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单词 proleptic
释义

prolepticadj.

Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈlɛptɪk/, U.S. /proʊˈlɛptɪk/
Forms: 1600s–1700s proleptick, 1600s– proleptic.
Origin: Either (i) a borrowing from Latin. Or (ii) a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: Latin prolepticus; Greek προληπτικός.
Etymology: < post-classical Latin prolepticus (13th cent. in a British source; 1606 in sense 1a (see note); 1679 in medical sense: see quot. 1684 at sense 3) or its etymon Hellenistic Greek προληπτικός anticipative, (in medicine, of a periodic disease) coming before the time < ancient Greek προ- + -ληπτικός (see -leptic comb. form), after πρόληψις prolepsis n. Compare earlier proleptical adj., proleptically adv.The concept outlined in sense 1a was introduced by Joseph Scaliger in his Thesaurus temporum (1606). N.E.D. (1908) gives the pronunciation as (prole·ptik, -lī·ptik) /prəʊˈlɛptɪk/, /-ˈliːptɪk/.
1.
a. Of a date, calendar, etc.: calculated retrospectively using a dating system not in use at the specified point in time; projected backwards in time.Used esp. in reckoning dates using the Gregorian or Julian calendar.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > expectation > foresight, foreknowledge > anticipation, forecast > [adjective]
forecasting1548
proleptical1611
proleptica1656
lookahead1959
a1656 J. Ussher Ann. World (1658) To Rdr. sig. A4v Having placed therefore the heads of this Period in the Kalends of January, in that proleptick year, the first of our Christian vulgar account, must be reckoned the 4714 of the Julian Period.
1699 R. Sault tr. A. Strauch Breviarium Chronologicum iv. x. 234 The Year of the Distribution of the Land was the last Sabbatick Year in the Proleptick Cycle.
1707 E. Vernon Union 5 To your Historick Chair the Dotard bind: There let him puzzling Hours in Periods wear; Bæotick Cycles and Proleptic Year.
1794 W. Beaumont tr. J.-J. Barthélemy Trav. Anacharsis (ed. 2) II. i. 26 The 8th of July of the Julian proleptic year, 371 before Christ.
1866 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 8 38 Table of the relations which have existed between the meridian passages of the twenty-eight stellar divisions of the Chinese..in the proleptic Julian Year -2357.
1979 Amer. Antiquity 44 784 The conventions used here are that the Julian Day Numbers begin with JDN Number 0 = 1 January 4713 B.C. in the Gregorian proleptic calendar..and that [etc.].
2001 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 2108/1 The date of this day in a proleptic Gregorian year is graphed.
b. gen. Of, relating to, or characterized by prolepsis or anticipation; anticipatory.
ΚΠ
a1684 R. Leighton Serm. in Wks. (1868) 673 Seasonable digressions, proleptic and exegetic.
1690 E. Warren Geologia (new ed.) xi. 226 For we have no more grounds to think or say, That the Waters there mentioned [i.e. in Genesis 1:10], were an invisible, potential, or proleptic Sea; than we have to imagine or affirm, that the dry Land there spoken of, was an invisible, potential, or proleptic Earth.
a1752 R. Erskine Serm. (1764) I. iii. 26/1 When Christ saw the dreadful sword of wrath..the human nature trembled, and swate great drops of blood, in his proleptic agony.
1841 R. C. Trench Parables: Interpr. (1860) 39 The proleptic mind of genius may be needful to discover the law.
1883 P. Schaff et al. Relig. Encycl. II. 878/2 The earliest proleptic signs of Gnosticism are to be looked for in Simon Magus.
1905 Westm. Gaz. 25 Feb. 5 He suggests..that this behaviour is, as grammarians say, rather proleptic (anglice, ‘previous’).
1976 T. Eagleton Crit. & Ideol. iv. 123 Dreams, desires, shadowy impulses are now grasped as proleptic symbols of what is actually to be.
