton donator n. = proton donor n. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle participating in strong interaction > baryon > [noun] > proton > substance or species giving up proton donator1925 proton donor1927 1925 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 127 i. 1378 We..regard the acid as a proton donator and the base as a proton acceptor. 1998 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 120 6378/1 Protonation of the carbonyl group of hypericin was observed as a consequence of an interaction with a proton donator in the albumin structure. proton donor n. a substance or species which is able to supply protons; a protogenic species. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle participating in strong interaction > baryon > [noun] > proton > substance or species giving up proton donator1925 proton donor1927 1927 Chem. Rev. 4 251 Their efficiency [sc. that of acid and basic catalysts] could then be attributed to their characteristic behaviour as proton-donors and as proton-acceptors respectively. 1977 Helmprecht & Friedman Basic Chem. vii. 149 H₂SO₄ is a more effective proton donor and a stronger acid than HSO₄−. 1989 R. Dryer & G. Lata Exper. Biochem. i. iv. 83 Water is an amphiprotic substance, serving as a proton donor or acceptor. proton gradiometer n. a rod with a proton magnetometer at each end, which may be stood on the ground in a vertical position to measure local variations in the strength of the earth's magnetic field at ground level (such variations being due to features just below the surface). ΚΠ 1960 M. J. Aitken in Archaeometry 3 38 Previous articles..have described the use of the proton magnetometer for archaeological prospecting. The proton gradiometer is a development which not only has advantages in operation, but is also less complex and therefore cheaper to construct. 1970 Oxf. Univ. Gaz. 100 Suppl. vi. 25 Comparative surveys using proton gradiometer, pulsed magnetic induction, and soil conductivity meter. 1990 Times 6 Oct. (Sat. Review) 10/1 Now is the age of..proton-gradiometers..and pulse induction metal detectors, remote-sensing devices costing tens of thousands of pounds. proton magnetometer n. a magnetometer in which magnetic field strength is determined from the frequency of the voltage induced by the Larmor precession of protons in hydrogen atoms (e.g. in water) following the removal of a stronger magnetic field applied to orient the protons. ΚΠ 1959 Archaeol. Rep. for 1958 (Soc. for Promotion Hellenic Stud.) No. 5. 26 He was accompanied by Dr. M. J. Aitkin..who here, for the first time in the Eastern Mediterranean, employed the proton magnetometer in the detection of archaelogical remains. 1961 Antiquaries Jrnl. 41 44 In an attempt to locate these burials..a survey with proton magnetometer followed by selective excavation was organized. 1984 Tampa (Florida) Tribune 2 Apr. 48/3 The Endeavor..carries sophisticated..equipment. Some of that equipment includes a proton magnetometer, which locates iron under water. proton-precession magnetometer n. = proton magnetometer n. ΚΠ 1958 Jrnl. Geophysical Res. 60 880 The proton-precession magnetometer has been successfully adapted..for measuring the horizontal and vertical components of the earth's magnetic field. 1988 New Yorker 22 Feb. 48/2 When he became interested in paleomagnetism, in the middle nineteen-fifties, he developed an airborne proton-precession magnetometer, learned to fly, and flew all over Iceland. proton synchrotron n. a synchrotron designed to accelerate protons. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle accelerator > [noun] > types of > proton accelerator bevatron1947 proton accelerator1947 proton synchrotron1947 cosmotron1949 1947 Proc. Physical Soc. 59 677 (heading) Theory of the proton synchrotron. 1966 Daily Tel. 25 Nov. 26/3 Nimrod, a proton-synchrotron, is essentially a circular racetrack, round which bursts of sub-atomic particles are repeatedly accelerated until they approach the speed of light. 1995 Independent 18 Feb. 1/4 Nicolas Blazianu ripped out 1,300 electronic circuits from the main control room of Cern's atom smasher—known as the Proton Synchrotron. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1893
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