proletariatn.

Brit.

/ˌprəʊlᵻˈtɛːrɪət/, U.S.

/ˌproʊləˈtɛriət/

Forms:

α. 1800s– proletariat.

β. 1800s– proletariate.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French prolétariat.

Etymology: < French prolétariat condition of being proletarian, proletarian class (1832) < classical Latin prōlētārius proletary n. + French -at -ate suffix¹. With sense 1a compare German Proletariat (1844 in Marx, or earlier), Russian proletariat (1864 or earlier). Compare earlier proletarian n. 2. O.E.D. Suppl. (1908) gives the pronunciation as (prō^ulĭtē^ə·riĕt, -ăt) /prəʊlɪˈtɛərɪət/.

a. Politics. Wage earners collectively, esp. those who have no capital and who depend for subsistence on their daily labour; the working classes.Esp. with reference to Marxist theory, in which the proletariat are seen as engaged in permanent class struggle with the bourgeoisie, or with those who own the means of production.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > specific classes of common people > [noun] > working class

working class1757

population1817

proletaire1833

proletariat1847

labour class1848

industrial proletariat1871

α.

1847 Daguerreotype 16 Oct. 264 The proletariat, which has not morally and physically any thing to lose, has allied itself to this revolutionary tendency... [Note] This word, which has lately become familiar to all readers of German and French literature, signifies the lowest and poorest classes, those in fact who are totally destitute of property.

1856 ‘G. Eliot’ in Westm. Rev. 10 75 The Proletariat, or those who are dependent on daily wages.

1886 tr. K. Marx & F. Engels Manifesto Communists 8 The small middle class, the artisans, merchants, mechanics, shopkeepers, and farmers, are all doomed to fall into the ranks of the Proletariat, because their small capital cannot compete with that of the millionaire.

1941 New Statesman 19 Apr. 407/1 Unluckily the proletariat are even more conservative in their food than the bourgeoisie.

1976 T. Eagleton Crit. & Ideol. ii. 58 In nineteenth-century England..there were sound political reasons why the proletariat should be excluded from literacy, but sound religious reasons why it should not be.

1988 B. Chatwin Utz 26 But no one had ever decided if the ownership of a work of art damned its owner in the eyes of the Proletariat.

2005 Independent (Nexis) 15 Aug. Arguments raged late into the night over questions of Marxist semiotics in TV soaps and the role of the medium in creating a politically radicalised proletariat.

β. 1858 Brit. Q. Rev. 56 442 Who will make up his ‘proletariate’, or, in unambitious English, ‘labouring classes’.1884 Illustr. London News 16 Feb. 150/2 That it is directed against the liberty of the proletariate.1920 M. Beer Hist. Brit. Socialism II. iii. vi. 120 O'Brien's was the policy of a relentless class war by a proletariate that was absolutely unable to convert its votes into political power.2001 R. Kensey Keiretzu Econ. 280 The bourgeois and the proletariate has [sic] succumbed to the debility of consumer society, aesthetics is degraded to a lifestyle.

b. The lowest class in society; the poor, the masses. Cf. earlier proletarian adj. 2. Also figurative and in extended use.Frequently with mildly depreciative connotations.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > the lowest class > [noun]

laga1616

raff1673

Panchama Bandham1800

lower working class1824

proletariat1852

mudsill1858

netherworld1889

underworld1899

subproletariat1918

underclass1918

lumpenproletariat1924

Fifth Estate1966

Fourth World1976

α.

1853 Times 19 Nov. 8/5 We are encouraged to fling the boroughs into the hands of a poor, ignorant, and venal proletariat.

1861 L. Stephen tr. H. A. von Berlepsch Alps vi. 47 The proletariat of vegetation, the common people of the creeping grasses, the aggregate of which forms the rich pasturage.

1892 T. R. Lounsbury Stud. Chaucer III. vii. 193 That literary proletariat of the last century whose members..threatened at one time to develop into an organized band.

1924 Amer. Mercury Apr. 467/2 It necessarily caters to society and secondarily to that vociferous proletariat which nightly shakes the rafters with its approval of musical rant and fustian.