2005 Internat. Herald Tribune (Nexis) 10 June 15 Christian theologians relied on them [sc. Concordances] in their quest for proof that the Old Testament contained proleptic visions of the New.
c. Predictive, prognostic. Cf. proleptics n. Obsolete. rare.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > expectation > foresight, foreknowledge > prediction, foretelling > [adjective]
prognostical?a1450
prognostica1500
foreguessing1548
prognosticable1562
prophetical1567
prospective1581
prophetica1616
predictive1637
foretellinga1640
predictory1641
forespeaking1650
predictionala1661
prognosticatory1693
prognosticative1813
proleptic1858
1858 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) 1021/1 Proleptic,..applied to the science by which social and individual suffering is foretold.
1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II Proleptic,..pertaining to prolepsis; anticipating; prognostic.
d. Grammar. Of, relating to, or employing prolepsis (prolepsis n. 2c).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > other parts of speech > [adjective] > expressing an attribute > anticipating use of
proleptic1866
1866 W. E. Jelf Gram. Greek Lang. 113 Proleptic Use of Attributive Adjectives. An adjective is sometimes applied to a substantive, though the property expressed by it does not exist in the substantive till after the action of the accompanying verb is completed. In this construction the verb and adjective together generally form a pleonastic predicative notion.
1870 R. C. Jebb Sophocles' Electra (ed. 2) 15/1 ἀντίρροπον is not proleptic.
2001 Classical Philol. 96 430 The case for seeing πικρήν as proleptic is less persuasive. It is far more plausible to follow the word order, and take the adjective attributively.
e. Medicine. Designating a hospital staff appointment made well in advance of the planned starting date.
ΚΠ
1959 Times 16 Mar. 11/5 This proposal for proleptic appointment..is the official policy of the British Medical Association.
1987 Injury 18 302/2 This would include provision for superannuation, encouraging proleptic appointments to consultant posts, and secondment or early retirement of Consultants.
1992 Brit. Heart Jrnl. 68 630 They should look to the possibility of identifying suitable candidates..and making proleptic appointments to allow appropriate training to be completed.
2. Of the nature of a presupposition; a priori, axiomatic. Cf. prolepsis n. 3. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > belief > supposition, surmise > taking for granted, presumption > [adjective] > relating to presuppositions
proleptic1666
presuppositional1905
1666 S. Parker Free Censvre Platonick Philos. 35 Propositions depending upon and orderly deduced from your first Proleptick Principles.
1679 J. Goodman Penitent Pardoned i. iv. 100 That God hath thus furnished the mind with such a stock of proleptick principles of knowledge.
1728 J. Dunton Religio Bibliopolæ 31 The Satisfaction I have of the Soul's Immortality, if it amounts not to a Demonstration, may yet be numbred among those Proleptick ideas that need none, as being self-evident.
3. Medicine. Of a periodic disease: having paroxysms occurring before the expected time or at shortening intervals. Obsolete. rare.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > types > [adjective] > recurring earlier each time
proleptic1696
1684 tr. S. Blankaart Physical Dict. 237 Prolepticus [L. Prolepticus] is a Disease always anticipating; so as if the Ague come to day at four of the Clock, then to Morrow one Hour sooner, and so on.]
1696 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Proleptick disease, a disease always anticipating, as if an Ague come to day at Four a Clock, to morrow an Hour sooner.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Proleptic Disease, a Distemper which still anticipates, or whose Paroxysm returns sooner, and sooner, every day.
4. Botany. Of, relating to, or designating a branch or shoot which is produced from a bud or meristem following a period of dormancy. Cf. prolepsis n. 4.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > [adjective] > of or having branch(es) > of particular type, shape, or size
large-limbed?1440
well-branched1572
vimineous1664
cany1831
frondose-branched1831
flagellate1882
proleptic1937
1937 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 24 251/2 Tumorous growths..on the upper branches were small, almost microscopic proleptic shoots.
1970 Taxon 19 165 The leaves of these two [terrestrial Ranunculus] species are..morphologically similar to the entire leaves of amphibious species (extreme proleptic growth of stipules, [etc.]).
2002 Tree Physiol. 22 885 In the upper crown, branching was mainly sylleptic. In the middle of the crown, mainly proleptic branches were produced.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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adj.a1656
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