proliferatev.

Brit.

/prəˈlɪfəreɪt/, U.S.

/prəˈlɪfəˌreɪt/,

/proʊˈlɪfəˌreɪt/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin prolifer , -ate suffix³.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin prolifer (see proliferous adj.) + -ate suffix³, after proliferation n. Compare French proliférer (1859).

1. Biology and Medicine.

a. intransitive. To undergo proliferation; to increase or grow, esp. by cell division.In quot. 1904 figurative.

ΚΠ

1866 [see proliferating adj. at Derivatives].

1869 Lancet 19 June 847/2 Its cells proliferate in some forms of keratitis.

1884 Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. 988 The materials..being supplied by the mesoblast which proliferates into the median fin-fold.

1904 W. James in Jrnl. Philos., Psychol. & Sci. Methods 1 568 That one moment of it [sc. Experience] proliferates into the next by transitions which..continue the experiential tissue, can not..be denied.

1962 T. G. Hiebert Abbrev. Basic Med. Physiol. (ed. 4) v. vii. 306 Oogenesis begins when the germinal epithelium of the ovary proliferates, forming an oogonium.

1989 B. Alberts et al. Molecular Biol. Cell (ed. 2) xvii. 987 When a tissue is injured, the fibroblasts nearby migrate into the wound, proliferate, and produce large amounts of collagenous matrix.

2002 Ladies' Home Jrnl. July 82/1 All cancers are the result of a mutant cell that's allowed to proliferate by the immune system.

b. transitive. To produce or form (cells) by proliferation.

ΚΠ

1885 Proc. Royal Soc. 39 246 The mesoblastic plates..proliferate cells at their edge.

1967 Arch. Neurol. (Chicago) 16 131/1 Microglia were proliferated, and an occasional neuron was chromatolyzed in lumbosacral anterior horns.

1986 A. S. Romer & T. S. Parsons Vertebr. Body (ed. 6) v. 127 The epithelial layer on the outer side of the somite disintegrates and proliferates mesenchymal cells.

a. intransitive. Originally: (Zoology, of hydrozoans and certain other invertebrates) to produce sexual zooids. Later more widely: to produce new individuals; to give rise to an increasing number of offspring, to reproduce prolifically.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > colony or compound organism > [verb (intransitive)] > reproduce by budding

proliferate1890

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > types of reproduction > [verb (intransitive)] > others

pullulate1777

swarm1864

proliferate1890

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > types of reproduction > [verb (transitive)] > others

proliferate1890

1878 F. J. Bell & E. R. Lankester tr. C. Gegenbaur Elements Compar. Anat. §74. 95 The proliferating persons [Ger. Die proliferirenden Personen] of a colony [of polyps] present various degrees of degeneration.]

1890 Cent. Dict. Proliferate,..2. To generate or reproduce by the act of proliferation; bear generative persons or zoöids, as distinguished from nutritive persons, as is the usual process in the hydroid polyps.

1926 Socialist Rev. Apr. 33 Those who..have neither the time to care for their children's moral well-being, nor the space which is necessary to ensure their physical welfare, proliferate, unchecked.

1955 Sci. Amer. May 32/3 Normal man carries throughout life a host of microbes which now and then start proliferating and cause disease.

1983 Paleobiology 9 245/2 Zooid rows continue to proliferate throughout growth [sc. in a bryozoan], allowing branches to widen proximal to a bifurcation.

1990 Countryside Winter 37/3 The goats proliferated, and by 1980 the population within the park numbered more than 1,000.

2003 Washington Post 17 July (Home ed.) a4/1 That suggests the anthrax bacteria were able to fly under the radar of his immune system and proliferate.

b. intransitive. gen. To increase rapidly in number; to become numerous or widespread.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [verb (intransitive)] > in amount, number, or frequency

waxc897

increasec1315

multiplyc1330

spawnc1400

breed1600

propagate1653

proliferate1915

1915 Stevens Point (Wisconsin) Daily Jrnl. 4 Dec. [He] was a Copt, one of the same race that flourished in the days of Rameses and proliferated under the whip.

1934 A. Huxley Beyond Mexique Bay 249 Then, nightmarishly proliferating, appear the Pittsburgs and Birminghams, the Osakas and Calcuttas of this unhappy world.

1961 Daily Tel. 19 Jan. 12/3 A quality which becomes more and more indispensable as international matches proliferate.

1987 R. Berthoud Life of Henry Moore iv. 79 His feelings for her had changed from affection to something more intense. Drawings of her proliferated in his sketchbook.

3. transitive. To produce or generate in large quantities; to cause to become numerous or widespread.In later use esp. with reference to nuclear weapons; cf. proliferation n. 3.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > [verb (transitive)] > produce or bring forth > with ease, speed, or success, or in large quantities

whip1611

to work off1653

to hit off1700

dispatchc1710

to throw off1724

to run off1759

to turn off1825

to turn out1847

to run out1872

to churn out1912

proliferate1912

slug1925

whomp1955

gurgitate1963

society > armed hostility > military equipment > arming or equipping with weapons > arm or equip [verb (transitive)] > proliferate (arms)

proliferate1912

1912 H. G. Wells Marriage iii. iv. 501 He proliferated titles for a time, and settled at last on ‘From Realism to Reality’.

