proliferationn.

Brit.

/prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/, U.S.

/prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/,

/proʊˌlɪfəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin prolifer , -ation suffix.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin prolifer (see proliferous adj.) + -ation suffix.

1. Botany. The condition of having adventitious buds, flowers, or shoots; an adventitious shoot, esp. of a lower plant. Also: the condition of having an abnormal number or kind of floral organs. Cf. prolification n. 2a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > bud > [noun] > budding

budding1398

knotting1611

proliferation1759

gemmation1760

prolification1760

pullulation1829

out-budding1841

1759 J. Hill Veg. Syst. I. xxxviii. 122 Those Manures which strengthen the Blea..in the same manner cause Proliferation, or the rise of one Flower from the center of another, in the stead of Seeds.

1858 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) 1021/1 Proliferatio, applied by Link to the appearance of a bud or of a flower upon a part of the plant which has not been accustomed to bear such: proliferation.

1913 W. Bateson Mendel's Princ. Heredity (new ed.) 197 Another kind of doubling is due to what is termed proliferation or prolification (Masters) of the floral envelopes.

1925 Bot. Gaz. 80 333 After the prothallia have attained a certain size..they begin to develop branches or proliferations.

1932 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 19 602 A second type of proliferation..is that of the production of a second flower as an extension of the central axis of the primary flower.

1953 Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 80 451 Flower heads at the higher dosages..show, after 8 wks., proliferation by a mixture of modified leaf whorls in floral positions.

1983 A. Huxley Penguin Encycl. Gardening 247/1 Proliferation, the production of an abnormal number of organs in a flower.

2000 Amer. Fern Jrnl. 90 130 Antheridia sometimes formed near the apical region.., or on the margin, especially on filamentous proliferations.

a. Biology and Medicine. Increase or growth, esp. of or involving cells of the same type; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > types of reproduction > [noun] > others

adosculation1682

autogeny?1818

gemmation1836

parthenogenesis1849

virgin production1849

rejuvenescence1853

agamogenesis1857

monogeny1857

autogenesis1858

homogenesis1858

proliferation1864

monogenesis1866

swarming1867

paedogenesis1870

monogony1873

virginal generation1879

division1880

monogenesy1890

parthenogeny1890

anisogamy1891

isogamy1891

paragamy1891

separation1891

paedogenesis1892

parthenism1892

heterogamy1894

thelytoky1895

flagellation1898

cytogamy1899

pseudogamy1900

tychoparthenogenesis1900

syngamy1904

pseudogamy1907

ectogenesis1909

paedogamy1910

apomixis1913

progenesis1934

agamospermy1939

mixis1944

somatogamy1949

decapitation-

1864 E. A. Parkes Man. Pract. Hygiene I. vii. 231 There is proliferation and rapid cell-growth.

1867 H. Maudsley Physiol. & Pathol. of Mind 402 This proliferation of connective tissue with destruction of the nerve elements has..been already observed.

1905 Daily Chron. 2 Dec. 6/3 The theory of the Imperial Cancer Research Committee that cancer is entirely due to the proliferation of cancer cells, and that to stop this proliferation would be to cure cancer.

1928 F. T. Brooks Plant Dis. ii. 14 If the atmosphere is extremely humid..local proliferations of the tissues, known as Intumescences may arise on leaves.

1953 R. W. Fairbrother Text-bk. Bacteriol. (ed. 7) xxxii. 395 In some cases, e.g., warts and molluscum contagiosum, there is a distinct tendency to cell proliferation.

1976 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 63 349/1 From the apparently unorganized proliferation which occurred initially there developed a partially organized meristem.

1994 Chicago Tribune 15 Apr. i. 8/1 Oncogenes and tumor suppressors are the gas pedal and the brake that control the proliferation of cells.

b. Originally: (Zoology) the production of sexual zooids by hydrozoans. Later more widely: the production of new individuals; prolific reproduction.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > colony or compound organism > [noun] > reproduction by budding

prolification1865

proliferation1890

1890 Cent. Dict. Proliferation, the origination and development of generative zoöids, as in the formation of medusa-buds..by a polyp.