1950 B. Schulberg Disenchanted i. 5 Assistant directors, cutters, bit players, second cameramen, sound men, juicers, grips, special effects men, Hollywood's exclusive proletariat.

2000 Stuff Dec. 146/2 While you're back there, sneering at the lowly proletariat on the pavement, you'll be able to fiddle with the electronically dimmable glass roof.

β. 1852 Littell's Living Age 14 Feb. 322/1 In the cities, the proletariate were thus wedded to the cause of the revolution, while, in the rural districts, the peasantry [etc.].1863 Times 29 Dec. 9/2 The ruin of the middle class by the slave proletariate..had brought destruction in the Roman commonwealth.1865 A. Maffei Brigand Life II. 185 [It] would produce..the wholesome effect..of destroying that savage proletariate.1912 Times 28 Feb. 7/6 Some women have quite recently become suffrage-mad. They have soiled the fame of their sex by the tactics not of Billingsgate so much as of the rabble-proletariate.1983 Times 4 May 30/7 The proletariate could continue to torment perch, roach and pike without fear of Mr McNamara.2003 Independent (Nexis) 19 Apr. Most ‘superior’ rooms have sockets to plug in a modem; for the proletariate, there are three stand-up internet-access consoles in the lobby.

2. Roman History. The lowest class of Roman citizens, owning little or no property and with restricted rights, and regarded as contributing nothing to the State except children. Also (occasionally) in extended use with reference to other ancient states.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > the lowest class > [noun] > in ancient Rome

proletariat1861

α.

1861 J. G. Sheppard Fall of Rome i. 49 In the days of Marius, its old aristocratical distinctions were abandoned in the ranks, and the proletariat admitted upon terms of equality.

1871 F. W. Farrar Witness of Hist. v. 189 Athens had her slaves, Sparta her helots, Rome her proletariat.

1920 C. R. Haines tr. Fronto Corr. II. 217 By largesses of food only the proletariat on the corn-register are conciliated.

1960 P. Goodman Growing up Absurd iii. 35 Our present poor are more like the ancient Roman proletariat, producers of offspring kept on the dole for political reasons.

2008 R. A. Billows Julius Caesar i. 15 Much of the proletariat of the city of Rome..had no traditional ties to the land and/or little interest in becoming small farmers.

β. 1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul I. viii. xxviii. 558 It was from this city [sc. Corinth] and amid its abandoned proletariate that the Apostle dictated his frightful sketch of Paganism.1990 Phoenix 44 328 The arming of the proletariate in 280 b.c. when Pyrrhus..was advancing upon Rome.

Compounds

General attributive.

ΚΠ

1867 G. Lushington in Quest. Reformed Parl. 42 Imagine an employer of labour..placed in the dock before a Proletariat Magistrate.

1868 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Mar. 298 The French Revolution, by destroying the aristocratic character of the clergy, gave birth to a caste of proletariat priests.

1889 Academy 29 June 441/1 Efforts of philanthropy at the improvement of the proletariate classes.

1915 L. M. Bristol Social Adaptation vi. 103 His interest in the proletariat class with their bad conditions of life and labor, led him to a study of the industrial revolution and its connection with feudalism.

1946 Life 3 June 113/1 ‘Democracy’, in Russian, means the Soviet type of proletariat dictatorship.

1986 Dict. National Biogr. 1971–80 659/2 Much of his primary lexicographical evidence came from a kind of proletariat army of devoted correspondents.

Derivatives

ˌproleˈtariatism n. = proletarianism n.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > populism or proletarianism > [noun]

popularism1792

proletairism1850

proletarianism1850

proletariatism1879

populism1891

1879 S. Baring-Gould Germany II. 289 The future battle between property and proletariatism.

1957 Van Wert (Ohio) Times-Bull. 19 Aug. 3/3 The Chinese were forced to go Communist first and then proletariatism was created afterwards.