1958 J. Ehrman Cabinet Government & War, 1890–1940 iv. 111 They..proliferated a chain of committees and sub-committees, so that a network of interDepartmental advisory bodies covered..the field of production and supply.

1961 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) Oct. 12 1/1 We are going to live through a long period of constant tension with these dangerous (thermo-nuclear) weapons which will be proliferated.

2004 Post & Courier (Charleston, S. Carolina) (Nexis) 21 Sept. 1 b It is the height of arrogance to conduct a shipment like this while demanding other nations refrain from proliferating nuclear weapons materials and technologies.

Derivatives

proˈliferated adj. that has undergone proliferation; produced by proliferation.

ΚΠ

1872 G. R. Cutter tr. H. Frey Microscope & Microsc. Technol. xxi. 539 A fresh corpus luteum with the proliferated [Ger. gewucherten] cell-layer of the inner surface.

1946 A. Nelson Princ. Agric. Bot. viii. 179 The ‘curd’ seen in cauliflower or broccoli is a large proliferated inflorescence developed as a storage organ in the first year of this biennial plant.

1991 Acta Neuropathologica 81 527/1 The subpial amyloid deposits were occasionally surrounded by proliferated GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes.

proˈliferating adj. that is undergoing proliferation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > [adjective] > begotten

akennedeOE

bikenneda1250

gottena1382

begottenc1384

engenderedc1425

bredc1440

procreate1449

propagate1543

procreated1552

progenerate1610

seminal1646

begot1691

proliferating1866

parented1904

1866 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 156 135 We see this mass giving most of its proliferating tissue to the formation of the mandibular pier.

1967 Economist 25 Feb. 698/2 The case for..going non-nuclear would become more persuasive after the signing of the treaty than it would in a treatyless, proliferating world.

1986 A. Massie Colette i. 18 The Third Republic, with its..two million independent shopkeepers, its proliferating restaurants, was the most French of French régimes.