1894 Harper's Mag. Mar. 633 Bacteria..are very sensitive in the matter of growth and proliferation to the conditions under which they are placed.

1968 New Eng. Jrnl. Med. 7 Mar. 550/2 It seems possible that the damaged bronchial mucosa of bronchitics encourages proliferation of H. influenzae.

2001 Melbourne Express 19 June 6/2 The problem, known as cold water pollution, kills native fish..and causes a proliferation of cold water pests such as carp.

3. Rapid increase in the number, amount, or extent of something; multiplication, expansion; an instance of this.From the mid 20th cent. sometimes spec. with reference to the acquisition by nation states of the ability to use (originally nuclear) weapons. Cf. non-proliferation n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [noun] > increase in quantity, number, or frequency

multiplicationa1387

increase1390

multiplyingc1390

manifolding1892

proliferation1904

society > armed hostility > military equipment > arming or equipping with weapons > [noun] > proliferation

build-up1943

proliferation1961

vertical proliferation1966

1904 Atlanta (Georgia) Constit. 31 July 2/3 The rights and..position of the general practitioner, which have been encroached upon by a morbid proliferation of specialism and a one-sided organo-therapy.

1906 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 11 749 The mere proliferation of sectionally religious bodies is simply an expression of spiritual freedom.

1920 H. G. Wells Outl. Hist. II. 641/2 The British and French were at first the leading peoples in this great proliferation of knowledge.

1961 World Politics 13 537 The stability given to the ‘balance of terror’ by American and Soviet stress on second-strike capabilities could be drastically undermined by a proliferation of nuclear capabilities.

1966 Listener 4 Aug. 177/3 One of the most noticeable results of setting up a Royal Commission has been the proliferation of proposals for legal solutions to industrial relations problems.

1989 PC World Oct. 58/3 The proliferation of graphic user interfaces and memory-intensive applications keeps memory demand soaring.