1960 A. Rothstein tr. B. N. Ponomarev Hist. Communist Party of Soviet Union i. 32 It was..wrong to..speak of the ‘ulcer of proletariatism’, as the Narodniks were doing.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	proletariat
释义	proletariatn. Brit. /ˌprəʊlᵻˈtɛːrɪət/, U.S. /ˌproʊləˈtɛriət/ Forms: α. 1800s– proletariat. β. 1800s– proletariate. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French prolétariat. Etymology: < French prolétariat condition of being proletarian, proletarian class (1832) < classical Latin prōlētārius proletary n. + French -at -ate suffix¹. With sense 1a compare German Proletariat (1844 in Marx, or earlier), Russian proletariat (1864 or earlier). Compare earlier proletarian n. 2. O.E.D. Suppl. (1908) gives the pronunciation as (prō^ulĭtē^ə·riĕt, -ăt) /prəʊlɪˈtɛərɪət/. 1. a. Politics. Wage earners collectively, esp. those who have no capital and who depend for subsistence on their daily labour; the working classes.Esp. with reference to Marxist theory, in which the proletariat are seen as engaged in permanent class struggle with the bourgeoisie, or with those who own the means of production. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > the common people > specific classes of common people > [noun] > working class working class1757 population1817 proletaire1833 proletariat1847 labour class1848 industrial proletariat1871 α. 1847 Daguerreotype 16 Oct. 264 The proletariat, which has not morally and physically any thing to lose, has allied itself to this revolutionary tendency... [Note] This word, which has lately become familiar to all readers of German and French literature, signifies the lowest and poorest classes, those in fact who are totally destitute of property. 1856 ‘G. Eliot’ in Westm. Rev. 10 75 The Proletariat, or those who are dependent on daily wages. 1886 tr. K. Marx & F. Engels Manifesto Communists 8 The small middle class, the artisans, merchants, mechanics, shopkeepers, and farmers, are all doomed to fall into the ranks of the Proletariat, because their small capital cannot compete with that of the millionaire. 1941 New Statesman 19 Apr. 407/1 Unluckily the proletariat are even more conservative in their food than the bourgeoisie. 1976 T. Eagleton Crit. & Ideol. ii. 58 In nineteenth-century England..there were sound political reasons why the proletariat should be excluded from literacy, but sound religious reasons why it should not be. 1988 B. Chatwin Utz 26 But no one had ever decided if the ownership of a work of art damned its owner in the eyes of the Proletariat. 2005 Independent (Nexis) 15 Aug. Arguments raged late into the night over questions of Marxist semiotics in TV soaps and the role of the medium in creating a politically radicalised proletariat. β. 1858 Brit. Q. Rev. 56 442 Who will make up his ‘proletariate’, or, in unambitious English, ‘labouring classes’.1884 Illustr. London News 16 Feb. 150/2 That it is directed against the liberty of the proletariate.1920 M. Beer Hist. Brit. Socialism II. iii. vi. 120 O'Brien's was the policy of a relentless class war by a proletariate that was absolutely unable to convert its votes into political power.2001 R. Kensey Keiretzu Econ. 280 The bourgeois and the proletariate has [sic] succumbed to the debility of consumer society, aesthetics is degraded to a lifestyle. b. The lowest class in society; the poor, the masses. Cf. earlier proletarian adj. 2. Also figurative and in extended use.Frequently with mildly depreciative connotations. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > the lowest class > [noun] laga1616 raff1673 Panchama Bandham1800 lower working class1824 proletariat1852 mudsill1858 netherworld1889 underworld1899 subproletariat1918 underclass1918 lumpenproletariat1924 Fifth Estate1966 Fourth World1976 α. 1853 Times 19 Nov. 8/5 We are encouraged to fling the boroughs into the hands of a poor, ignorant, and venal proletariat. 1861 L. Stephen tr. H. A. von Berlepsch Alps vi. 47 The proletariat of vegetation, the common people of the creeping grasses, the aggregate of which forms the rich pasturage. 1892 T. R. Lounsbury Stud. Chaucer III. vii. 193 That literary proletariat of the last century whose members..threatened at one time to develop into an organized band. 1924 Amer. Mercury Apr. 467/2 It necessarily caters to society and secondarily to that vociferous proletariat which nightly shakes the rafters with its approval of musical rant and fustian. 