2003 New Scientist 29 Mar. 32/2 The ‘progress zone’ [is] a mass of rapidly proliferating but undifferentiated cells that sits just behind the tip of the limb bud.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	proliferate
释义	proliferatev. Brit. /prəˈlɪfəreɪt/, U.S. /prəˈlɪfəˌreɪt/, /proʊˈlɪfəˌreɪt/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin prolifer , -ate suffix³. Etymology: < post-classical Latin prolifer (see proliferous adj.) + -ate suffix³, after proliferation n. Compare French proliférer (1859). 1. Biology and Medicine. a. intransitive. To undergo proliferation; to increase or grow, esp. by cell division.In quot. 1904 figurative. ΚΠ 1866 [see proliferating adj. at Derivatives]. 1869 Lancet 19 June 847/2 Its cells proliferate in some forms of keratitis. 1884 Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. 988 The materials..being supplied by the mesoblast which proliferates into the median fin-fold. 1904 W. James in Jrnl. Philos., Psychol. & Sci. Methods 1 568 That one moment of it [sc. Experience] proliferates into the next by transitions which..continue the experiential tissue, can not..be denied. 1962 T. G. Hiebert Abbrev. Basic Med. Physiol. (ed. 4) v. vii. 306 Oogenesis begins when the germinal epithelium of the ovary proliferates, forming an oogonium. 1989 B. Alberts et al. Molecular Biol. Cell (ed. 2) xvii. 987 When a tissue is injured, the fibroblasts nearby migrate into the wound, proliferate, and produce large amounts of collagenous matrix. 2002 Ladies' Home Jrnl. July 82/1 All cancers are the result of a mutant cell that's allowed to proliferate by the immune system. b. transitive. To produce or form (cells) by proliferation. ΚΠ 1885 Proc. Royal Soc. 39 246 The mesoblastic plates..proliferate cells at their edge. 1967 Arch. Neurol. (Chicago) 16 131/1 Microglia were proliferated, and an occasional neuron was chromatolyzed in lumbosacral anterior horns. 1986 A. S. Romer & T. S. Parsons Vertebr. Body (ed. 6) v. 127 The epithelial layer on the outer side of the somite disintegrates and proliferates mesenchymal cells. 2. a. intransitive. Originally: (Zoology, of hydrozoans and certain other invertebrates) to produce sexual zooids. Later more widely: to produce new individuals; to give rise to an increasing number of offspring, to reproduce prolifically. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > colony or compound organism > [verb (intransitive)] > reproduce by budding proliferate1890 the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > types of reproduction > [verb (intransitive)] > others pullulate1777 swarm1864 proliferate1890 the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > types of reproduction > [verb (transitive)] > others proliferate1890 1878 F. J. Bell & E. R. Lankester tr. C. Gegenbaur Elements Compar. Anat. §74. 95 The proliferating persons [Ger. Die proliferirenden Personen] of a colony [of polyps] present various degrees of degeneration.] 1890 Cent. Dict. Proliferate,..2. To generate or reproduce by the act of proliferation; bear generative persons or zoöids, as distinguished from nutritive persons, as is the usual process in the hydroid polyps. 1926 Socialist Rev. Apr. 33 Those who..have neither the time to care for their children's moral well-being, nor the space which is necessary to ensure their physical welfare, proliferate, unchecked. 1955 Sci. Amer. May 32/3 Normal man carries throughout life a host of microbes which now and then start proliferating and cause disease. 1983 Paleobiology 9 245/2 Zooid rows continue to proliferate throughout growth [sc. in a bryozoan], allowing branches to widen proximal to a bifurcation. 1990 Countryside Winter 37/3 The goats proliferated, and by 1980 the population within the park numbered more than 1,000. 2003 Washington Post 17 July (Home ed.) a4/1 That suggests the anthrax bacteria were able to fly under the radar of his immune system and proliferate. b. intransitive. gen. To increase rapidly in number; to become numerous or widespread. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [verb (intransitive)] > in amount, number, or frequency waxc897 increasec1315 multiplyc1330 spawnc1400 breed1600 propagate1653 proliferate1915 1915 Stevens Point (Wisconsin) Daily Jrnl. 4 Dec. [He] was a Copt, one of the same race that flourished in the days of Rameses and proliferated under the whip. 1934 A. Huxley Beyond Mexique Bay 249 Then, nightmarishly proliferating, appear the Pittsburgs and Birminghams, the Osakas and Calcuttas of this unhappy world. 1961 Daily Tel. 19 Jan. 12/3 A quality which becomes more and more indispensable as international matches proliferate. 1987 R. Berthoud Life of Henry Moore iv. 79 His feelings for her had changed from affection to something more intense. Drawings of her proliferated in his sketchbook. 3. transitive. To produce or generate in large quantities; to cause to become numerous or widespread.In later use esp. with reference to nuclear weapons; cf. proliferation n. 3. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > [verb (transitive)] > produce or bring forth > with ease, speed, or success, or in large quantities whip1611 to work off1653 to hit off1700 dispatchc1710 to throw off1724 to run off1759 to turn off1825 to turn out1847 to run out1872 to churn out1912 proliferate1912 slug1925 whomp1955 gurgitate1963 society > armed hostility > military equipment > arming or equipping with weapons > arm or equip [verb (transitive)] > proliferate (arms) proliferate1912 1912 H. G. Wells Marriage iii. iv. 501 He proliferated titles for a time, and settled at last on ‘From Realism to Reality’. 1958 J. Ehrman Cabinet Government & War, 1890–1940 iv. 111 They..proliferated a chain of committees and sub-committees, so that a network of interDepartmental advisory bodies covered..the field of production and supply. 1961 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) Oct. 12 1/1 We are going to live through a long period of constant tension with these dangerous (thermo-nuclear) weapons which will be proliferated. 2004 Post & Courier (Charleston, S. Carolina) (Nexis) 21 Sept. 1 b It is the height of arrogance to conduct a shipment like this while demanding other nations refrain from proliferating nuclear weapons materials and technologies. Derivatives proˈliferated adj. that has undergone proliferation; produced by proliferation. ΚΠ 1872 G. R. Cutter tr. H. Frey Microscope & Microsc. Technol. xxi. 539 A fresh corpus luteum with the proliferated [Ger. gewucherten] cell-layer of the inner surface. 1946 A. Nelson Princ. Agric. Bot. viii. 179 The ‘curd’ seen in cauliflower or broccoli is a large proliferated inflorescence developed as a storage organ in the first year of this biennial plant. 1991 Acta Neuropathologica 81 527/1 The subpial amyloid deposits were occasionally surrounded by proliferated GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes. proˈliferating adj. that is undergoing proliferation. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > [adjective] > begotten akennedeOE bikenneda1250 gottena1382 begottenc1384 engenderedc1425 bredc1440 procreate1449 propagate1543 procreated1552 progenerate1610 seminal1646 begot1691 proliferating1866 parented1904 1866 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 156 135 We see this mass giving most of its proliferating tissue to the formation of the mandibular pier. 1967 Economist 25 Feb. 698/2 The case for..going non-nuclear would become more persuasive after the signing of the treaty than it would in a treatyless, proliferating world. 1986 A. Massie Colette i. 18 The Third Republic, with its..two million independent shopkeepers, its proliferating restaurants, was the most French of French régimes. 2003 New Scientist 29 Mar. 32/2 The ‘progress zone’ [is] a mass of rapidly proliferating but undifferentiated cells that sits just behind the tip of the limb bud. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < v.1866
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