2004 9/11 Comm. Rep. (National Comm. Terrorist Attacks U.S.) i. 17 Emerging ‘asymmetric threats’ to the United States: drug smuggling, ‘non-state and state-sponsored terrorists’, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missile technology.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	proliferation
释义	proliferationn. Brit. /prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/, U.S. /prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/, /proʊˌlɪfəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin prolifer , -ation suffix. Etymology: < post-classical Latin prolifer (see proliferous adj.) + -ation suffix. 1. Botany. The condition of having adventitious buds, flowers, or shoots; an adventitious shoot, esp. of a lower plant. Also: the condition of having an abnormal number or kind of floral organs. Cf. prolification n. 2a. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > bud > [noun] > budding budding1398 knotting1611 proliferation1759 gemmation1760 prolification1760 pullulation1829 out-budding1841 1759 J. Hill Veg. Syst. I. xxxviii. 122 Those Manures which strengthen the Blea..in the same manner cause Proliferation, or the rise of one Flower from the center of another, in the stead of Seeds. 1858 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) 1021/1 Proliferatio, applied by Link to the appearance of a bud or of a flower upon a part of the plant which has not been accustomed to bear such: proliferation. 1913 W. Bateson Mendel's Princ. Heredity (new ed.) 197 Another kind of doubling is due to what is termed proliferation or prolification (Masters) of the floral envelopes. 1925 Bot. Gaz. 80 333 After the prothallia have attained a certain size..they begin to develop branches or proliferations. 1932 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 19 602 A second type of proliferation..is that of the production of a second flower as an extension of the central axis of the primary flower. 1953 Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 80 451 Flower heads at the higher dosages..show, after 8 wks., proliferation by a mixture of modified leaf whorls in floral positions. 1983 A. Huxley Penguin Encycl. Gardening 247/1 Proliferation, the production of an abnormal number of organs in a flower. 2000 Amer. Fern Jrnl. 90 130 Antheridia sometimes formed near the apical region.., or on the margin, especially on filamentous proliferations. 2. a. Biology and Medicine. Increase or growth, esp. of or involving cells of the same type; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > types of reproduction > [noun] > others adosculation1682 autogeny?1818 gemmation1836 parthenogenesis1849 virgin production1849 rejuvenescence1853 agamogenesis1857 monogeny1857 autogenesis1858 homogenesis1858 proliferation1864 monogenesis1866 swarming1867 paedogenesis1870 monogony1873 virginal generation1879 division1880 monogenesy1890 parthenogeny1890 anisogamy1891 isogamy1891 paragamy1891 separation1891 paedogenesis1892 parthenism1892 heterogamy1894 thelytoky1895 flagellation1898 cytogamy1899 pseudogamy1900 tychoparthenogenesis1900 syngamy1904 pseudogamy1907 ectogenesis1909 paedogamy1910 apomixis1913 progenesis1934 agamospermy1939 mixis1944 somatogamy1949 decapitation- 1864 E. A. Parkes Man. Pract. Hygiene I. vii. 231 There is proliferation and rapid cell-growth. 1867 H. Maudsley Physiol. & Pathol. of Mind 402 This proliferation of connective tissue with destruction of the nerve elements has..been already observed. 1905 Daily Chron. 2 Dec. 6/3 The theory of the Imperial Cancer Research Committee that cancer is entirely due to the proliferation of cancer cells, and that to stop this proliferation would be to cure cancer. 1928 F. T. Brooks Plant Dis. ii. 14 If the atmosphere is extremely humid..local proliferations of the tissues, known as Intumescences may arise on leaves. 1953 R. W. Fairbrother Text-bk. Bacteriol. (ed. 7) xxxii. 395 In some cases, e.g., warts and molluscum contagiosum, there is a distinct tendency to cell proliferation. 1976 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 63 349/1 From the apparently unorganized proliferation which occurred initially there developed a partially organized meristem. 1994 Chicago Tribune 15 Apr. i. 8/1 Oncogenes and tumor suppressors are the gas pedal and the brake that control the proliferation of cells. b. Originally: (Zoology) the production of sexual zooids by hydrozoans. Later more widely: the production of new individuals; prolific reproduction. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > colony or compound organism > [noun] > reproduction by budding prolification1865 proliferation1890 1890 Cent. Dict. Proliferation, the origination and development of generative zoöids, as in the formation of medusa-buds..by a polyp. 1894 Harper's Mag. Mar. 633 Bacteria..are very sensitive in the matter of growth and proliferation to the conditions under which they are placed. 1968 New Eng. Jrnl. Med. 7 Mar. 550/2 It seems possible that the damaged bronchial mucosa of bronchitics encourages proliferation of H. influenzae. 2001 Melbourne Express 19 June 6/2 The problem, known as cold water pollution, kills native fish..and causes a proliferation of cold water pests such as carp. 3. Rapid increase in the number, amount, or extent of something; multiplication, expansion; an instance of this.From the mid 20th cent. sometimes spec. with reference to the acquisition by nation states of the ability to use (originally nuclear) weapons. Cf. non-proliferation n. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [noun] > increase in quantity, number, or frequency multiplicationa1387 increase1390 multiplyingc1390 manifolding1892 proliferation1904 society > armed hostility > military equipment > arming or equipping with weapons > [noun] > proliferation build-up1943 proliferation1961 vertical proliferation1966 1904 Atlanta (Georgia) Constit. 31 July 2/3 The rights and..position of the general practitioner, which have been encroached upon by a morbid proliferation of specialism and a one-sided organo-therapy. 1906 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 11 749 The mere proliferation of sectionally religious bodies is simply an expression of spiritual freedom. 1920 H. G. Wells Outl. Hist. II. 641/2 The British and French were at first the leading peoples in this great proliferation of knowledge. 1961 World Politics 13 537 The stability given to the ‘balance of terror’ by American and Soviet stress on second-strike capabilities could be drastically undermined by a proliferation of nuclear capabilities. 1966 Listener 4 Aug. 177/3 One of the most noticeable results of setting up a Royal Commission has been the proliferation of proposals for legal solutions to industrial relations problems. 1989 PC World Oct. 58/3 The proliferation of graphic user interfaces and memory-intensive applications keeps memory demand soaring. 2004 9/11 Comm. Rep. (National Comm. Terrorist Attacks U.S.) i. 17 Emerging ‘asymmetric threats’ to the United States: drug smuggling, ‘non-state and state-sponsored terrorists’, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missile technology. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1759
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