1950 B. Schulberg Disenchanted i. 5 Assistant directors, cutters, bit players, second cameramen, sound men, juicers, grips, special effects men, Hollywood's exclusive proletariat. 2000 Stuff Dec. 146/2 While you're back there, sneering at the lowly proletariat on the pavement, you'll be able to fiddle with the electronically dimmable glass roof. β. 1852 Littell's Living Age 14 Feb. 322/1 In the cities, the proletariate were thus wedded to the cause of the revolution, while, in the rural districts, the peasantry [etc.].1863 Times 29 Dec. 9/2 The ruin of the middle class by the slave proletariate..had brought destruction in the Roman commonwealth.1865 A. Maffei Brigand Life II. 185 [It] would produce..the wholesome effect..of destroying that savage proletariate.1912 Times 28 Feb. 7/6 Some women have quite recently become suffrage-mad. They have soiled the fame of their sex by the tactics not of Billingsgate so much as of the rabble-proletariate.1983 Times 4 May 30/7 The proletariate could continue to torment perch, roach and pike without fear of Mr McNamara.2003 Independent (Nexis) 19 Apr. Most ‘superior’ rooms have sockets to plug in a modem; for the proletariate, there are three stand-up internet-access consoles in the lobby. 2. Roman History. The lowest class of Roman citizens, owning little or no property and with restricted rights, and regarded as contributing nothing to the State except children. Also (occasionally) in extended use with reference to other ancient states. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > the lowest class > [noun] > in ancient Rome proletariat1861 α. 1861 J. G. Sheppard Fall of Rome i. 49 In the days of Marius, its old aristocratical distinctions were abandoned in the ranks, and the proletariat admitted upon terms of equality. 1871 F. W. Farrar Witness of Hist. v. 189 Athens had her slaves, Sparta her helots, Rome her proletariat. 1920 C. R. Haines tr. Fronto Corr. II. 217 By largesses of food only the proletariat on the corn-register are conciliated. 1960 P. Goodman Growing up Absurd iii. 35 Our present poor are more like the ancient Roman proletariat, producers of offspring kept on the dole for political reasons. 2008 R. A. Billows Julius Caesar i. 15 Much of the proletariat of the city of Rome..had no traditional ties to the land and/or little interest in becoming small farmers. β. 1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul I. viii. xxviii. 558 It was from this city [sc. Corinth] and amid its abandoned proletariate that the Apostle dictated his frightful sketch of Paganism.1990 Phoenix 44 328 The arming of the proletariate in 280 b.c. when Pyrrhus..was advancing upon Rome. Compounds General attributive. ΚΠ 1867 G. Lushington in Quest. Reformed Parl. 42 Imagine an employer of labour..placed in the dock before a Proletariat Magistrate. 1868 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Mar. 298 The French Revolution, by destroying the aristocratic character of the clergy, gave birth to a caste of proletariat priests. 1889 Academy 29 June 441/1 Efforts of philanthropy at the improvement of the proletariate classes. 1915 L. M. Bristol Social Adaptation vi. 103 His interest in the proletariat class with their bad conditions of life and labor, led him to a study of the industrial revolution and its connection with feudalism. 1946 Life 3 June 113/1 ‘Democracy’, in Russian, means the Soviet type of proletariat dictatorship. 1986 Dict. National Biogr. 1971–80 659/2 Much of his primary lexicographical evidence came from a kind of proletariat army of devoted correspondents. Derivatives ˌproleˈtariatism n. = proletarianism n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > populism or proletarianism > [noun] popularism1792 proletairism1850 proletarianism1850 proletariatism1879 populism1891 1879 S. Baring-Gould Germany II. 289 The future battle between property and proletariatism. 1957 Van Wert (Ohio) Times-Bull. 19 Aug. 3/3 The Chinese were forced to go Communist first and then proletariatism was created afterwards. 1960 A. Rothstein tr. B. N. Ponomarev Hist. Communist Party of Soviet Union i. 32 It was..wrong to..speak of the ‘ulcer of proletariatism’, as the Narodniks were doing. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1847
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